GOTHIC LINE: MAPPING GOTHIC IN NAPLES. SHARING CULTURE FOR CONSERVATION

El presente artículo hace referencia a los problemas que presenta la protección y conservación del patrimonio cultural del centro histórico de la ciudad del Cusco, entre los años de 1950-2005, los factores materia de estudio son la tradición y la modernidad, al estar nutridos de contenido ideológico, manipulados por las instancias del poder político, económico, social, cultural. Se trató de descubrir cuáles son los niveles de participación, influencia que se encuentra en la concepción y la práctica de la planificación, el urbanismo, la nueva arquitectura y en la disciplina de la conservación, en el esfuerzo por salvaguardar el patrimonio cultural local, sin embargo, nos encontramos con un panorama confuso y contradictorio, produciendo pérdida y destrucción en el patrimonio cultural del centro histórico del Cusco.

Bergama'da 1878 de Carl Humann tarafindan arkeolojik kazilarin baslatilmasi ve her gecen gun onemli buluntularin ortaya cikmasi kentin baskin olarak arkeolojik ozellikleriyle anilmasi­ni saglamis ve saglamaktadir. Ornegin 1968 yilina ait imar planinda arkeolo­jik alan uzerinde yer alan geleneksel kent do­kusunun dondurularak gelismesinin kisitlan­masi ve zamanla bu alanlarin bosaltilarak arke­olojik kazilara terk edilmesi ongorulmustur. Antikcag yapilarina verilen onem, diger taraf­tan geleneksel konutlarin muhafazasina do­layli olarak katkida bulunmus; geleneksel ko­nut dokusu altindaki antik kentin zarar gorme­mesi icin, var olan yapilasma dondurulmus; yeni yapilasmalar icin bu alanlar disinda, gele­neksel dokunun guneyinde yeni iskân alanlari acilmistir. 1976 tarihinde Bergama'nin alanlari ve sinirlari Gayrimenkul Eski Eserler ve Anitlar Yuksek Kurulunca (GEEAYK) tescil edilmistir. ilani kararini takiben, Berga­ma'nin antik Pergamon kentinin kalintilari uze­rinde gelismis belli alanlari, korunmasi gerekli kentsel dokuya sahip olmasi nedeniyle ve Arkeolojik olarak 1983 yilin­da tescil edilmis ve 1984'te tekrar degerlendi­rilmistir, Bergama gibi cok katmanli kentlerde, tanimi konana kadar gecen surede, kurullari tarafindan yanlis ka­rarlarin alinmasinin yani sira tereddutler, dola­yisiyla karar uretememe durumlari soz konu­su olmustur. Bu tikaniklik, SIT tanimindan 20 yil sonra 1993'te Kultur ve Tabiat Varliklari Koruma Yuksek Kurulunun ilke kararindaki tanimi ve ko­sullarinin belirlenmesiyle asilmistir. Bergama'da da koruma amacli imar planina kadar gecerli olacak gecis donemi yapilas­ma kosullari m belirleyen karar, ilanindan 18 yil sonra, 2001 yilinda kentin bu alanlarinin, Izmir 2 numarali Kultur ve Tabiat Varliklari Koruma Kurulunca Kentsel Arkeolo­jik olarak ilan edilmesiyle alinmistir. Bu karara gore Bergama kenti alanlari. Kent­sel SIT, 1. derece SIT, 2. derece ve 3. derece olarak tanimlanmistir. Bu kararlar sonucunda, alani icinde yer atan evler, onarim dahi yapilamayan, harap an­cak ozgun yapilar olarak gunumuze ulasmistir. Kentin guneyinde yeni yapilasma alanlarinin olusturulmasindan sonra, alani icindeki geleneksel dokuda, evlerini birakmak isteme­yen, apartman yasamina uyum saglayamayan ve eski komsuluk iliskilerini surdurmek iste­yen yasli nufus kalmistir. Bu geleneksel doku­nun diger kullanicilari ise civar koylerden gelip buraya yerlesen dusuk gelir grubuna ait kulla­nicilardir. kultur varliklari envanter calismasiyla kentte harap fakat ozgun olarak gunumuze ulasmis onemli sayida konut oldugu, pek cok konutun enderlik degeri tasidigi ortaya kon­mustur. Bergama (izmir) Kultur Varliklari En­vanter Projesinin ucuncu ve son donem calis­masi 6-17 Eylul 2005 tarihlerinde Bergama da gerceklestirilen alan calismasiyla tamamlan­mistir. Pek cok uygarligi iceren, cok katmanli bir kent olan Bergama'da, sinirlan ve tanimi, bu envanter calismasi­nin basladigi 2003 yilindaki degisiklikler disin­da, Mart 2004 te izmir 2 numarali Kultur ve Ta­biat Varliklari Koruma Kurulunda alinan kararla, Kentsel + 3. derece olarak degistirilmis ve sinin guneye, Gazipasa Mahal­lesine dogru genisletilmistir (lev. 1: sek. 1). Kultur Varliklarinin yer aldigi mahalle­ler, Bergama Cayinin kuzeyindeki alanda Ulu-cami, Talatpasa, Kurtulus mahalleleri, Berga­ma Cayinin guneyinde ise Selcuk, Barbaros, Atmaca, Islamsaray, Turabey, Inkilâp, Gazipa­sa, Ertugrul ve Zafer mahalleleridir. 2005 yilin­da, Bergama Cayinin kuzeyinde Talatpasa ve Kurtulus mahallelerinde, Bergama Cayinin gu­neyinde ise Selcuk, Atmaca, islamsaray, Tu­rabey, Inkilâp, Gazipasa, Ertugrul ve Zafer ma­hallelerinde envanter calismasi gerceklestiril­mistir (lev. 2: sek. 2). Bergama Kuttur Varliktan Envanteri yapilirken calisma alanimizin sinirlan (lev. 1: sek. 1), Kultur ve Tabiat Varliklari Koruma Ku­rulu tarafindan onaylanmis sinirlari disinda, eski yerlesim dokusunu gosteren belgelerden de yararlanilarak belir­lenmistir. Bergama'da 2005 yilinda. 2003 ve 2004 yilla­rinda gerceklestirilen alan calismalarinda oldu­gu gibi Bergama Cayinin iki yakasinda, iki ayri grup tarafindan catisma gerceklestirilmistir. 6-17 Eylul 2005 tarihleri arasinda 7 kisilik ekip­le toplam 100 yapi adasinda calisilmis, 713'u anit olmak uzere, 814 adet envanter formu hazirlanmistir. 102 yapinin plan krokisi yapil­mis, 4440 adet dijital fotograf cekilmistir. Boy­lece 2003 yilindan itibaren, uc yillik envanter calismasi sonucunda 160'i yerlesme, 1501'i anit envanteri olmak uzere, toplam 1661 adet envanter formu hazirlanmis, 390 adet plan krokisi yapilmis ve 9718 adet dijital fotograf cekilmistir. kultur varliktan envanter calismasin­da, konutlarin yapim tarihleri ve mimari ozel­likleri bir arada degerlendirildiginde Berga­ma'daki konut mimarisinin gelisim sureci or­taya cikmaktadir. 2005 yilina ait alan calisma­sinda, nitelikli ve korunmaya deger Cumhuri­yet devri konut yapilarinin, onceki yillarda cali­silan alanlardakinden daha yogun olarak yer aldigi saptanmistir. Geleneksel kent dokusunun yeni yapilasma alanlariyla birlestigi yerdeki yogun yok edilisi­ne bagli olarak, kultur varligi sayisi azaldigin­dan, Bergama kentsel kultur varliklari evanteri ongorulenden daha once tamamlanmis bu­lunmaktadir. Envanteri yapilan kultur varliklari sayisi, mevcut tescilli yapi sayisinin yaklasik uc katidir. Bergama kentsel kultur varliklari envanteri dogrultusunda, alanlarinin bo­yutlarinda ve niteliklerinde degisiklikler yapil­masi gerekecektir. 2003 yilinda baslayan Bergama kentsel kultur varliklari envanter calismasi 2004 yilinda de­vam etmis ve 2005 yilinda sonuclanmistir. En­vanterlerin Kultur-Kitap veritabanina aktaril­masi ise 2006 yilinda tamamlanmistir.

In recent years the practice of on-street bus layover in Dublin’s city centre has been criticised. The problem was resolved in part by relocating bus termini, mainly to other edgeof-centre on-street locations. These included certain protected heritage environments such as Merrion Square. Objections have been raised by prominent heritage interest groups, notably the Irish Georgian Society. The use of such locations has been justified by state bus agencies on grounds of cost, expediency and lack of viable alternatives. This study, prepared as part of a DIT Community-Links initiative with the Irish Georgian Society, investigates the potential for an alternative, viable and sustainable bus layover strategy for Dublin city centre. The study considers the wider social, cultural and environmental costs of bus layover in protected heritage environments. It also examines the relevance and role of planning in the coordination of bus operations in the city centre. The analysis takes due consideration of best practice in bus layover operations, including: layover design and operations, linkages and street design. The research team carried out surveys of layover operations at Merrion Square. The highest number of buses in layover at any one time was 9 and the average was 5. On average, buses were in layover for 10, 22 and 14 minutes during the morning, afternoon and evening survey periods. For private services this tended to be significantly longer, often an hour or more. Relatively few passengers alighted or embarked at the terminus. The design of the layover space is highly inadequate and the presence of buses on the Square creates a foreboding atmosphere, materially detracting from its potential UNESCO World Heritage Status. Contact with transport agencies suggested that from an operations point of view the arrangement was acceptable, also that no viable alternatives was seen to exist. The team looked at international best practice and investigated five potential layover solutions, including: the status quo; an alternative site close-by; a single city centre layover site; removing the terminus by implementing 100% cross-city services; and, the use of Dublin Bus garages for layover. A multi-criteria analysis concluded that the use of Dublin Bus garages for layover was the clear and most suitable option. The study recommends, in the case of the Merrion Square services, that terminus and layover operations be relocated to the most proximate garage, in this case the Ringsend Depot on Ringsend Road. This can best be achieved by rerouting the end-of-service from Merrion Square to Docklands, via Pearse Street. It is likely that this would yield fuel savings, in addition to significant increased patronage. Congestion through the College Green Bus Gate would be relieved, in turn improving LUAS Cross-City operations. Greater connectivity would be achieved from Maynooth and the western suburbs to Docklands, a significant centre of employment. Proper rest facilities would be available to drivers. The use of Dublin’s Georgian Squares for bus layover is untenable bad practice, without comparison in other heritage cities. A viable alternative exists which can increase revenue, improve operations and lead to a more efficient overall public transport network.

An assessment of the robustness of the 2008EPI results requires the evaluation of uncertainties underlying the index and the sensitivity of the country scores and rankings to the methodological choices made during the development of the Index. To test this robustness, the EPI team has continued its partnership with the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission in Ispra, Italy. This JRC report shows that the 2008 EPI has an architecture that highlights the complexity of translating environmental stewardship into straightforward, clear-cut policy recipes. The trade-offs within the index dimensions are a reminder of the danger of compensability between dimensions while identifying the areas where more work is needed to achieve a coherent framework in particular in terms of the relative importance of the indicators that compose the EPI framework. The 2008 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is developed for 149 countries and is based on 25 indicators in six policy categories: Environmental Health, Air Pollution, Water, Biodiversity and Habitat, Productive Natural Resources, Climate Change. The EPI aims to bring a data-driven, fact-based and empirical approach to environmental protection and global sustainability. The validity of the EPI scoring and respective ranking is assessed by evaluating how sensitive the country ranks are to the assumptions made on the index structure and the aggregation of the 25 underlying indicators. The assumptions tested are: measurement error of the raw data, choice of capping at selected targets for the 25 indicators, choice to correct for skewed distributions in the indicators values, weights of the indicators and/or of the subcomponents of the index, and finally aggregation function at the policy level (six policy categories). How to obtain EU publications Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu), where you can place an order with the sales agent of your choice. The Publications Office has a worldwide network of sales agents. You can obtain their contact details by sending a fax to (352) 29 29-42758. The mission of the JRC is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies. As a service of the European Commission, the JRC functions as a reference centre of science and technology for the Union. Close to the policy-making process, it serves the common interest of the Member States, while being independent of special interests, whether private or national. LB -N A -2385-EN -C

Literature indicates that the issues of mission, and mission integration and sustainability, are of importance in organisations, including Catholic hospitals. However, there is minimal research to inform and guide mission integration in organisations. The aim of the study was to identify aspects of mission integration in a not-for-profit Australian Catholic hospital from employees' perspectives. The research questions addressed: (1) the knowledge and experience of mission integration by current employees, (2) the issues, problems, barriers, and (3) strategies for leadership, ownership and sustainability for the future. Following a three stage pilot process, eight questions were formulated to guide and stimulate discussion in focus group sessions. These questions were linked with the three research questions, consistent with the aim of the study. Research ethics approval for the study was obtained from the university and the health care organisation, St Johannas Care Centre (SJCC). A total of 21 employees of SJCC, who were members of the mission integration team, participated in a voluntary capacity. Data were obtained from 17 participants through five focus group sessions, each of one and a half hour duration, and four individual interviews for participants who were unable to attend the sessions due to work commitments. Sessions were audio- taped and the text data was transcribed. Content analysis of the data resulted in categories, sub-themes and themes. Three themes emerged, with one theme for each research question. The themes were (1) 'Having a shared vision', (2) 'It?s a changing world' and (3) 'If we look after it now'. It is recommended staff are encouraged and supported by colleagues and the Executive Management Group to take ownership and leadership of the mission and that leadership programs are established whereby mission is highlighted as being integrated with everything that occurs at SJCC.;This approach would address situations whereby mission is perceived as another layer on top. In conclusion, there was a need for staff to have knowledge and understanding of the SJCC mission; resource funding was needed, and a leadership program was needed to foster mission integration and sustainability.

The urban development process displays regressive tacit-dominant knowledge areas and their tacit level would impede their movements during multi-level knowledge transfers among stakeholders. The accuracy of a knowledge may be distorted when recipient stakeholders fail to understand a specific knowledge for its purpose. Earlier studies by the authors had highlighted complex yet dynamic environmental operating environment in most planning approval procedure. The paper presents a recent completed doctoral study which attempted to apply the Malaysian One-Stop Centre planning process for the city of Accra, Ghana. It centres on the Discontinuity in Organizations (D-I-O) theory which proposes “Knowledge” as the seventh Contingency Factor in managing knowledge flows in such operating condition. The theoretical foundation describes how four dynamic operating characteristics which—when combined and not well-mitigated—could lead towards organizational performance failures hence the projects’ socio-economic failures in providing adequate housing to the masses. There is a need for awareness and understanding of the multiple organizations involvement, the mixture of sequential and concurrent workflows, high interdependent tasks, and regressive nature of tacit knowledge throughout the different phases of an urban project’s lifecycle development process. The paper discusses the impacts on the organizations involved and how to mitigate them effectively to achieve an inclusive sustainable urban development. The paper presents the potential of streamlining the complex planning approval process which could improve management of a seemingly less understood tacit world of property development into a formidable sustainable urban development strategy.

Out of the total landslide occurrences, nearly 20% are found in North Eastern region of India. The official figures of United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR) and the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) for the year 2006 also states that landslide ranked third in terms of number of deaths among the top ten natural disasters, as approximately 4 million people were affected by landslides. Unless human death it poses serious damage on roadways, railways, buildings, dams and many natural resources with untold measure of ecosystem and human society. As transportation is a lifeline of a civilization and lack of self sufficiency of a region it hold an important place to meet daily needs of human beings of a region. The study route (NH 31 A, NH 55 and SH 12 A) of landlocked Darjeeling district is very much prone to landslide vulnerability. The black memories of previous massive landslide hazard took large impression on the inhabited society. Sometime the district remains isolated island due to breakdown of transportation for a stretch of days in the time of massive landslide along study route. The main objective of the study is to highlight/describe the present situation of landslide zone along three study route. The study also highlight the nature of landslide took place according to their vulnerability scale, type of movement, type of activity, type of distribution and lastly type of style for further management.

<strong>Abstract: </strong>The Centre for Education and Research in Environmental Strategies, commonly known as CERES, is an Australian community environment park situated in Brunswick, just north of Melbourne's central business district on the urban fringe. CERES holds a strong focus upon environmental sustainability and education, offering a variety of ways for visitors, volunteers and staff to engage with community and the natural environment and was formed in 1981 to return to health the site which was once a waste dump. <br><br>One of the many interesting aspects of CERES is the potential it holds in offering people an opportunity to develop a sense of place. This article presents an exploration of the relationship between people and place, and how this relationship has the capacity to enhance the wellbeing of people and the environment more generally. It assesses the capacity CERES has for developing a sense of place, encompassing experiential and conceptual understandings of people and place as connected, and therefore reflects upon the significance of CERES in contributing to enhancing environmental and personal wellbeing. This exploration of a connected relationship between people and place is framed in contrast to the dualistic conceptualisation of nature versus culture.

Introduction Working toward Co-Management of the Raccoon River Watershed in Iowa: The Role of Civil Society Sustainable Development and the Water Energy Nexus An Analysis of Public Participation in the Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Study Co-Generated Knowledge for Co-Management of a Mobile Resource: Anishinabek/Ontario Fisheries Resource Centre Barriers and Opportunities to Adaptive Co-management of the Tisza River Basin in Hungary Adaptive Co-Management and Learning: Developments in Coastal Management in The Netherlands From 1985 To 2010 Taking the Co out of Co-Management: The Delegitimization of Fishing Communities on Lake Victoria, E. Africa Governance Reform to Secure Resilience in the Nearshore Waters of the Great Lakes Basin Co-management of Water Resources in a High Density Environment as a Stimulus for Sustainable Regional Development The Roles of Knowledge in the Emergence Co-Management Initiatives for Transboundary Groundwaters: the Case of the Genevois Aquifer Guarani Aquifer Co-Management and the Brazilian Experience Managing a Multi-objective, Bi-national Study on Rationalizing the State of Upper Great Lakes Water Levels and Development of Improved Regulation Plans Irrigation Water Co-Management in the Limari River Basin, Chile Towards Community-Based Management of Water Resources: A Critical Ethnography of Lake and Groundwater Conservation in Pushkar, India An Institutional Dynamics of Khorezmian Water Management on the Peasant Level in Uzbekistan: From the Ancient Practices to the Present Situation

Nowadays the safety of computer networks becomes more important than other characteristics. The services which are used by a huge number of users entice hacker. Especially, online payment services are often the main target of malicious software. In the article, the computer virus SpyEye spread via Internet resources is considered. The Petri-object model of propagation process is created with the use of Petri-object simulation software written in Java. The model reproduces the events of damaging website, infecting user’s resource, sending information about vulnerabilities and sending personal data. It was suggested that users are connected when they use the same website. The investigation of the spreading time for different kinds of users’ connections topology is presented. It was considered not only well-known star and chain topologies but also their combinations and the topology with random connections. Simulation results confirm the virus spreading time dependence on user’s connections topology.

Emesis gravidarum is common in first-trimester pregnancy. Based on the clinical competence of midwifery found cases 86% of the first-trimester pregnant women experience emesis gravidarum. Emesis gravidarum if it can not be given the disturbance of maternal nutrition that will affect the health of mother and fetus. Management of non-pharmacological emesis gravidarum can use lemon tea aromatherapy. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of lemon tea aromatherapy on the reduction of emesis gravidarum in the first-trimester primigravida in Working Area of Pauh Health Centre in Padang 2017. This study was using pre-experiment and with one group pretest-posttest design. This study was done in August 2017 until April 2018in the work area of Pauh Health Centre. The population are first-trimester pregnant primigravida with the sample of the 16, used a technique the sample collection purposive sampling. An instrument used in is sheets of observation and a question. The analysis data consisted of univariate and bivariate using computerized with the dependent t-test. The result of research of average score of emesis gravidarum before treatment that is 4 and after treatment1. After undergone at paired simple obtained the average difference before and after treatment is 3. Ho was rejected with p-value = 0.000 <0.05 it means that there is the influence aromatherapy lemon tea against the reduction of emesis gravidarum in the first-trimester primigravida. The conclusion of this study is there’s the influence of lemon tea aromatherapy on the reduction of emesis gravidarum in the first trimester of primigravida. It is hoped that this research can be an alternative for a midwife in giving nonpharmacologic therapy to reduce the emesis gravidarum complaints in the first-trimester primigravida.

This paper reports on a study which investigated employees' views on why they find call centre work more stressful than other types of work and the reasons for high levels of absenteeism in their workplace. Data were collected from frontline employees (n = 58) of a telecommunications call centre during ten focus groups. Content analysis of the data identified nine major themes. Overall, the study suggests that employee stress results from managers' emphases on sales and efficiency demands, directed by specific targets and high levels of electronic monitoring. Additionally, employees vary in their ability to provide emotional labour and deal with the stress of customer interactions. Other themes focused on call centre support processes and structures, teams, insufficient rest time, inadequate communication systems and human resource management issues. All the themes contributed to accumulated stress. Absenteeism was explained in terms of the accumulated stress, the perceived hygiene of the centre, proximity to others and employees' lack of identity. Finally, decreased employee commitment and withdrawal were attributed to perceived inequities in the workplace. The paper concludes with a discussion of managerial applications.

The CMS 2004 Data Challenge (DC04) was devised to test several key aspects of the CMS Computing Model in three ways: by trying to sustain a 25 Hz reconstruction rate at the Tier-0; by distributing the reconstructed data to six Tier-1 Regional Centres (CNAF in Italy, FNAL in US, GridKA in Germany, IN2P3 in France, PIC in Spain, RAL in UK) and handling catalogue issues; by granting data accessibility at remote centres for analysis. Simulated events, up to the digitization step, were produced prior to the DC as input for the reconstruction in the Pre-Challenge Production (PCP04). In this paper, the model of the Tier-0 implementation used in DC04 is described, as well as the experience gained in using the newly developed data distribution management layer, which allowed CMS to successfully direct the distribution of data from Tier-0 to Tier-1 sites by loosely integrating a number of available Grid components. While developing and testing this system, CMS explored the overall functionality and limits of each component, in any of the different implementations that were deployed within DC04. The role of Tier-1's is presented and discussed, from the import of reconstructed data from Tier-0, to the archiving on to the local Mass Storage System (MSS) and the data distribution management to Tier-2's for analysis. Participating Tier-1's differed in available resources, setup and configuration. A critical evaluation of the results and performances achieved adopting different strategies in the organization and management of each Tier-1 centre to support CMS DC04 is presented.

This work was made possible through salary support through the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust Scholarship, the Royal College of Surgeons of Canada – Harry S. Morton Travelling Fellowship in Surgery, the University of Manitoba Clinician Investigator Program, R. Samuel McLaughlin Research and Education Award, the Manitoba Medical Service Foundation, and the University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine Dean’s Fellowship Fund EPT has received funding support from Swedish Society of Medicine (Grant no. SLS-587221). AH receives support from the Medical Research Council (MRC), Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons of England (G0802251) These studies were supported by National Institute for Healthcare Research (NIHR, UK) through the Acute Brain Injury and Repair theme of the Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, an NIHR Senior Investigator Award to DKM, and an NIHR Research Professorship to PJAH. Authors were also supported by a European Union Framework Program 7 grant (CENTER-TBI; Grant Agreement No. 602150) PJH receives support from the National Institute of Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.

ALICE is a dedicated heavy-ion experiment at CERN LHC aiming to study the properties of the quark–gluon plasma. A lead– lead collision might produce several ten thousand new particles. Detailed study of the event requires precise measurements of the particle tracks. A 90 m Time Projection Chamber (TPC) with more than 500 000 read-out pads was built as the main central barrel tracker. Collisions can be recorded at a rate of up to about 1 kHz. The front-end electronics, designed from FPGAs and custom ASICs, performs shaping, amplification, digitisation and digital filtering of the signals. The data is forwarded to DAQ via 216 1.25 Gb/s fibre-optical links. Configuration, control and monitoring is done by an embedded Linux system on the front-end electronics. First results on the performance of the front-end electronics and the distributed detector control system are presented. I. TIME PROJECTION CHAMBER (TPC) The A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) [1] is using a TPC [2] as the main track-finding detector. A TPC is a gaseous detector. It is shaped like an horizontal barrel and positioned in the same direction as the beam pipe, which is passing through the centre of the barrel. The overall length is 500 cm, divided by a 100 kV Central Electrode (CE) into two identical drift volume. The diameter is 494 cm, though the innermost 170 cm is not part of the TPC to make room for the beam pipe and inner tracking detectors. A schematic view of the TPC can be seen in Figure 1. Collisions will take place in the beam pipe in the centre of the TPC, allowing the particles produced to traverse the TPC and leave tracks of ionised gas along their paths. A strong electric field of from the CE will make the electrons drift towards the end planes, where data read-out is performed. Each end plane is divided into 18 azimuthal sectors, which again are divided into two Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPC), the Outer and Inner Read-Out Chamber (OROC/IROC). The OROC has four Read-out Partitions (RPs); the IROC two. A RP is an electronic entity for reading out data from read-out pads. The ionistic signal will be amplified by the space charge around the wires of the MWPC. The induced charge on the read-out pads is forwarded to the read-out electronics. In total for both sides there are 557568 pads. The drift volume is filled with counting gas composed of 85.7 % Ne, 9.5 % CO2 and 4.8 % N2. A cold, light gas is used to assure low diffusion and low multiple scattering. Field distortions are minimised because of the high ion mobility and few ionisation electrons per unit length. The electronics design noise figure is 1000 RMS e− (700 actually achieved); not limiting the position resolution will require a signal/noise ratio of at least 20. Apart from tracking—measuring the charged particle momentum and having a good two-track separation—it also provides Particle IDentification (PID). The TPC is expected to perform well at multiplicities as high as dNch/dη=8000 in the particle momentum range [0.1, 100] GeV/c and within |η| 90 %, and the dE/dx resolution better than 10 %. Further, the TPC alone will have a momentum resolution of about 1 % at 2 GeV/c and 10 % at 50 GeV/c. For p–p collisions a read-out rate of ≈1 kHz is expected, while for central Pb–Pb collisions ≈0.2 kHz. Figure 1: Schematic view of the TPC. To the left a singe Read-out Partition (RP) is enlarged for visibility. The support for the sectors is shown on the two end planes. Between them is the Central Electrode (CE). The TPC allows space around the centre of the length axis for beam pipe and inner silicon detectors. II. DATA READ-OUT DESIGN As already mentioned, each sector has six RPs. A RP consists of a Read-out Control Unit (RCU) with up to 25 Front-End Cards (FEC), depending on the radial location. The innermost RPs have the highest number of FECs, as a smaller size for the readout-pads is used to increase the resolution to take into account the higher track density close to the collisions. The electronics for one RP, as well as its connection to the central systems is shown as a block diagram in Figure 2. Eight ALICE TPC Read-Out (ALTRO) [3] chips are mounted on a FEC, each capable of reading out 16 read-out pads. The FECs are attached to the RCU via buses; one for data transfer and one for control/monitoring. Once on the RCU, the data is forwarded to Data Acquisition system (DAQ) and the High Level Trigger (HLT) via a 1.25 Gb/s optical fibre. A Detector Control System (DCS) board equipped with an embedded