GMPLS-based multi-region control plane for integrated hybrid optical networks

On chip communication is now an upcoming technology; whereOn-chip interconnections are becoming tedious as they need to assure reliability, power, speed and scalability issues. Systems on chips, (SoCs), are so intricate that they oblige new interconnection techniques. Networks on Chip (NoCs) have paved way to resolve these problems. As application is becoming complex they require good design for greater bandwidth and performance which lead to 3D NoC. 3D NoC provide best solutions to connect as many functional elements on-chip over 2D NoC. Data flow NoCs can be categorized into: packet switched and circuit switched NoCs. The paper focus on simultaneous circuit and packet switching to benefit from two methods which ensures low latency and more resource utilization. Here in this paper, the circuit switched NoC is much concentrated where we implement our ideas in area like circuit setup method. Here we bring in a new method for guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) known an efficient path establishment mechanism in circuit switching in 3D Torus topology. Torus topology aims to produce less latency of other topologies, where the path is estimated based on to the destination node layers and position. This paper is more advantageous where it can get switched between to different layers and position in which destination is placed. As of 3D NoC with increased number of nodes it ensureslow power, low latency, increase hardware integration, improved throughput and enables multi core processing and also resolves scalability crisis. It can operate on both packet and circuit switching which reduces both cost and operational expenses. Analysis on latency, power and throughput is made for 3D hybrid integration which provides better solutions. Optic Communication can be extended for future progress for improved speed and accuracy.

Packet and circuit switching: Cost/performance boundaries

The public network is rapidly moving from being a voice-optimized network that carries data, to a data-optimized network that will carry multiple services with IP as the predominant traffic. One of the key issues confronting carriers is the balance between circuit switching and packet switching in the core of the network. With the emergence of fast IP switch/routers, it is becoming possible to directly connect all ports on DWDM equipment directly on the router vs. connecting the router to DWDM infrastructure through an optical cross-connect. Comparing the costs of circuit switching and packet switching in the core of the network, a hybrid of packet and circuit switching solution proves more cost-effective than the pure packet switching whenever the port cost of the IP router is more than twice the port cost of the optical cross- connect. Furthermore, to enable cost effective evolution toward the converged network, the next generation of switching equipment will need to accommodate astronomical growth, while providing carriers with more flexibility in network design.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In this paper, we propose a hybrid packet-circuit switching for networks-on-chip to benefit from the advantages of both switching mechanisms. Integrating circuit and packet switching into a single NoC is achieved by partitioning the link bandwidth and router data-path and control-path elements into two parts and allocating each part to one of the switching methods. In this NoC, during injection in the source node, packets are initially forwarded on the packet-switched sub-network, but keep requesting a circuit towards the destination node. The circuit-switched part, at each cycle, collects the circuit construction requests, performs arbitration among the conflicting requests, and constructs circuits over the unallocated circuit-switched sub-network links. Unlike traditional circuit-switching, the circuit end point in this NoC is not necessarily the packet destination, rather the circuits can be terminated in any intermediate node between the packet source and destination nodes. At that node, the packet may either travel over another circuit (in case of successful circuit request) or continue its path over the packet-switched part. Therefore, packets may switch between the two sub-networks several times during their life-time in the network. Circuit construction is handled by a low-latency and low-cost setup network. To keep the complexity of the circuit construction low, the circuits are restricted to span within a neighborhood of d hops of the requesting node. The experimental results show considerable improvement in energy and latency over a traditional packet-switched NoC.

A new switching architecture for broadband ISDN, "Synchronous Composite Packet Switching (SCPS)," is proposed and evaluated. It efficiently integrates circuit and packet switching functions on a single switching system and accommodates very high speed-up to several tens of Mbit/s-communication services, such as very high speed bursts of data, still picture, and motion video, as well as 64 kbit/s or less voice and data services. The SCPS system comprises plural switch modules and plural Very high speed synchronous loops. In the SCPS system, messages on plural circuit switched channels are assembled into quasi-packets, called "composite packets," and switched synchronously between switch modules, maintaining complete time transparency and short absolute delay time. A system parameter design to obtain high system efficiency and appropriate system modularity is explained, and an example for a very large capacity transit switch of 4 Gbit/s throughput is presented. System implementation problems to realize the SCPS principle, such as efficient implementation of the composite packet assembling and loop transmission functions, are investigated and an experimental system constructed for circuit switching part is presented. The most remarkable characteristic of the SCPS is that it efficiently integrates <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">64 \times n</tex> kbit/s circuit switching with packet switching. Moreover, the SCPS system retains compatibility with existing networks and the possibiliy of evolution toward a future broadband ISDN. On the basis of the above investigations and experimental system construction, the authors conclude that the SCPS is one of the most practical switching architectures for the coming broadband ISDN era.

The potential advantages of optics at high link speeds have led to significant interest in deploying optical switching technology in data-center networks. Initial efforts have focused on hybrid approaches that rely on millisecond-scale circuit switching in the core of the network, while maintaining the flexibility of electrical packet switching at the edge. Recent demonstrations of microsecond-scale optical circuit switches motivate considering circuit switching for more dynamic traffic such as that generated from a top-of-rack (ToR) switch. Based on these technology trends, we propose a prototype hybrid ToR, called REACToR, which utilizes a combination of packet switching and circuit switching to appear to end-hosts as a packet-switched ToR.In this paper, we describe a prototype REACToR control plane which synchronizes end host transmissions with end-to-end circuit assignments. This control plane can react to rapid, bursty changes in the traffic from end hosts on a time scale of 100s of microseconds, several orders of magnitude faster than previous hybrid approaches. Using the experimental data from a system of eight end hosts, we calibrate a hybrid network simulator and use this simulator to predict the performance of larger-scale hybrid networks.

The advancement of semiconductor industry has led to continuously increasing level of integration. Due to this and driven by shorter time-to-market and product life cycle, the industry has migrated into SoC paradigm. NoC is viewed as a practical solution for SoC interconnection due to its reusability and scalability. Existing NoC designs are mainly based on packet switching. However, packet switching NoC requires significant buffering resources, which consumes silicon area and power. An alternative to packet switching is circuit switching based NoC. In this paper, circuit and packet switching had been evaluated, and simulations were performed to measure and compare the performance of both NoCs to determine the viability of CNoC as on-chip interconnection solution.

It is essential to model channel holding time (CHT), cell residence time (CRT), and handoff rate for performance analysis and algorithm evaluation in mobile cellular networks. The problem has been extensively studied in the past for circuit-switched (CS) cellular networks. However, little research has been done on packet-switched (PS) cellular networks. Unlike that a call occupies a dedicated channel during its whole lifetime in CS networks, an active session in PS networks occupies and releases channels iteratively due to discontinuous reception (DRX) mechanism. In this paper, we investigate the key quantities in PS cellular networks. We present a set of comprehensive new models to characterize the quantities and their relationship in PS networks. The models shed light on the relationship between CHT and CRT and handoff rate. The analytical results enable wide applicability in various scenarios and therefore have important theoretical significance. Moreover, the analytical results provide a quick way to evaluate traffic performance and system design in PS cellular networks without wide deployment, which can save cost and time.

The CAMEL and the IMS are representative service platforms in the circuit switched (CS) and packet switched (PS) domain. The integration of the CAMEL and the IMS will bring tremendous benefits to the network operators and end users. Many researchers invest in investigating the mechanism of invoking the CAMEL service from the PS domain, however, there are few studies about the mechanism of invoking the IMS service from the CS domain. This paper proposes a CAMEL service invocation function (CAMEL-SIF) as a gateway for service invocation from CS domain to IMS. The CAMEL-SIF works as an overlay on the top of the current CS infrastructure that enables operators to deploy it without any change in the existing CS core. It is responsible for translating the CAP message into the SIP message, and vice versa. The translation is based on the call state and message diagram (CSM) and mapping tables. The CSM is in charge of maintaining the call state and determining the corresponding messages. The mapping tables indicate the mapping between the parameters in CAP and the headers in SIP. The trigger Filter Criteria (tFC) and the execution Filter Criteria (eFC) are employed to resolve ambiguity and arm the event detection point respectively. Our study improves the completeness of service invocation architecture in the service integration of the CS domain and the IMS. We also discuss the appropriate allocation of the CAMEL-SIF for reducing the service invocation delay.

Since applications can generate both streaming and best effort traffics, there is then a need for an on-chip network to provide QoS for streaming traffic and to guarantee packets delivery without loss for best effort traffic. Instead of handling both streaming and best-effort traffic in a circuit or packet switched network, which often leads to a complex design, we propose a hybrid router combining circuit and packet switching with bus architecture. It efficiently and separately handles streaming and best effort traffics. Code Division Multiple Access "CDMA" is used in circuit switching and bus to improve resources utilization. The proposed router architecture has been synthesized in both ASIC 65 nm and FPGA. Synthesis results show that a practical network on chip can be built using the proposed router architecture.

Trends in the development of public telecommunication networks

In this paper we present a router that combines the circuit switching and packet switching in order to efficiently and separately handle the guaranteed-service and best-effort traffics. The main innovation consists in proposing a novel connection configuration mechanism, in which the source node first sends the connection request to manager via a pre-reserved request path, and the manager sends back the response message via guaranteed-service path. Hence, the additional dedicated configuration network that is widely used in previous works is avoided, which reduces the hardware cost while still guaranteeing the configuration latency. The synthesis results show our approach is more area and energy efficient. Compared to previous works, our approach can provide up to 260% better power efficiency and 2.4X to 5X better area efficiency. In terms of configuration time, our approach can provide 2.7X to 36X faster configuration speed.

The evolution of packet switching network technology over the past ten years has been strongly influenced by the dramatic growth of these networks. The ability to control and manage large networks has required many innovations and has been most successful where the growing network itself has provided the mechanisms needed for network management. This discussion will cover the increasing use of decentralization and parallel operation of functions required to monitor the network, to remotely test and maintain subscriber facilities, to collect billing and statistical data, and to distribute and install new software. Specific problems which require special attention in large network management will be covered; these include time synchronization, routing optimization, and network security. The SL-10 packet switching system from Northern Telecom is referenced through this discussion as an example of a system which has built on the facilities and technology of the network switching equipment to provide the management function. Since all of the attributes of capacity, availability, reliable communication, configuration flexibility, and security are the same for both packet switching subscribers and network management, using a common base provides real advantages. The discussion will show how the exclusive use of network terminal interfaces, virtual circuits, and X.25 host interfaces for all management data transfer functions provides the required function with virtually unlimited growth potential. Support of both packet switching and management functions on the same base of processor, storage devices, and software, further extends the benefits of commonality.

TeraNet is an experimental optical network which offers user access rates as high as one Gigabit per second (Gbps). The network provides both circuit switching and ATM packet switching in a hierarchical fashion. Circuit switching is accomplished through the use of tunable optical WDMA/Subcarrier-FDMA channels. An overlaid multihop technique that uses a sub-set of the underlying optical circuits, constructs a packet switching environment. Circuit switched services interface to the passive optical 'ether' through Media Interface Units (MIU). A 3 X 3 switching node called Network Interface Unit (NIU), with 1 Gbps capacity per port, is used as an ATM access port to the packet switching layer. The ATM overlaid network incorporates a traffic control architecture that supports multiple traffic classes. Output buffers and bandwidth are shared according to a resource allocation concept called Asynchronous Time Sharing (ATS).

With the emergence of converged networks, circuit switched (CS), packet switched (PS), and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) domains and application servers (AS) are now merging to combine all kinds of services, business modes, and network architectures. This can cause chaos among various charging mechanisms within the networks. This paper presents a common charging controller function (CCCF) between the charging trigger function (CTF) of individual network elements (NEs) and the charging system. The CCCF operates with the common NE-independent charging control layer to serve various network elements in CS, PS, and IMS domains and application servers. It also simplifies NE-dependent CTFs for accounting metrics collection (AMC), regardless of whether the charging mechanisms are online or offline. The CCCF maintains a single charging characteristic database that stores the charging mechanism of each subscriber's service usage and forwards subscriber accounting data to the charging systems. By including the CCCF in networks, the IMS and pre-IMS charging systems for existing and new customers can be integrated without replacing deployed products, resulting in significant cost savings for telecommunications vendors and customers.