Graceful Labeling of Bow Graphs and Shell-Flower Graphs

The graph G = (V, E) is the ordered set of sets in which V is the set null node and E is a set of arcs. Labeling on graph G is determination of node and arc values or both with certain rules. Labeling graceful is the α α function of the set of vertices V to the set of numbers 0.1,2, .... 𝐸 which induces the α 's bijtive function of the set of arc E to the set number 1,2, .... 𝐸 where each arc uv ∈ E with node u, v ∈ V apply α '(uv) = α (𝑢) - α (𝑣). The graceful grid labeling is a modification of graceful labeling ie the injection function μ from the set of vertices V to the set of numbers 1,2, .... 𝑉 yang induces the μj 's bijtive function of the arc set E to the set of numbers 1,2, .... 𝐸 where each arc uv ∈ E with node u, v ∈ V apply μ '(uv) = μ (𝑢) - μ (𝑣). Labeling ρ is another modification of graceful labeling that is the γ injection function of the set of vertices V to the set of numbers 0.1, 2, .... 𝐸 + 1 which induces the function bitif γ 'from the set of arc E to set of numbers 1,2, .... 𝐸 where each arc uv ∈ E with node u, v ∈ V apply γ '(uv) = γ (𝑢) - γ (𝑣). The H-star chart is formed of the letter H and all its leaves are given a star graph 𝑆𝑛. A-star chart formed from letter A and all its leaves are given a star graph 𝑆𝑛. In this paper is given graceful label construction, graceful scheme and labeling ρ for H-star graphs A-star.

In this paper, we studied the Incident Binary Equivalent Decimal Edge Graceful Labeling (IBEDE) [1] and Strong Incident Binary Equivalent Decimal Edge Graceful Labeling (SIBEDE) [1] for Wheel Graph W1,n and Middle Graph of Wheel Graph M(W1,n). Also we obtained the Wheel Graph W1,n and its Middle Graph M(W1,n) for n ≥ 3 are IBEDE Graceful Labeling . And the Wheel Graph W1,n for n > 3and its Middle Graph M(W1,n) for n ≥ 3 are SIBEDE Graceful Labeling. Here the Ramsey number of IBEDE and SIBEDE Graceful Labeling for W1,5 is 3 and the Ramsey number of IBEDE and SIBEDE Graceful Labeling for M(W1,3) is 18.

Graceful graphs were first studied by Rosa in 1966. The Kotzig-Ringel graceful tree conjecture states that every tree has a graceful labeling. Aldred and McKay and others have used computer programs to show that trees of order up to 35 are graceful. Bagga et al. investigated algorithms for generating all graceful labelings of certain known classes of graceful graphs, including paths, cycles, and certain other classes of unicyclic graphs. The data generated by such algorithms has led to the discovery of new properties of such graceful labelings. In this paper we present a survey of graceful graph labeling algorithms and related complexity issues.DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.22342/jims.0.0.14.1-9

<abstract><p>Graph labeling is a source of valuable mathematical models for an extensive range of applications in technologies (communication networks, cryptography, astronomy, data security, various coding theory problems). An edge $ \; \delta - $ graceful labeling of a graph $ G $ with $ p\; $ vertices and $ q\; $ edges, for any positive integer $ \; \delta $, is a bijective $ \; f\; $ from the set of edge $ \; E(G)\; $ to the set of positive integers $ \; \{ \delta, \; 2 \delta, \; 3 \delta, \; \cdots\; , \; q\delta\; \} $ such that all the vertex labels $ \; f^{\ast} [V(G)] $, given by: $ f^{\ast}(u) = (\sum\nolimits_{uv \in E(G)} f(uv)\; )\; mod\; (\delta \; k) $, where $ k = max (p, q) $, are pairwise distinct. In this paper, we show the existence of an edge $ \; \delta- $ graceful labeling, for any positive integer $ \; \delta $, for the following graphs: the splitting graphs of the cycle, fan, and crown, the shadow graphs of the path, cycle, and fan graph, the middle graphs and the total graphs of the path, cycle, and crown. Finally, we display the existence of an edge $ \; \delta- $ graceful labeling, for the twig and snail graphs.</p></abstract>

Let G be a simple graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). Let ⟨ℤ2, +,*⟩ be a field with two elements. A vertex labeling f : V(G) → ℤ2 induces two edge labelings f+: E(G) → ℤ2 such that f+ (xy) = f(x) + f(y), whereas f* : E(G) → ℤ2 such that f* (xy) = f(x) f(y), for each edge xy ∈ E(G). For i ϵ ℤ2, let and . A labeling f of a graph G is said to be friendly if |υf (0) −υf (1)|≤ 1. The friendly index set of the graph G, denoted FI(G), is defined as the vertex labeling f is friendly}. This is a generalization of graph cordiality. The corresponding multiplicative version is called the product-cordial index set, denoted PCI(G), defined as the vertex labeling f is friendly}. In this paper, we investigate the friendly index and product-cordial index sets of a family of cubic graphs known as Möbius-liked graph, MG(n) for even n ≥ 4.

A multiple shell MS {n1t1, n2t2 ,. . . , nrtr } is a graph formed by ti shells of widths n i , 1 ≤ i ≤ r, which have a common apex. This graph has \(\sum^{r}_{i=1}\) ti(ni–1)+1 vertices. A multiple shell is said to be balanced with width w if it is of the form MS{ws} or MS{(w + 1)t, ws}. Deb and Limaye have conjectured that all multiple shells are harmonious. The conjecture has been shown true for the balanced double shells, the balanced triple shells and the balanced quadruple shells. In this paper, the conjecture is proved to be true for the balanced quintuple shells.Keywordsharmonious graphmultiple shellvertex labelingedge labeling

Graph labeling is the process of assigning labels to vertices and edges under certain conditions. This paper investigates the graceful local antimagic labeling of various graph families, excluding symmetric labelings, using computational experiments and Python-based algorithms. Through these experiments, we identify new results and patterns within specific graph classes. The study expands on the existing literature by offering computational evidence, proposing algorithms for the verification of labelings, and exploring the relationship between the local antimagic labeling and the chromatic number. Our results increase the understanding of graph labeling and offer insights into its computational aspects.

Graph labeling is the concept of assigning identifiers to the nodes in a graph. The concept, being introduced in the late 1960s, has flourished much over time, and numerous papers have been written based on multiple labeling concepts. Graceful labeling, a particularly unique concept of graph labeling, was introduced by Rosa in 1967, which follows the idea that every vertex of a graph with $e$ edges can be assigned a unique label from the set { 0, 1, 2, …, $e$ }, and the labels of the edges will be assigned with the absolute difference between the labels of its adjoining edges, where every edge will have a unique label. Much research has been conducted to prove more and more classes are graceful, which itself has significant application in numerous fields, like road mapping, resource distribution, radio astronomy, cryptography, traffic routing, X-ray crystallography. In this paper, we introduce a class of graph, created from a collection of path graph and C4 cycle graph, terming it as P - n Legged C 4 - p’ graphs, and provide enough reference to prove that the derived class is graceful. We also provide mathematical expressions for every vertex in the graph, whilst considering multiple cases of path and chain length.

<p>A graph labeling is an assignment of integers to the vertices or edges or both, subject to certain conditions. Varieties of graph labeling have been investigated by many authors [2], [3] [5] and they serve as useful models for broad range of applications.</p>

A graph G is an ordered pair of sets G(V, E), where V is a set of vertices and the elements of set E are usually called edges. The concept of graph labeling has recently gained a lot of popularity in the area of graph theory. his popularity is due not only to the mathematical challenges of graph labelings but also to the wide range of applications that graph labeling offer to other brances of science, for instance, x-ray, cryptography, coding theory, circuit design and communication network design. A graph labeling we mean an assignment of integers to elements of a graph such as vertex, edge, and both. Local antimagic of a graph was motivated by Arumugam et al.. Thus, we initiate to developed the concept of local antimagic vertex coloring for subdevided graphs. A graph G called sub-devided if the graph G be the graph obtained by inserting a vertex to each edge of the graph G. Definition the concept local antimagic vertex coloring is f : E(G) → {1, 2, 3…, |E(G)|} if for any two adjacent vertices a 1 and a 2, w(a 1) = w(a 2), where for v ∈ G, , where E(a) and V(a) are respectively the set of edges incident to a. The local antimagic vertex labeling induces a proper vertex coloring of graph G if each vertex a is assigned the color w(a). The minimum colors needed to coloring the vertices in graph G called local antimagic vertex chromatic number, denoted by χla (G). In this paper we study the local antimagic vertex coloring of sub-devided some special graph as follows SFn,m , SSn,m , SWn,m and SFn,m .

An L(2, 1)-labelling of a graph is a function f from the vertex set to the positive integers such that |f(x) - f(y)| ≥ 2 if dist(x, y) = 1 and |f(x) - f(y)| ≥ 1 if dist(x, y) = 2, where dist(x, y) is the distance between the two vertices x and y in the graph G. The span of an L(2, 1)-labelling f is the difference between the largest and the smallest labels used by f plus 1. In 1992, Griggs and Yeh conjectured that every graph with maximum degree Δ ≥ 2 has an L(2, 1)-labelling with span at most Δ2 + 1. By settling this conjecture for Δ sufficiently large, we prove the existence of a constant C such that the span of any graph of maximum degree Δ is at most Δ 2 + C.

A (2, 1)-total labeling of a graph G is an assignment f from the vertex set V(G) and the edge set E(G) to the set {0, 1, ..., k} of nonnegative integers such that |f(x) - f(y)| ≥ 2 if x is a vertex and y is an edge incident to x, and |f(x) - f(y)| ≥ 1 if x and y are a pair of adjacent vertices or a pair of adjacent edges, for all x and y in V(G) ∪ E(G). The (2, 1)-total labeling number λ2T(G) of G is defined as the minimum k among all possible assignments. In [D. Chen and W. Wang. (2,1)-Total labelling of outerplanar graphs. Discr. Appl. Math. 155 (2007)], it was conjectured that all outerplanar graphs G satisfy λ2T(G) ≤ Δ(G)+2, where Δ(G) is the maximum degree of G, while they also showed that it is true for G with Δ(G) ≥ 5. In this paper, we solve their conjecture completely, by proving that λ2T(G) ≤ Δ(G)+2 even in the case of Δ(G) ≤ 4.

This paper deals with the labeling of vertices and edges of a graph. Let G be a graph with vertex set V and edge set E, where |V| be the number of vertices and |E| edges of G. The two bijection methods for which we have designed algorithms are as follows. Initially A bijection λ 1:V∪E → {1, 2…|V| + |E|} is called a Vertex-Magic Total Labeling (VMTL) if there is a vertex magic constant vk such that the weight of vertex m is, λ 1(m) + Σ n εA (m) λ 1(mn) = vk, ∀ m εv Where A(m) is the set of vertices adjacent to x. In the similar fashion the bijection λ 2:V∪E → {1, 2…|V| + |E|} is called Edge-Magic Total Labeling (EMTL) if there is a edge magic constant ek such that the weight of an edge es(mn), λ 2(m) + λ 2(n) + λ 2 e(mn) = ek, ∀ e εE. A resultant Graph which consists of both VMTL and EMTL are said to be Total Magic Labeling (TML) for different vertex magic constant and edge magic constant values. Baker and Sawada proposed algorithms to find VMTLs on cycles and wheels. In this paper we enhanced these algorithms and also we proposed new algorithms to generate EMTLs and TMLs of cycles and wheels. We used the concept variations and sum set sequences to produce VMTLs and EMTLs on cycles and wheels. Also we designed modules to identify TML’s.KeywordsMagic labelingMagic labeling algorithmsMagic constantCyclesWheelsVertex Magic Total LabelingEdge Magic Total LabelingTotal Magic Labeling etc

All graph in this paper is simple and connected graph where $V(G)$ is vertex set and $E(G)$ is edge set. Let function $f : V(G)\longrightarrow \{0, 2,..., 2k_v\}$ as vertex labeling and a function $f: E(G)\longrightarrow \{1, 2,..., k_e\}$ as edge labeling where $k=max\{2k_v,k_e\}$ for $k_v,k_e$ are natural number. The weight of edge $ u,v\in E(G) $ under $f$ is $w(u)=f(u)+ \Sigma_{uv \in V(G)} f(uv)$. In other words, the function $f$ is called local edge irregular reflexive labeling if every two adjacent edges has distinct weight and weight of a edge is defined as the sum of the labels of edge and the labels of all vertex incident this edge When we assign each edge of $G$ with a color of the edge weight $w(uv)$, thus we say the graph $G$ admits a local edge irregular reflexive coloring. The minimum number of colors produced from local edge irregular reflexive coloring of graph $G$ is reflexive local irregular chromatic number denoted by $\chi_{lrecs}(G).$ Furthermore, the minimum $k$ required such that $\chi_{lrecs}(G)=\chi(G)$ is called a local reflexive edge color strength, denoted by \emph{lrecs}$(G)$. In this paper, we learn about the local edge irregular reflexive coloring and obtain \emph{lrecs}$(G)$ of planar related graphs.

All graph in this paper is simple and connected graph where $V(G)$ is vertex set and $E(G)$ is edge set. Let function $f : V(G)\longrightarrow \{0, 2,..., 2k_v\}$ as vertex labeling and a function $f: E(G)\longrightarrow \{1, 2,..., k_e\}$ as edge labeling where $k=max\{2k_v,k_e\}$ for $k_v,k_e$ are natural number. The weight of vertex $ u,v\in V(G) $ under $f$ is $w(u)=f(u)+ \Sigma_{uv \in E(G)} f(uv)$. In other words, the function $f$ is called local vertex irregular reflexive labeling if every two adjacent vertices has distinct weight and weight of a vertex is defined as the sum of the labels of vertex and the labels of all edges incident this vertex When we assign each vertex of $G$ with a color of the vertex weight $w(uv)$, thus we say the graph G admits a local vertex irregular reflexive coloring. The minimum number of colors produced from local vertex irregular reflexive coloring of graph $G$ is reflexive local irregular chromatic number denoted by $\chi_{lrvs}(G).$ Furthermore, the minimum $k$ required such that $\chi_{lrvs}(G)=\chi(G)$ is called a local reflexive vertex color strength, denoted by \emph{lrvcs}$(G)$. In this paper, we learn about the local vertex irregular reflexive coloring and obtain \emph{lrvcs}$(G)$ of wheel related graphs.