Glossary

The main idea of this paper is to present an upper-layer security solution to solve security problems of the wireless network. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Protocol. The goal of WEP is to provide data privacy to the wireless network. It is generally believed that the current wireless access points have a big security problem with WEP protocol. To solve this problem, a combination of Linux-based access point and IPSec bridge has been brought up to secure the wireless network.

The wireless local area network commonly uses WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encryption technology. Although it has encryption mechanism, but the WEP encryption mechanism has serious structural design deficiencies. In this article, we focus on the IEEE 802.11, hacker attack methods and WEP wireless networks to carry out instructions. Furthermore, the DoS / DDoS attacks also have become the most serious network security problems. Therefore, we use NS2 simulation to analyze the DoS / DDoS attacks and actual test common hacker using a wireless network to hacking, cracking WEP in actual operation.

One of the most important types that used to transfer data between nodes without using wires is a “wireless communication network”, where the transmission of data is censored remotely by using electromagnetic waves such as radio waves that usually implemented in the physical layer of the network. Continuous improvements in wireless network technology have reduced the security and speed differences between types of networks (wired and wireless), but in turn, increased security threats to wirelessly transmitted data. Wireless networks are weak in terms of "privacy protection" because anyone who is within the coverage area of a wireless network can attempt to break into that network. Hacking incidents have been reported frequently in places with shared free networks, and it has been observed that the places of open distributed networks of the Internet are most at risk of complete penetration of your phone or PC data. To solve this problem, several programs have been developed that provide protection for wireless networks that differ in terms of security. Some of them did not provide sufficient protection for wireless networks, such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), and others made progress in preventing intrusions compared to their predecessors, such as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA).

This article highlights a number of security issues within wireless networks. Signal leakage for instance, means that network communications can be picked up outside the physical boundaries of the building in which they are being operated, meaning that a hacker can operate from the street outside or discretely from blocks away. In addition to signal leakage, the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol is inherently weak. There are also various other attacks that can be initiated against WLANs, all with detrimental effects. During our investigation, a war-driving expedition was conducted to ascertain the number of unprotected WLAN devices in use locally. We concluded that there was an apparent and serious lack of security on WLAN devices. Even those users that have implemented WEP do not seem to realize just how weak this protocol is or how their networks could be affected.

10 - WLAN Risk and Threat Mitigation

Computer networks have come a long way since their inception, and wireless networks are the new trend in the IT market. However, every new technology comes with several advantages and disadvantages. This paper addresses some of the key advances and some of the shortcomings of wireless networks security. It reviews various types of security levels currently offered by standard wireless networks, such as the wired equivalent privacy (WEP); the Wi-Fi protected access (WPA); and 802.11 - the latter defined as the ultimate security available for wireless networks to date. The paper also lists benefits of wireless networks and examples of cost savings. Corporations have been found to consider wireless installations based on the lower total cost of ownership (TCO) and return on investment (ROI) scenarios. In addition to general financial benefits, wireless networks have their own performance benefits such as, for example, increases in data accuracy, and increases in user productivity. There are few industries that have expanded their boundaries in the wireless arena: financial, educational institutions, healthcare facilities and airports (travel). With security being one of the major concerns irrespective of the industry type, the authors highlight factors that senior and mid level IT management should consider when implementing wireless networks. The success story of General Motors investment in wireless LANs factories presents a best practice for WLANs implementations. In the conclusions, questions still open and opportunities for future research are discussed.

The IEEE 802.11 wireless networks are organized either in infrastructure mode or ad-hoc mode. These wireless networks are very common, because of their portability and ease of access. In infrastructure mode of wireless networks, wireless clients have to be aware of the environments due to vulnerability and various types of attacks that can made by wireless intruders. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) security protocols are used to protect any wireless infrastructure against wireless intruders. The main problem of wireless network is to maintain the network security. Firewalls are not much capable to secure network from attacks because firewall can only detect the attacks which come from outside of the network. Therefore, Intrusion Detection System (IDS) plays an important role in network security. In general Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is used to detect unauthorized access, malicious access point and various types of wireless attacks in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure mode of wireless networks. Network based Wireless Intrusion Detection system (WIDS) is designed to detect Denial of Service (DOS) attack and Malicious Access Point (Evil Twin Attack) in Wi-Fi networks. Because DOS attack and Evil Twin Attack are the most significant attacks in IEEE 802.11 networks. In this work, a diverse detection algorithm is proposed to detect DOS attack and Evil Twin Attack which is based on number of deauthentication frames and beacon frames and some other fields. In this project, an experimental setup for wireless network infrastructure with one access point (AP) and three or four number of wireless clients are used to design Wireless Intrusion Detection System (WIDS). In that design, one client act as an attacker and another one client act as detector. In this work, Kali Linux based attack software tool is used to register wireless clients to launch attacks on the network. The set of commends are used to configure on the designed infrastructure wireless networks for testing the attacks and solutions

Any kinds of tiny vibration of machine tool parts will have a great influence on surface quality of the workpiece at ultra-precise machining process of aspheric surface. At present the major way for decreasing influence of vibration is machining compensation technology. Therefore it is important for machining compensation control to acquire and transmit these vibration signals effectively. This paper presents a vibration monitoring system of aspheric surface machining machine tool based on wireless sensor networks (WSN). Some key issues of wireless sensor networks for vibration monitoring system of aspheric surface machining are discussed. The reliability of data transmission, network communication protocol and synchronization mechanism of wireless sensor networks are studied for the vibration monitoring system. The proposed system achieves multi-sensors vibration monitoring involving the grinding wheel, the workpiece and the workbench spindle. The wireless transmission of vibration signals is achieved by the combination with vibration sensor nodes and wireless network. In this paper, these vibration sensor nodes are developed. An experimental platform is structured which employs wireless sensor networks to the vibration monitoring system in order to test acquisition and wireless transmission of vibration signal. The test results show that the proposed system can achieve vibration data transmission effectively and reliability and meet the monitoring requirements of aspheric surface machining machine tool.

The explosive growth of internet and consumer demand for mobility has fuelled the exponential growth of wireless communications and networks. Mobile users want access to services and information, from both internet and personal devices, from a range of locations without the use of a cable medium. IEEE 802.11 is one of the most widely used wireless standards of our days. The amount of access and mobility into wireless networks requires a security infrastructure that protects communication within that network. The security of this protocol is based on the wired equivalent privacy (WEP) scheme. Currently, all the IEEE 802.11 market products support WEP. But recently, the 802.11i working group introduced the advanced encryption standard (AES), as the security scheme for the future IEEE 802.11 applications. In this paper, the hardware integrations of WEP and AES are studied. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) device has been used as the hardware implementation platform, for a fair comparison between the two security schemes. Measurements for the FPGA implementation cost, operating frequency, power consumption and performance are given.

Due to recent developments in pervasive and ubiquitous computing, health care systems can provide well-informed and high-quality patient care services. A care provider can receive a simplified, adaptive, and latest view of the medical data. Although the medical file is unique, the distributed record could be accessible from any place at any time by care providers. Pervasive health care information systems allow overcoming the problem of heterogeneity of technologies and services in this domain and the papers selected for this special issue represent a good panel for addressing this challenge. Of course, the selected topics and papers are not an exhaustive representation of the area of Pervasive Health Care Services and Technologies. Nonetheless, they represent the rich and many-faceted knowledge, that we have the pleasure of sharing with the readers. We would like to thank the authors for their excellent contributions and patience in assisting us. Finally, the fundamental work of all reviewers on these papers is also very warmly acknowledged.

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are become popular as they are fast, cost effective, flexible and easy to use. There are some challenges of security and for IT administrators the choice of security protocol is a critical issue. The main motive of this paper is to make the non-specialist reader knowledgeable about threats in the wireless security and make them aware about the disadvantages of wireless security protocols. WEP (Wired Equivalent privacy), WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and RSN (Robust Security Network) security protocols are defined and examined here. This security protocols are compared with the common. This paper is a comparative analysis of WEP, WPA and WPA2. We have tried to perform and check authentication of all 3 protocols by implying the legendary attack vector scripts i.e. Air crack set of tools. The test was conducted on Back Track operating system which is considered as dedicated pentesting operating system. In the test result, we found out that WEP is the weakest, to which WPA was a temporary solution and WPA2 is a very solid and long term solution. This paper is a mixture of wireless security weaknesses and counter measures to the problems faced until recently. After reading this paper the non specialist reader will have complete review and awareness about the wireless security and vulnerabilities involved with it.

The IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network standard did not incorporate a cryptographic message integrity code into its wired equivalent privacy (WEP) protocol, and relied upon CRC-32 for message integrity. This was shown to be completely insecure since WEP uses a stream cipher (RC4) for encryption. The latest IEEE 802.11i draft addresses this, and other, weaknesses discovered in WEP. IEEE 802.11i suggests three new modes of operation: two based on the Advanced Encryption Standard cipher and one [temporal key integrity protocol (TKIP)] still based on RC4. The TKIP mode is intended for use on legacy hardware, which is computationally weak. TKIP uses a new, keyed, 64-b, message integrity code called Michael. In this letter, we highlight a weakness in Michael and suggest a simple fix.

The encryption scheme in the wired equivalent privacy (WEP) protocol for networks based on the 802.11 standards has been proven to have several weaknesses. We propose a mechanism called the variable encrypting function (VEF) to enhance the protection offered by the WEP. The VEF mechanism is based on increasing the 'diffusion' characteristic, at the application layer, by making the ciphertext character dependent on the current plaintext character and the previous plaintext character. A message dependent matrix is generated which is used to perform the transposition operation on the obtained ciphertext.

As technology has evolved, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol is no longer considered effective for establishing a secure wireless network. Today, the tools found in common penetration testing kits are now fully automated, with GUIs that make cracking a WEP key as easy as point and click. Once it became apparent that WEP had fatal, unfixable flaws, there were immediate efforts to develop a successor.

Wireless mesh network is a network implemented over a wireless local area network (LAN), and its infrastructure type is decentralized, relatively inexpensive, reliable, and resilient since the wireless routers are often static and not powered by batteries. In addition, the access points (routers) seldom change their positions in wireless mesh networks, and some wireless nodes have gateway functions to provide the connectivity to the Internet. Therefore, such networks behave almost like wired networks with infrequent topology changes and limited node failures. Due to these good properties and potential applications such as providing commercial Internet access to residents and local businesses, wireless mesh networks have drawn a lot of attention in recent years. For example, wireless mesh networks are being used as the last mile for extending the Internet connectivity for mobile nodes. In addition, some commercial deployments of multihop wireless meshes are already in the works. For instance, a number of mesh networks have been deployed in some cities of the United States, including Medford, Oregon, and cities in Minnesota [4]. Unlike traditional wired network, close-by mesh routers share certain wireless channels and the capacity of wireless mesh network will be increased tremendously when extending from a single channel model to a multiradio, multichannel, multihop model. For example, if two nodes vi and v j could communicate with each other by channel f1, and both nodes have at least one more available network interface cards, which could operate on another channel f2, if f2 is also available for both nodes, vi and v j could use both f1 and f2 to communicate simultaneously. When such cases are applied to more wireless nodes, the throughput of a wireless network will be increased tremendously.