Global development at work: introduction

Ivashchuk I.O., Zapukhlyak V.Z. THEORETICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION AND ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROGRESS SCENARIOS Purpose. The aim of the article is a theoretical substantiation of the scenario approach to global economic progress and development of probable scenarios with subsequent assessment of the integral index of global economic progress for each of them. Methodology of research. An interdisciplinary approach to achieving the set goal was used in the study, in particular: logical and theoretical method and abstraction were used for the theoretical substantiation of the scenario approach to global economic progress; scenario analysis method – for the identification and structuring and classification of scenarios of global economic progress; comparative method was used for comparison of scenarios; analysis and synthesis – for the isolation of the main components of global economic progress; economic and statistical analysis – for the assessment of the integral index of global economic progress and identification of stress points in each scenario. Findings. The relevance of scenario analysis in the study of global economic development is theoretically substantiated and individual scenario models are analysed. Alternative scenarios of global economic progress are proposed and their basic characteristics are revealed. The probabilities of each scenario are substantiated. A comparative assessment of the impact of key components of global economic progress in different scenarios is carried out, their asymmetric nature is confirmed and their priority is determined. An integral index of global economic progress is proposed for different scenarios and its evaluation and analytical interpretation are carried out. The existence of stress points in each scenario is argued. Both hard and soft stress points that reduce the effectiveness of scenarios are identified. It is confirmed that the most optimal in modern conditions is the hybrid scenario, and for the long-term perspective, the neointegration scenario. Originality. Theoretically substantiated is a conceptual approach to conducting scenario analysis of global economic progress, which integrates structural components, takes into account their priority and allows identifying both development scenarios and critical points of regression of scenarios. The author's typology of scenarios is proposed, the integral progress index is estimated and hard and soft stress points in scenarios of global economic progress are calculated. Practical value. A toolkit for strategic planning of global economic development is created, which allows to assess not only the direction of development of the global economy, but also specific institutional, technological and social factors that determine global economic progress. The research results can be used in forecasting studies, in scientific activities and in the educational process. Key words: world order, globalization, global development, global economic progress, scenario modelling, multipolarity, fragmentation, deglobalization, neointegration, human development, institutional coherence, integral index, stress points.

Sociomaterial bricolage: The creation of location-spanning work practices by global software developers

An integral part of Industry 4.0 is the Internet of Things, or rather the Industrial Internet of Things (IoT), which ensures the interaction of autonomous technical devices and their control by humans. Built-in sensors and systems for processing large amounts of information (big data) received from them are widely used to implement control. The purpose of the article is to develop a paradigm for the global sustainable development of complex systems in modern conditions, as well as to study new paradigms for the global sustainable development of complex systems. The object of the study is the synthesis of integrated models taking into account humanitarian and cognitive variables for assessing sustainable and safe development, the creation of methodological research tools, using which it was possible to determine objective global values of people independent of consciousness and will and the global goal of human development. The hypothesis of the study is that based on the use of information and innovative technologies, integrated stochastic models of objects and processes suitable for conditions of systemic crises have been developed and studied. Methods used in the study: mathematical methods, models and information and innovative technologies for nonlinear dynamics of ecological - economic and socio - humanitarian systems, integrated stochastic models of objects and processes suitable for conditions of systemic crises have been developed and investigated. Presentation of the main material. An ordered hierarchical structure turns into a chaotic conglomerate of the simplest structures (system destruction, collapse, catastrophe). Integrated stochastic models of objects and processes suitable for conditions of systemic crises have been developed and investigated. Social and economic interaction tools are proposed as factors for research in the fields of neuroeconomics, processes and tools of global development of complex systems, and others. Originality and practical significance of the results obtained - an approach to assessing the level of sustainable development of complex systems based on nine factors, including cognitive, innovative, intellectual, and others, has been proposed for the first time. Conclusions of the study. The results of the authors' previous works in solving the problem of assessing the sustainable development of a technogenic production system taking into account nine factors in the conditions of an innovative economy are summarized and developed, and global development tools and others are proposed

This paper initially deals with the origins of the idea of global education. It points to the multitude of internationally existing concepts and business terms of global education which makes it difficult to implement the global dimension into real-life education. This “international” multitude is, as a result, obvious in the Czech terminology of global development education (GRV in the Czech text) where it originates as particular authors followed one or the other concept of global education. The objective of this paper is not to discuss the correctness or ambiguities in particular conceptions but to find essential contact points in relevant references and thus to offer a determinate picture regarded as GRV. Thus the paper firstly describes the interrelation of often confused concepts of global education and development education. Although it is obvious that the global education is superordinate to development education, many interested parties did not fully understood the international points of view and did not expose the meanings of particular terms. This too was the reason that in the Czech National Strategy GRV 2011–2015, the GRV was coined as a specific term. GRV is then a kind of happy medium between global education and development education. Secondly, the main topics and principles of GRV originating in the National Strategy of Development Education 2011–2015 (based on the British curriculum) are discussed along with their possible modifications and more exact definitions. The article also focuses on a “global development of an educated pupil.” The main educational objectives of GRV are listed and the importance of their differentiation by the age groups of the pupils. In the conclusion, the paper provides samples of topics for GRV of primary school children, the topic being Namibia, the African country.

In Spring 2004, students in Smith College's new Picker Engineering Program teamed up with the community-based organization Nuestras Raices in Holyoke, MA to address the problem of wood-fired oven emissions posed by the successful and expanding operation of Nuestras' entrepreneurial project, the El Jardin Bakery. This partnership between El Jardin and the Picker Engineering Program developed in the context of a new course, “Engineering and Global Development,” which aimed to achieve such pedagogical goals as: developing an understanding and critical view of globalization and global development engineering; developing analytic and implementation skills related to the design and construction of technological solutions in developing settings; and critiquing the “expert” model learning relationships that operate both in the classroom and in the community. Though global in overall perspective, the course engaged multifaceted challenges of engineering, economic and human development. We found these challenges analogous across communities that are similarly distressed by pressures of globalization and human need, such as those affecting low-income, poorly-resourced communities worldwide. We also found the ambitious marriage among engineering education, development studies, and liberative pedagogies to provide profound challenges equaled by pedagogical, educational, and experiential rewards.

The benefits of using globally distributed sites for the development, maintenance, and operation of software-based systems and services are obvious. But global development also bears large risks. What seems at first to be economically reasonable often proves to be too expensive. Missing adjustment of communication and processes between different sites and insufficient knowledge of suitable management practices and organizational skills often lead to insufficient product quality. Global development and maintenance processes are difficult to control and often additional costs arise, especially for quality assurance and follow-up activities. Mastering global software projects requires, on the one hand, suitable tailoring of software development tasks and their distribution to different sites based on multiple criteria (not only cost!). On the other hand, appropriate process and management practices need to be established. Quantitative models can then be used to assess cost, schedule goals, and quality risks. I will introduce fundamental techniques for the establishment of well-understood and manageable distributed development processes and discuss different ways for managing risks. Based on a technique for splitting up development tasks and a multidisciplinary decision model for "smart" task distribution to different sites, I will demonstrate how distributed development processes can be organized in a productive way. This will be done by using examples from industry projects. Additionally, I will present upcoming topics such as cloud-supported global software development or the software factory, a research and development infrastructure at the University of Helsinki that supports systematic testing of novel distributed development techniques. Finally I will show how, in order to avoid global development risks, the application of fundamental software engineering principles must be emphasized.

The rapid development of globalization and information can be easily seen and read, especially through online media. Because of that, likes or dislikes, people should adapt with the development of globalization. One of the ways that can be done is by introducing and instilling the values of national cultural wisdom. The values of (local) cultural wisdom are found in folklore, fairy tales, and children’s songs. Children’s song is a kind of folk song, which can usually be done while playing. Folk songs are one of the genres or forms of folklore consisting of words and songs. In children’s songs there are utile utul dulce elements that contain entertainment and benefits in the form of moral education and characters. In addition, children’s songs also contain Javanese cultural values that should be introduced to younger generation. Therefore, based on the phenomenon that occurs, through literature studies, in this paper we discuss the problems that overshadow the cultural values contained in children’s songs due to the development of the globalization of the world. We also discussed how to address the challenges that exist so that it can be an opportunity for the continuation of children’s songs. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to find out the problems of the contents and meaning of Dolanan songs in relation to this era of globalization and efforts to overcome these problems. Through the lyrics of children’s songs titled Nora Gampang, Lintang Sumebar, Enthik, Sinten Nunggang Sepur, Sluku-Sluku Bathok, Padhang Rembulane, and Aja Ngewak-Ewake, the values of Javanese culture in the form of character education were revealed so that those values indirectly strengthen global challenges.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health burden, and Indonesia is among the countries with the highest incidence and mortality rates. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective TB control; however, conventional diagnostic methods such as sputum smear microscopy, culture, chest radiography, and the tuberculin skin test continue to face limitations in sensitivity, specificity, turnaround time, and operational feasibility. This narrative review synthesizes global biotechnological developments in TB diagnostics and evaluates their potential applicability within the Indonesian healthcare system. A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, applying Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) based inclusion and exclusion criteria. Key advances in molecular diagnostics include conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, automated nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) platforms such as GeneXpert, Xpert Ultra, and Truenat, as well as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Emerging innovations including CRISPR-based assays, biosensor platforms, microfluidic lab-on-chip devices, and nanotechnology-enhanced systems demonstrate improved sensitivity, portability, and testing speed, with potential for point-of-care implementation, although many require further field-based validation. No single diagnostic tool is universally optimal, as suitability depends on infrastructure availability, workforce capacity, and population needs. In Indonesia, persistent challenges include limited laboratory networks, high diagnostic costs, supply-chain constraints, and variability in human resource competence. Strengthening diagnostic systems, expanding decentralized testing, integrating digital health technologies, and supporting local production of diagnostic materials are critical to enable sustainable adoption and accelerate progress toward national TB elimination targets.

The aim of the PhD thesis is to evaluate the value propositions, motivations and opportunities of private sector electrification in Base of the Pyramid (BoP) marketplaces in India. The lack of access to modern forms of energy, known as energy poverty, can severely limit economic development. Globally, 1.2 billion people lack access to electricity, with 240 million of those residing in India. To highlight this issue, universal energy access has been explicitly included in the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. Many millions more experience unreliable electricity supply with lengthy outages each day, even though they may be officially considered to have electricity access.The private sector has had an increasing role in both global development and in electricity distribution. In response to market opportunities and driven by a strong sense of social responsibility, firms may engage in distributing electricity to BoP consumers in areas where there is limited or unreliable access. The role and motivation of the private sector in the electrification of Indian BoP markets remains relatively unexplored. The thesis contributes to the field by examining why firms act in this market; what opportunities exist; and how firms’ activities create Shared Value that benefits both the firm and the wider society. In doing so, the thesis provides a contemporary assessment of the market and identifies key issues for private sector engagement.The thesis has four research objectives. Research Objective 1 aims to understand how electrification creates value that contributes to poverty alleviation, and how this can translate to private sector value propositions. An analysis of global literature and development of a conceptual representation of value flows found that electrification technologies that enhance income-generation activities are likely to produce greater poverty-alleviating effects. Indeed, firms operating in the electrification sector may implement interactive business models, where firms create productive ecosystems that enhance the income-generating potential of energy. This can magnify the dynamic effects upon which Shared Value, including a firm’s competitiveness, is sustained.The subsequent research objectives then focus on the Indian context. Research Objective 2 aims to evaluate the motivations and actions of Indian companies’ engagement with the BoP. A taxonomical model was developed to clarify the overlapping concepts used to explain corporate actions and motivations. Using this model, the BoP actions of India’s Top 100 firms, as evident in publically available reports, was analysed. Surprisingly, less than half showed evidence of being actively engaged with the BoP, with only a handful of firms operating at a strategic level that would support the creation of Shared Value.Research Objective 3 then examines document data and the views of key institutional stakeholders to determine the interaction between India’s electrification paradigms and the opportunities for the private sector. The analysis showed that household levels of electrification have not kept pace with the strong push for village grid connections by the government. Poor reliability of the grid, and gaps in connectivity to non-census habitations represent opportunities for private sector off-grid solutions, although evidence showed limited uptake in two Indian states.Research Objective 4 evaluates the role of private sector off-grid operators in the electrification of India. This was undertaken via semi-structured interviews with ten exemplar firms in India, providing a validation of the concepts developed in the preceding objectives. Some firms clearly responded to BoP household needs by selling affordable solar-based substitutes, and exhibited low concerns about the impacts of grid connectivity in the future. Other firms’ value propositions included a cultivation of the dynamic effects of energy, consistent with interactive business models and strategic corporate approaches. These firms exhibited stronger concerns about future grid connectivity, and sought to embed their off-grid technologies as a risk mitigation strategy.Critical insights that emerge from this work include the following: • Creation of productive ecosystems around electricity access is important to produce dynamic effects that can translate to Shared Value, sustaining firm competitiveness and alleviating poverty. • Electrification of the BoP is a high risk and highly uncertain market proposition that requires a strong social mission from firms to operate and attract investment. • Despite the espousal of BoP opportunities, the majority of India’s large corporations do not engage in this market, and very few show evidence of a strategic approach. • The centrally-planned grid contributes significantly to the business risks of the private sector in BoP off-grid markets, even though business opportunities exist due to grid unreliability and lack of reach to all households.The thesis concludes by recommending several policy changes to strengthen the role of the private sector. This includes greater transparency, integration and planning of locations suitable for private sector electrification; and changes to Corporate Social Responsibility laws to allow more strategic Shared Value approaches to optimise electrification efforts for India’s BoP.

Continuous acceleration and complication of scientific and technological development requires continuous improvement of forecasting and planning methodologies. The purpose of this article is to describe patterns of technological modes (TM) substitution and the basics of centralized and decentralized management of these processes. The article describes the structure of the 6th technological mode, justifies the selection of product positions that give an idea of its global development and the Russian development lag. Difficulties arising from the study of scientific and technological development are identified. The basics of technological statistical data collection and methodologies for plotting diffusion curves and measuring Russian development lag from leading countries in the world are presented. A study of the presence of 6th mode companies and research and development teams has shown that all technologies of the 6th mode are represented in Russia. In accordance with the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of Russia, some recommendations for accelerating scientific and technological growth in Russia are presented. Despite the existing significant lag in scientific and technological advancement in Russia, the implementation of these recommendations, as well as similar interconnected and networked initiatives, will allow Russia to gain a competitive advantage in global scientific and technological development, with medicine playing a central role in the economy based on future nature-like technologies.

Global developments in advanced reactor technologies and international cooperation

The migration of African traders to Guangzhou, located in southeastern China, started in the 1990s and has ever since been increasing. During the last years, the neighbouring city of Foshan has become a second centre of African migration. While a growing number of migrants have been moving from Guangzhou to Foshan, an increased direct migration to Foshan can also be witnessed. The aim of this contribution is to demonstrate how the dynamics and complexity of processes in and between the two cities as well as regional, national and global conditions and developments are influencing this new migration flow. Urban development aims, their interpretation and implementation at various levels are considered, together with the reactions, flexibility and adaption strategies of the migrants. Furthermore, this example highlights how global developments (e.g. global economic crisis 2008/2009, China’s entry to the WTO), national conditions (e.g. national immigration regulations, development strategies, hosting of major international events) and interurban competition and co-operation are interrelated and have diverse impacts on the migration flows. The analysis is based on a quantitative survey of 253 African migrants, four expert interviews and 14 qualitative interviews with African migrants.

The world has been experiencing the most crucial phase with consequences of COVID-19 pandemic, conflict, and anomalous climate (3C) vexing in to hopeless fall in socioeconomic conditions especially so in the low-and-middle-income group of countries (LMIC). 3C triggered colossal price shoot-up in elementary provisions, food and fuel, and surge in cost of subsistence reducing individual ability for out of the pocket expenditure for buying health resulting in non-utilization. The concomitant intricate multifaceted assault on civilization leading to interminable suffering needs an arrest through united and novel efforts to bring forth a peaceful, healthy and habitable world. Peace talks, promotion of scientific innovations, use of sustainable energy sources and universal health coverage through Primary Health Care would be indomitable worthwhile to sustain global growth and development. Practice of formal and regular intelligence that ascertains identification of threats and challenges of national interest, prioritizing them on a measurable standard and developing mitigation plans for the main cause of concern, need to be structured and maintained. Issues specific to the particular nations, societies and communities entwined with geo-political interests may be catalogued in the global threat directory in quest of international aid and support in days to come.

The article highlights the political and socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. The factors of transformation of the international order in the conditions of the world pandemic are analysed. It has been shown that pandemics are an invisible enemy, which consolidates efforts of the entire world community. The coronavirus pandemic will undoubtedly affect the balance of power in the world and will have a major impact on the global economic development. It is obvious that globalisation will continue to evolve, both ideologically and practically. The formation of new connections among people and countries can hardly be stopped completely. However, the forms of globalisation will undoubtedly change. The international community should seek for a new balance between the challenges of national and global development. Besides, it is important for Ukraine, as well as all other countries of the world, not to lose pace in these efforts. The COVID-19 pandemic will contribute to the further virtualisation of all spheres of human life. The fields of trade, education, medicine, and entertainment may finally move to the Internet. Finally, the governments of many countries are likely to develop measures to restore or expand national production in strategically important areas, including food and medical industries. The policy of supporting internal markets is once again reclaiming its popularity. The crisis surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic has come as a surprise and a challenge to the entire global community and the international system, which find themselves in a state of simultaneous fragmentation and integration. Geopolitical uncertainty, populism, nationalism, and protectionism have already had a negative impact on the economy, and the coronavirus pandemic has only exacerbated these trends. Their growth could lead to the destruction of transport and production links and put an end to globalisation in its current form. Keywords: pandemic, coronavirus COVID-19, transformation, international order, globalisation, world economy.

In global product development projects, coordinating complex technical communication among teams across time zones in the overlapping process is a fundamental challenge. To optimize a global product development organization to reduce the negative impact of time separation on coordination, this article presents an innovative approach to solve two key problems: how to quantify the coordination among distributed teams and how to identify efficient global product development organization. We build structural models to capture the coordination dependency strength among global product development teams from the time separation and overlapping process perspectives, employing the design structure matrix method. Then, we analyze the factors that influence synchronous and asynchronous communication due to time separation. We also apply the random walk method to identify a team similarity matrix, taking into account the direct and indirect dependency relationships among teams associated with their performed activities. Finally, we use the team similarity matrix as an input to a spectral clustering algorithm to identify the clustering strategy for the global product development organizational architecture, yielding and reinforcing several managerial insights, including how to analyze the coordination among global product development teams as well as how the offshoring costs impact the clustered organization.