GLOBAL TRADE PATTERNS AND CONCENTRATION: LEADING COUNTRIES, DOMINANT PRODUCTS AND TRENDS

The article provides an analytical overview of the structure and changes in international trade by technological product groups for the period 2000–2023. International trade is a significant driver of the global economy, and its structure is undergoing dynamic changes influenced by globalization, digitalization, regional integration, technological transformations, geopolitical factors, trade confrontations, pandemics, and military conflicts. It is determined that over the past two decades, global foreign trade turnover has significantly increased, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. The study analyzes in detail the dynamics of exports and imports of products from various technological groups: primary products, raw materials, low-tech, medium-tech, and high-tech products. It has been revealed that the exports and imports of primary and raw materials are showing high growth rates in 2023, while high-tech products undergo uneven development due to global economic fluctuations, restructuring of supply chains, and technological constraints. Special attention is paid to structural changes, namely: the increase in the share of raw materials in global trade and the relative stability of the medium-tech sector. A decline in the share of low-tech goods has been recorded, indicating a gradual modernization of the global economy and a shift in demand. The analysis shows that stable demand for machinery and manufacturing products ensures the resilience of medium-tech industries in international trade. The results of the study demonstrate that analytical monitoring of the dynamics and structure of trade in technological products is crucial for shaping State policy, supporting national competitiveness, developing economic security strategies, and adapting businesses to changes in global market conjuncture. A deeper understanding of these processes allows for the identification of new opportunities for integration into global markets and ensuring sustainable economic development.

A Road Map for More Inclusive Canadian Trade Policy (Conclusion)

Big health industry is an industry that provides whole process and all factor products and services for human comprehensive physical and mental health. With the increasingly close relationship between health and environment, green products take into account the characteristics of environmental protection, resource intensification, safety, and health, so that the green product industry for the purpose of health and environmental protection has become an important branch of the big health industry. To give a clear portrayal of changes in the global green product trade system, this study derives relevant trade data from the World Bank and the UN Comtrade and by analyzing the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the global green product trade pattern from 2001 to 2018, and it explores the product structure and status changes of countries (regions) in the global trading system for green products. According to the research findings, the closely connected global trade network for green products continues to expand. This is a typical network comprising “smaller worlds”; the focus of green product exports has largely stayed unchanged, while imports are shifting from North America and East Asia towards North America, Europe, and the Middle East; the spatial structure of the network shows a transition away from the original transcontinental “dual arch” pattern with the United States at the core towards a “transcontinental + intracontinental” one characterized by the coexistence of “multiple arches” centering around Europe and Asia; the trade network adopts a “point-to-point” model, with no obvious interdependence and competition between countries (regions); furthermore, geographically proximate and culturally similar countries are prone to have closer trade ties. By clarifying the global trade network of green products industry under the background of big health industry, it will help to deepen the understanding of the relationship between participating countries, promote the long-term and stable development of national health industry trade, provide the public with more safe and harmless products, better meet the global public’s health needs, and effectively enhance the sustainability of public health.

IntroductionWith the development of global industrialization, metal minerals have become a global focal point of great power competition. An in-depth investigation into the evolution of global mineral trade structures, alongside an analysis of the relationships between metal minerals trade, resource endowments, industrialization, regional dynamics, and geopolitical competition, is crucial for nations to formulate effective trade policies and enhance the stability of global mineral trade development.MethodsThis study explores the evolution trends of the global metal minerals trade structure from 1990 to 2022 based on complex network and further detect community structure using the Infomap algorithm.Results and discussionThe results show that (1) There is a general upward trend in global metal minerals trade from 1990 to 2022, which can be segmented into phases of slow, rapid, and moderate growth. (2) The two major trading circles formed in the early stage with Japan and Europe as the center have changed, forming a dual pattern with China as the super demand center and Australia as the super supply center. (3) China, Australia, the U.S., Japan, Brazil, and the European Union play key roles in shaping the global trade network, with the structure of the global metal minerals trade network primarily being driven by demand centers. (4) According to the economic trends and the evolving resource demands, the global trade structure will translate from a concentrated bipolar model to a diversified network with multiple trade centers. The conclusion of this research helps specify international policies and maintain supply chain resilience.

This paper analyzes and presents how far the challenging conse­quences of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict have impacted global trade, the energy market and oil prices. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict has affected the world’s stability and economy by putting so many new challenges and obstacles to supply chains and industries. Due to the escalations of the con­flict, the energy market has known big changes, especially after oil prices that have been rising to approximately $ 110 per barrel since March 2022. In our methodology, we based on data analysis and a review of the previous literature where the research question is: “how far the consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict could introduce a new transition in Global trade, energy market and Oil prices?” The results show that the conflict caused a big rise in Oil prices to their high­est level in 14 years and this has led to high rates of inflation, an econom­ic downturn globally and low access to food and energy in many countries. The conclusions show that the dependence on energy after the start of the escalation and the instability of imports and exports have boosted a new transition in global trade, the energy market and oil prices

The Russian–Ukrainian conflict has been proven to cause significant losses of life and goods on both sides. This may have potentially impacted the agricultural sector. This study examines the impact of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on the global food situation. We performed a descriptive analysis and literature review to answer this objective. Russia and Ukraine play essential roles in world food production and trade. However, the war has disrupted food production in Ukraine. Estimated Ukrainian wheat, soybean, and maize production in 2022–2023 fell precipitously. On the other hand, Russian production of these three food products shows positive growth during the same period. Furthermore, the global supply chain and food trade are hampered, causing an increase in the world’s food prices. From March to May 2022, the average global price of wheat, soybeans, and maize increased dramatically compared to during and before the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, this poses a danger to global food security, particularly for low-income countries that depend heavily on food imports from both countries. Therefore, all countries must be prepared for the possibility that the Sustainable Development Goals cannot be achieved.

Abstract: This chapter on "Global Business and Trade Strategies" provides a comprehensive exploration of the key concepts, economic impact, and historical evolution of global business and trade. It highlights the fundamental importance of international trade in promoting economic growth, improving efficiency, and fostering innovation. The chapter traces the historical context through an examination of early trade routes, the colonial trade era, the Industrial Revolution, and modern trade agreements like GATT, WTO, NAFTA, and TPP. The chapter delves into the drivers of global business, including economic policies, market demand, technological advancements, and cost efficiencies, and explores how globalization has reshaped business strategies to achieve competitive advantage. It analyzes the global trade environment through the lens of economic, political, legal, and cultural factors, and discusses key international trade theories such as comparative and absolute advantage. The roles of international economic institutions, trade policies, tariffs, and trade agreements are examined, along with strategies for managing cultural diversity in international business. Market entry strategies such as exporting, importing, foreign direct investment (FDI), joint ventures, strategic alliances, licensing, and franchising are thoroughly examined, with a focus on benefits, challenges, and best practices. The chapter also emphasizes global supply chain management, including logistics, risk management, and the role of technology. International marketing strategies, financial management, and legal and ethical issues are addressed, highlighting the importance of digital marketing, currency exchange mechanisms, compliance, and corporate social responsibility. The chapter concludes with case studies of successful global business strategies and a summary of key points, future trends, and recommended further reading. Keywords: Global Business,International Trade,Economic Impact,Historical Trade Evolution,Globalization,Trade Theories,Economic Indicators,International Economic Institutions,Trade Policies,Cultural Differences,Market Entry Strategies,Exporting and Importing,Foreign Direct Investment (FDI),Joint Ventures,Strategic Alliances,Licensing,Franchising,Supply Chain Management,Logistics and Distribution,Risk Management,Digital Marketing,Financial Management,Currency Exchange,Risk Management,Budgeting and Forecasting,International Trade Laws,Ethical Business Practices,Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR),Intellectual Property Rights,Case Studies,Multinational Companies,Innovation,Competitive Advantage,Sustainability and Global Business Strategies.

Time-varying asymmetric volatility spillovers among China’s carbon markets, new energy market and stock market under the shocks of major events

This paper adopts the visibility graph (VG) methodology to analyze the dynamic behavior of West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent and Shanghai (SC) crude oil futures during the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia–Ukraine conflict. Utilizing daily and high-frequency data, our study reveals a clear power-law decay in VG degree distributions and highlights pronounced clustering tendencies within crude oil futures VGs. We also uncover an inverse correlation between clustering coefficients and node degrees, further identifying that all VGs adhere not only to the small-world property but also exhibit intricate assortative mixing. Through the time-varying characteristics of VGs, we observe that WTI and Brent demonstrate aligned behaviors, while the SC market, with its unique trading mechanisms, deviates. Notably, the five-minute assortativity coefficient provides deep insights into the markets reactions to these global challenges, underscoring the distinct sensitivity of each market.

This chapter describes the past developments, current status, and trends in global liquid biofuel production and trade. Apart from providing quantitative overviews, it also elaborates why markets developed as they did. By 2011, close to 2,500 PJ of liquid biofuels were produced globally; over two-third of which were fuel ethanol and the remaining biodiesel. The feedstock base is exclusively regionally specific oil, sugar, or starch crops. Global trade in biodiesel has been and will in the foreseeable future be primarily driven towards the European Union, where renewable energy policies stimulate the consumption of sustainable transport fuels – although the EU biofuels market growth is slowing down. Fuel ethanol is largely produced and consumed in the Americas, with the USA and Brazil dominating global production, trade and deployment. International trade is both supply and demand driven. National support policies increased the domestic market value of biofuels and shaped demand side developments. Trade flows emerged where such policies were not aligned with respective trade measures. Import duties had the strongest effect on trade volumes while trade routes were influenced by tariff preferences. Most trade regimes appear to have been designed and adapted unilaterally along national interests causing market disruptions, trade inefficiencies and disputes.

The article analyzes the current stage of international trade and the global trading system. It has been established that in the last quarter of a century there has been a comprehensive and profound transformation of the global trading system, as well as its new long-term characteristics. The main factors that have a stimulating effect on transformational processes in the field of global trade are identified and analyzed technological, economic and market, institutional and political, as well as global challenges and crises, under the influence of which the world trading system operates today. These factors have led to the democratization of global trade, i.e. the emergence and strengthening of such characteristics as transparency, inclusivity and adaptability in its system. These characteristics are inherent in trade processes taking place at the level of companies, regions, and the world as a whole, which requires countries to rapidly review their strategies and mechanisms in the field of international trade.

Spillover dynamics in DeFi, G7 banks, and equity markets during global crises: A TVP-VAR analysis

Nowadays E-commerce has become a crucial tool for businesses, enabling faster transactions, reducing hardship, and aiding global trade. The absence of uniform legal frameworks created challenges to international electronic transactions, which demanded an internationally accepted framework. So, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts, based on the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Laws on Electronic Commerce and Electronic Signatures. It tries to standardize legal principles governing electronic communications in global trade, promoting legal certainty, fostering economic growth, and ensuring the smooth integration of e-commerce into the global trade system. This article explores the significance of e-commerce, the obstacles it faces, and the effects of this international legal framework in aiding seamless electronic transactions on an international level.

Purpose This study examines how oil market volatility and clean energy trends impact the stock performance of automakers, specifically comparing traditional manufacturers with electric vehicle (EV) producers such as BYD and Tesla. The objective is to assess the extent to which traditional automakers are sensitive to oil market fluctuations, while EV manufacturers align more closely with clean energy dynamics, particularly during global market crises. Design/methodology/approach Using daily data from January 2013 to December 2023, we conduct linear regressions, GARCH, DCC-GARCH and the Diebold–Yilmaz connectedness approaches in the analysis. We use these econometric models to capture volatility patterns, correlations and cross-market spillovers. Findings Traditional manufacturers are affected by both oil prices and clean energy development. While traditional automakers remain more vulnerable to oil price volatility, global leading EV manufacturers BYD and Tesla are less sensitive to oil price shocks and show strong alignment with clean energy indices. Significant volatility spillovers are observed during global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict. Originality/value The paper uniquely integrates clean energy indices into the analysis of oil price impacts on automaker stocks. By comparing traditional and EV manufacturers using advanced econometric models, it sheds light on the literature of energy markets and sustainable financial markets.

Who is the core? Reveal the heterogeneity of global rare earth trade structure from the perspective of industrial chain