Global Sensor Modeling and Constrained Application Methods Enabling Cloud-Based Open Space Smart Services

Solar energy is renewable, clean, and friendly to the environment. Utilizing solar energy is a major step toward reducing global warming because it reduces pollution. The smart city concept presents a novel idea for renewable energy, such as Photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The smart campus is one of the areas of focus in smart cities. In this context, the smart campus is a term used to refer to the teaching environment and application service systems, where dynamic interaction between people and the surrounding service develops intelligent teaching, learning, and campus life environment. However, some researchers refer to the smart campus to replace the current energy sources with more sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. This paper presents an overview of a smart green campus's concept by integrating the concepts of green energy generation and smart system application. This would enhance the building efficiency, utilize more renewable energy technology and advanced digital solution, minimize the environmental impact and operation cost. This paper uses the Higher Colleges of Technology (HCT) campus in Sharjah Men campus (SMC) as a use case study to demonstrate the vision of the smart green campus. The key areas of the campus considered in the study are campus building, streets and outdoor areas, and campus services. The proposed concept of a smart green campus will focus on the IoT-enabled sensor devices proposed to each potential application in the campus. The proposed vision of the smart green campus serves the community better by providing different innovative systems for the people and facilitating the country's development. Furthermore, the vision caters to the core infrastructure of the campus, such as the buildings, the roads, and the Mosque, while providing its members with a decent quality of life, a clean and sustainable environment, and innovative systems. The case study shows a 63.7% saving in electricity when using solar energy to generate electricity and implementing the innovative applications to the smart green campus. Also, it shows a reduction in the emission and carbon dioxide CO2 released into the air as a direct result of electricity generation to 0.02.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a convergence of the mobile Internet and the Internet of Things (IoT), where vehicles function as smart moving intelligent nodes or objects within the sensing network. This paper gives two contributions to the state-of-the-art for IoV technology research. First, we present a comprehensive review of the current and emerging IoV paradigms and communication models with an emphasis on deployment in smart cities. Currently, surveys from many authors have focused concentration on the IoV as only serving applications for intelligent transportation like driver safety, traffic efficiency, and infotainment. This paper presents a more inclusive review of the IoV for also serving the needs of smart cities for large-scale data sensing, collection, information processing, and storage. The second component of the paper presents a new universal architecture for the IoV which can be used for different communication models in smart cities to address the above challenges. It consists of seven layers: vehicle identification layer, object layer, inter-intra devices layer, communication layer, servers and cloud services layer, big data and multimedia computation layer, and application layer. The final part of this paper discusses various challenges and gives some experimental results and insights for future research direction such as the effects of a large and growing number of vehicles and the packet delivery success rate in the dynamic network structure in a smart city scenario.

The objective of this study is to critically analyze the concept of the “Smart City” and its implications within the context of Shaggar. The study aims to explore the relationship between urban narratives and the empty signifiers associated with the “Smart City” concept, with a focus on understanding the underlying tensions and contradictions that arise during the implementation of smart urban initiatives. This study employs a qualitative research approach, utilizing a combination of document analysis, interviews, and observation techniques. Primary and secondary data sources, including official city plans, policy documents, media reports, and expert interviews, are used to gather information and insights. Thematic analysis is employed to identify recurring patterns and themes related to the “Smart City” concept, urban narratives, and empty signifiers in Shaggar. The findings of this study reveal that the “Smart City” concept in Shaggar is shaped by multiple urban narratives, including the discourse of technological progress, sustainability, and efficiency. However, the analysis also highlights the presence of empty signifiers, where the “Smart City” concept often lacks clear definitions, goals, and tangible outcomes. This disconnects between narratives and signifiers create tensions and challenges during the implementation of smart urban initiatives in Shaggar. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the “Smart City” concept in Shaggar is a complex amalgamation of urban narratives and empty signifiers. The presence of multiple narratives contributes to the allure and promise of the “Smart City” vision, while the lack of clear signifiers results in ambiguity and challenges during implementation. This study underscores the need for critical examination and contextual understanding when envisioning and implementing “Smart City” initiatives. Based on the findings, this study recommends that policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders in Shaggar and similar contexts should prioritize the development of clear and context-specific definitions, goals, and metrics for “Smart City” initiatives. It is crucial to engage with local communities, incorporate their perspectives, and ensure transparency and accountability in the implementation process. Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaborations and continuous evaluation of projects are essential to address the tensions between narratives and signifiers and to promote more inclusive and sustainable smart urban development in Shaggar and beyond.

Towards a secure service provisioning framework in a Smart city environment

The development of efficient sensing technologies and the maturation of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm and related protocols have considerably fostered the expansion of sensor-based monitoring applications. A great number of those applications has been developed to monitor a set of information for better perception of the environment, with some of them being dedicated to identifying emergency situations. Current IoT-based emergency systems have limitations when considering the broader scope of smart cities, exploiting one or just a few monitoring variables or even allocating high computational burden to regular sensor nodes. In this context, we propose a distributed multi-tier emergency alerting system built around a number of sensor-based event detection units, providing real-time georeferenced information about the occurrence of critical events, while taking as input a configurable number of different scalar sensors and GPS data. The proposed system could then be used to detect and to deliver emergency alarms, which are computed based on the detected events, the previously known risk level of the affected areas and temporal information. Doing so, modularized and flexible perceptions of critical events are provided, according to the particularities of each considered smart city scenario. Besides implementing the proposed system in open-source electronic platforms, we also created a real-time visualization application to dynamically display emergency alarms on a map, demonstrating a feasible and useful application of the system as a supporting service. Therefore, this innovative approach and its corresponding physical implementation can bring valuable results for smart cities, potentially supporting the development of adaptive IoT-based emergency-aware applications.

Smart City concept and applications domains are taking a prominent position in nowadays innovation trends. Future Internet and ICT in general are considering the Smart City as the key concept for the future technological developments. In particular, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Machine to Machine (M2M) communications are some of the basic enablers for fulfilling the Smart City concept requirements. In this paper we are describing the SmartSantander experimental facility. This Smart City testbed has been envisioned on a twofold approach: experimentation support experimentation and service provision. The paper not only describes the main features of the deployed testbed but also showcases the supported experimentation-service duality by showing how it is possible to run a routing protocol experiment while a service is provided to the citizens over the same network.

With the explosion in the number of connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) services in smart city, the challenges to meet the demands from both data traffic delivery and information processing are increasingly prominent. Meanwhile, the connected vehicle networks have become an essential part in smart city, bringing massive data traffic as well as significant communication, caching, and computing resources. As the two typical services types in smart city, delay-tolerant and delay-sensitive traffic requires very different quality of service (QoS)/quality of experience (QoE), and could be delivered through the routes with different features to meet their QoS/QoE requirements with the lowest costs. In this paper, we propose a novel vehicle network architecture in the smart city scenario, mitigating the network congestion with the joint optimization of networking, caching, and computing resources. Cloud computing at the data centers as well as mobile edge computing at the evolved node Bs and on-board units are taken as the paradigms to provide caching and computing resources. The programmable control principle originated from the software-defined networking paradigm has been introduced into this architecture to facilitate the system optimization and resource integration. With the careful modeling of the services, the vehicle mobility, and the system state, a joint resource management scheme is proposed and formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process to minimize the system cost, which consists of both network overhead and execution time of computing tasks. Extensive simulation results with different system parameters reveal that the proposed scheme could significantly improve the system performance compared to the existing schemes.

<p style="text-align: justify;">The progress of modern society is directly linked to advancements and innovations in information and communication technologies. The new economic and social opportunities that are part of this progress have transformed the urban landscape and led to the emergence of smart cities. Residential buildings, vehicles, and social systems strive to achieve complete connectivity known as the "Internet of Things" (IoT). The use of the IoT in smart cities generates a massive amount of data that must be collected and analyzed. To do this effectively, artificial intelligence (AI) applications are used, as they are the only ones capable of processing such large volumes of data from various sources. Through AI algorithms, it is possible to continuously monitor data, analyze it, optimize resource usage, simplify decision-making, and facilitate the resolution of key urban life challenges in smart cities. This paper explores the ways in which the integration of AI and IoT can contribute to the improvement of various urban aspects. The primary focus of the paper is to highlight the transformative potential of such integration in the scenarios of smart cities.</p>

The increasing urbanization demands development of smart cities. Smart cities can be considered as to serve the requirement of its citizen in better way. The smart cities have many applications involving intelligent gas monitoring. In this chapter we will find about the intelligent gas monitoring in smart city scenario. We will see the aspects of smart gas monitoring, understand the concept of gas sensing, requirement of gas monitoring viz., classification and quantification of gases/odors and the brief introduction about the gas sensing. Further, we will understand the application of blockchain in the intelligent gas monitoring.KeywordsBlockchainGas sensingIntelligent gas monitoringSmart city

The adoption of sensors-based monitoring systems supported by Internet of Things technologies has opened new possibilities for data retrieving and processing in urban areas. Among such possibilities, emergencies management is expected to play an important role in how modern cities will evolve, reducing the negative impacts of critical events and improving the quality of life perceived by their inhabitants. Actually, when an emergency is detected and alerted, emergency vehicles, notably ambulances, fire trucks, police cars and transit agents vehicles, should be quickly assigned to respond to that situation, as soon as possible. In this context, we propose a dynamic algorithm to automatically assign emergency vehicles in smart city scenarios, exploiting for that a sensors-based emergency detection system to provide emergency alerts. The proposed algorithm can then be used to quickly assign a number of emergency vehicles in the first moments of an emergency, which can potentially save lives and improve existing crisis management applications in smart cities.

Smart Cities theme has evolved in the last years, leading the cities to implement initiatives related to technical aspects to improve quality of life. Another focus on this theme is how to measure the added value of these initiatives to the population. The Brazilian Network of Smart and Human Cities (RBCIH) was created in order to join both approaches in Brazil, putting together members from academy, private initiative and local (municipality) government. Nowadays, RBCIH is composed by 350 Brazilian cities (in a universe of 5570 cities), indicating that a long-term work has to be executed by RBCIH in Brazil. Two purposes of RBCIH are presenting good practices and evaluating how smart and human a city is. In this work, a methodology is presented for constructing a Brazilian reference model and an evaluation method for smart cities, adherent to the Brazilian reality.


 
 
 The IoT enables appliances globally to communicate with each other and produce a large quantity of information that can realize valuable information in different service domains. We will develop inter-connected semantic structures to promote semantic interoperability by combining the IoT device's data with semantic technologies. In research paper, we suggest a semantic engine platform (SEP) to promote ontological frameworks in different IoT-based service areas of the smart city. In specific, the main discussion is on three key concerns related to the delivery of advanced semantic infrastructure in IoT-related applications: semantic exploration, interactive semantic representation, and semantic data repository. The feasibility of this SEP is shown by developing a smart hospital prototype application, giving a preset hospital environment in which user’s data is interpreted with the help of smart mobiles. The smart city scenario is explored in this paper with the help of SEP solutions based on services across different domains using IoT capabilities. In this way, our approach will ultimately lead to a smart city with more streamlined, robust facilities with help of semantic interoperability.
 
 

Cooperative-Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) have brought a technological revolution, especially for ground vehicles, in terms of road safety, traffic efficiency, as well as in the experience of drivers and passengers. So far, these advances have been focused on traditional transportation means, leaving aside the new generation of personal vehicles that are nowadays flooding our streets. Together with bicycles and motorcycles, personal mobility devices such as segways or electric scooters are firm sustainable alternatives that represent the future to achieve eco-friendly personal mobility in urban settings. In a near future, smart cities will become hyper-connected spaces where these vehicles should be integrated within the underlying C-ITS ecosystem. In this paper, we provide a wide overview of the opportunities and challenges related to this necessary integration as well as the communication solutions that are already in the market to provide these moving devices with low-cost and efficient connectivity. We also present an On-Board Unit (OBU) prototype with different communication options based on the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) paradigm and several sensors to gather environmental information to facilitate eco-efficiency services. As the attained results suggest, this module allows personal vehicles to be fully integrated in smart city environments, presenting the possibilities of LoRaWAN and Narrow Band-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) communication technologies to provide vehicle connectivity and enable mobile urban sensing.

Taking a normative analyzing approach, this study summarized the framework of laws and regulations concerning privacy protection and analyzed the legislative problems in the privacy protection in a smart city scenario. Since the laws and regulations for privacy protection are scattered in the Constitution and other existing laws, the privacy protection in China is inevitably scattered in laws of particular areas. Major problems exist in almost all sections in collecting, spreading, storing and using personal information. Basic principles, including collection limitation, data quality, purpose specification, security safeguards, openness, should be followed for the improvement of the legislation of Chinese concerning privacy issues in smart cities.

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is a network of interconnected sensor nodes equipped with multimedia devices capable to retrieve multimedia as well as scalar sensor data in smart city scenarios. With the progress of smart city development, WMSNs are becoming points of interest. The existing research works on the security of WMSNs show some significant centralized solutions; they are prone to denial of service attacks, central failure, and privacy breaches. Also, these solution are having limitations because of their centralized nature.Therefore, the the proposed scheme adopted the concept of decentralization to achieve more effective and ubiquitous results. As per our best knowledge, we introduce the first decentralized privacy-preserving authentication framework for WMSNs to address the energy and storage challenges. We call our solution PRIvacy-preserving Blockchain-based Authentication for multimeDIa networks (PRIBADI). PRIBADI uses a blockchain framework for authenticated communication between sensor nodes and base stations (as a trusted authority) by using certification and access authentication schemes. We elect trustworthy cluster heads based on weight metrics and these cluster heads forward the information to the Trusted Authority (TA). Subsequently, TA forward large data to the cloud for storage, and the information relevant to certificates and hashes are recorded on the distributed blockchain. Moreover, TA revokes the certificates of malicious sensor nodes and eliminates them from the blockchain. We run a set of experiments on PRIBADI and compare the results with the state-of-the-art models. We use the evaluation criteria of detection accuracy, operation, and energy consumption. We find that PRIBADI is 31.7% better than the existing models.