GraphDraw—A Tool for the Represention of Graphs Using Inherent Symmetry

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessAbstract On Modified Symmetries for the Boltzmann Equation † by Andrew William Hills Mochaki 1 and Jacob Matshwenyego Manale 2,* 1 Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa 2 Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa, Science campus, Florida1709, South Africa * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. † Presented at Symmetry 2017—The First International Conference on Symmetry, Barcelona, Spain, 16–18 October 2017. Proceedings 2018, 2(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010007 Published: 8 February 2018 (This article belongs to the Proceedings of The First International Conference on Symmetry) Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Versions Notes In this contribution, we are using Lie group theoretical methods and a generalized modified symmetry for solving a second-order partial differential equation. In particular, we determine the new Lie point symmetries using modified symmetries for the Boltzmann equation and deduce the corresponding group-invariant solutions. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Mochaki, A.W.H.; Manale, J.M. On Modified Symmetries for the Boltzmann Equation. Proceedings 2018, 2, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010007 AMA Style Mochaki AWH, Manale JM. On Modified Symmetries for the Boltzmann Equation. Proceedings. 2018; 2(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010007 Chicago/Turabian Style Mochaki, Andrew William Hills, and Jacob Matshwenyego Manale. 2018. "On Modified Symmetries for the Boltzmann Equation" Proceedings 2, no. 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010007 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessAbstract Combinatoric Properties of Restriction Sites † by Elizaveta Taranenko 1,* and Mikhail Sadovsky 2 1 Department of Biophysics, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarskiy kray, Russia 2 Institute of Computational Modelling SB RAS, Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. † Presented at Symmetry 2017—The First International Conference on Symmetry, Barcelona, Spain, 16–18 October 2017. Proceedings 2018, 2(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010014 Published: 3 January 2018 (This article belongs to the Proceedings of The First International Conference on Symmetry) Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Versions Notes Endonucleases from the restriction–modification complex are known to recognise specific sites with tremendous precision. The symmetry of the site is said to allow an enzyme to recognise the pattern despite the strand. However, there are many exceptions towards non-symmetrical restriction sites, and even enzymes that are not strictly specific to only one site.We study four- and six-nucleotide palindromes that also happened to function as restriction sites. The study revealed that not all positions in the palindrome are equally important for the enzyme while recognition—symmetry of a palindrome—is strict only in the middle of the site, whereas at the periphery it may end in a non-palindromic sequence.Based on the duplets ‘strength’ method and editing distance algorithms, these restriction sites were compared pairwise and clusters of resembling sites were found. Due to different costs for reverse substitutions, it was possible to assume which sequence out of two was more likely the original since its conversion in another sequence costed less. The idea is to track down evolutionary modified restriction sites to those original sequences. Therefore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using respective restrictases and their clusters obtained from the tree were used for primary pairwise comparison. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Taranenko, E.; Sadovsky, M. Combinatoric Properties of Restriction Sites. Proceedings 2018, 2, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010014 AMA Style Taranenko E, Sadovsky M. Combinatoric Properties of Restriction Sites. Proceedings. 2018; 2(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010014 Chicago/Turabian Style Taranenko, Elizaveta, and Mikhail Sadovsky. 2018. "Combinatoric Properties of Restriction Sites" Proceedings 2, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010014 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessAbstract Noether’s Symmetries in Quantum Cosmology † by Salvatore Capozziello Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80138 Napoli NA, Italy † Presented at Symmetry 2017—The First International Conference on Symmetry, Barcelona, Spain, 16–18 October 2017. Proceedings 2018, 2(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010022 Published: 1 February 2018 (This article belongs to the Proceedings of The First International Conference on Symmetry) Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Versions Notes We discuss the Hamiltonian dynamics for cosmologies coming from theories of gravity. In particular, minisuperspace models are taken into account searching for Noether symmetries. The existence of conserved quantities gives selection rules to recover classical behaviors in cosmic evolution according to the so-called Hartle criterion, that allows to select correlated regions in the configuration space of dynamical variables. We show that such a statement works for general classes of Theories of Gravity and is conformally preserved. Furthermore, the presence of Noether symmetries allows a straightforward classification of singularities that represent the points where the symmetry is broken. Examples for nonminimally coupled and higher-order models are discussed. © 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Capozziello, S. Noether’s Symmetries in Quantum Cosmology. Proceedings 2018, 2, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010022 AMA Style Capozziello S. Noether’s Symmetries in Quantum Cosmology. Proceedings. 2018; 2(1):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010022 Chicago/Turabian Style Capozziello, Salvatore. 2018. "Noether’s Symmetries in Quantum Cosmology" Proceedings 2, no. 1: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2010022 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessEditorial Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Journal of Functional Biomaterials in 2017 by Journal of Functional Biomaterials Editorial Office MDPI AG, St. Alban-Anlage 66, 4052 Basel, Switzerland J. Funct. Biomater. 2018, 9(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010005 Received: 12 January 2018 / Revised: 12 January 2018 / Accepted: 12 January 2018 / Published: 12 January 2018 Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Download Epub Versions Notes Peer review is an essential part in the publication process, ensuring that Journal of Functional Biomaterials maintains high quality standards for its published papers. In 2017, a total of 52 papers were published in the journal. Thanks to the cooperation of our reviewers, the median time to first decision was 18 days and the median time to publication was 43 days. The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for their time and dedication in 2017: Akhavan, BehnamKramer, PhillipAl-Dujaili, EmadKundu, JoydipAlem, HalimaLebaron, RichardAmorati, RiccardoLee, Hae-HyoungAniello, FrancescoLee, WonhyeArnaud, FrançoiseLee, WooCheolAtrens, AndrejLlena, CarmenBiglino, GiovanniŁukomksa-Szymańska, MonikaBouropoulos, NikolaosMadeddu, RobertoBrantley, William A.Maeda, HirotakaBrauer, Jeremy A.Mahapatro, AnilBusquets, Maria AntòniaMandava, NandaCalvo-Guirado, José LuisMao, ChuanbinCapasso, RaffaeleMarpu, Sreekar BabuCervadoro, AntonioMartin, Thomas JohnChang, Thomas M.S.Martins, AlbinoChang, Wen-WeiMaruyama, KeiChou, JoshuaMathew, MathewCicciu, MarcoMayer, ChristianCollins, Maurice N.McCoy, Sarah J. BreeseColtelli, Maria BeatriceMekonnen, Tizazu H.Costa-Rodrigues, JoãoMelo, Mary Anne S.Cristea, CeciliaMenabue, LediDe Aza, PiedadMendes, Ana C.Do, Sun HeeMizusaki, MasanobuDoloff, Joshua C.Naito, YoshihitoEggenhöffner, RobertoNoubissi, FeliciteEsposito, CiroOh, Daniel S.Farsad, KhashayarOkamoto, MasamiFauzi, IlianaOskouei, RezaFernandes, Susana C.M.Palumbo, Fabio SalvatoreFeyerabend, FrankPapini, AlessioFigueiredo, MarxaPartonen, TimoFinley, Brent L.Patterson, JenniferForner, LeopoldoPenarrocha-Diago, MiguelGentile, PiergiorgioPerepelyuk, MarynaGirousi, StellaPetridis, LambisGizdavic-Nikolaidis, Marija R.Piluso, SusannaGlaser, RainerPistone, AlessandroGolkowski, MarkPucci, AndreaGómez-Florit, ManuelQuencer, KeithGracia, IgnacioRadecki, JerzyGrandfield, KathrynRanzato, EliaGranet, RobertRavaioli, StefanoGraziani, GabrielaRen, YanfangGrenho, LilianaRohnke, MarcusHaapasalo, MarkusRoldo, MartaHadjiargyrou, MichaelRossouw, Paul E.Hayakawa, TohruSantos, JoaoHerndon, DavidSebastian, AimyHildreth, BlakeSeeliger, ClaudineHirner, Alfred V.Sgarbossa, PaoloHu, JackSharma, BheshHu, YangShavandi, AminIntaglietta, MarcosShie, Ming-YouIrie, MasaoShih, Yu-RuJennings, JessicaSilikas, NikolaosKevadiya, BhaveahSilva, Simone S.Khandaker, MorshedSimoni, JanKim, Chun HoSiracusa, ValentinaKim, Hyoung SeopSpriano, SilviaKim, Kyung-suStamboulis, ArtemisKim, Tae ImStan, GeorgeKim, Young-JinSurmenev, Roman A.Knipping, KarenSwaminathan, ViswanathanKoizumi, HiroyasuTakeshita, HaruoKootala, SujitTaubenberger, AnnaKoźlecki, TomaszTavri, Sidhartha © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Journal of Functional Biomaterials Editorial Office. Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Journal of Functional Biomaterials in 2017. J. Funct. Biomater. 2018, 9, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010005 AMA Style Journal of Functional Biomaterials Editorial Office. Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Journal of Functional Biomaterials in 2017. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2018; 9(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010005 Chicago/Turabian Style Journal of Functional Biomaterials Editorial Office. 2018. "Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Journal of Functional Biomaterials in 2017" Journal of Functional Biomaterials 9, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010005 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

<b>Introduction</b>: History can be defined as the study of people who have lived in the past [...]

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessAbstract Suppression of Scalloping and Inter-Scan Banding in Non-Stationary ScanSAR Images Based on Kalman Filter and Image Segmentation † by Xinwei Gu, Jie Chen, Wei Yang * and Chunsheng Li School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. † Presented at the 5th International Symposium on Sensor Science (I3S 2017), Barcelona, Spain, 27–29 September 2017. Proceedings 2017, 1(8), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1080837 Published: 6 December 2017 (This article belongs to the Proceedings of Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Sensor Science (I3S 2017)) Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Versions Notes The antenna pattern of a SAR sensor can be represented as a two-dimensional sinc function, whose width is determined by the size of the antenna sensor. Therefore, the brightness of a SAR image at the center is higher than that at the edge, which needs to be corrected. However, due to the antenna pattern calibration error in practice, the brightness imbalance cannot be completely compensated, which results in the degradation of image quality, especially in ScanSAR mode. ScanSAR mode obtains wide-swath coverage by periodically switching the antenna elevation beam to points in several range sub-swaths, which results in scalloping and inter-scan banding (ISB) effects and image quality degradation. To solve this problem, a novel method is proposed based on the Kalman filter, especially in the case of the complex scene. First, a two-dimensional periodic variation noise model is presented to describe the scalloping and ISB phenomenon. Then, on the basis of analysis of image statistical characteristics, image segmentation and brightness modification are performed, which provided a precise precondition for implementing the linear Kalman filtering operation. Finally, experimental results validate the proposed method. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Gu, X.; Chen, J.; Yang, W.; Li, C. Suppression of Scalloping and Inter-Scan Banding in Non-Stationary ScanSAR Images Based on Kalman Filter and Image Segmentation. Proceedings 2017, 1, 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1080837 AMA Style Gu X, Chen J, Yang W, Li C. Suppression of Scalloping and Inter-Scan Banding in Non-Stationary ScanSAR Images Based on Kalman Filter and Image Segmentation. Proceedings. 2017; 1(8):837. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1080837 Chicago/Turabian Style Gu, Xinwei, Jie Chen, Wei Yang, and Chunsheng Li. 2017. "Suppression of Scalloping and Inter-Scan Banding in Non-Stationary ScanSAR Images Based on Kalman Filter and Image Segmentation" Proceedings 1, no. 8: 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1080837 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

The editors of Fluids would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...]

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessEditorial Designs: A Multidisciplinary Open-Access Engineering Journal by Hamid Reza Karimi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy Designs 2017, 1(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs1010001 Received: 3 February 2017 / Revised: 3 February 2017 / Accepted: 4 February 2017 / Published: 8 February 2017 Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Download Epub Versions Notes I am honored to serve as the Editor-in-Chief of the new journal of Designs. On behalf of the editorial board, reviewers and authors of the journal, I am very much looking forward to working with the engineering research community to share their latest research results through this platform.Due to the importance of open access publication and transparent availability of the research results, Designs, launched with a well-established publisher, is aiming to provide a high-quality forum for the exchange of ideas and findings from academics, researchers, and industrial practitioners across different disciplines to publish their work globally under a fully open-access model. In other words, Designs provides a unifying research framework for a wide range of engineering designs of disciplines and industrial applications, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, mechatronics, aerospace engineering, bioengineering, energy engineering, industrial engineering and manufacturing systems.The journal will publish original research papers, research review papers, short communication, book reviews and special issues organized by qualified scientists in their areas of expertise. All manuscripts submitted for possible publication in the journal will be checked by our highly experienced editorial board members before undergoing a rigorous and rapid peer-review process. Designs encourages researchers to publish the results of their recent theoretical and experimental developments in as much detail as possible so that results can be useful for industries or academic research. Therefore, there is no restriction on the length of an article.The scope of this multidisciplinary journal includes, without being limited to, mechanical design, mechatronics design, electrical design, electronics design, aerospace design, civil design, vehicles design, bioengineering design, energy systems design, product design, industrial design, design methodology and management. I encourage you to submit your original research results to Designs by following the Instructions for authors available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/designs/instructions. Our intention is to notify the authors of the first decisions on their submission within four weeks after the submission date and this can be recognized as one of our strategies to provide the authors a forum for rapid publications subject to an efficient review process.Finally, I would like to thank our editorial board members, who I have the pleasure to work with in the journal. Special thanks to the authors for contributing to the success of the journal through their quality submissions and to the reviewers for ensuring the quality of the journal. Once again, we are looking forward to receiving your submissions. © 2017 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Karimi, H.R. Designs: A Multidisciplinary Open-Access Engineering Journal. Designs 2017, 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs1010001 AMA Style Karimi HR. Designs: A Multidisciplinary Open-Access Engineering Journal. Designs. 2017; 1(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs1010001 Chicago/Turabian Style Karimi, Hamid Reza. 2017. "Designs: A Multidisciplinary Open-Access Engineering Journal" Designs 1, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs1010001 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

The editors of Galaxies would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...]

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessAbstract Structural Health Monitoring Using Carbon Nanotube Yarns: Sensing Concept and Applications in Composites † by Jandro L. Abot Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA † Presented at the 5th International Symposium on Sensor Science (I3S 2017), Barcelona, Spain, 27–29 September 2017. Proceedings 2017, 1(8), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1080852 Published: 4 December 2017 (This article belongs to the Proceedings of Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Sensor Science (I3S 2017)) Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Versions Notes Non-destructive evaluation and structural health monitoring techniques can provide frequent or immediate feedback of the condition of a structure including potential damage. However, these techniques cannot detect initiating damage in composite materials with high compaction or multifaceted construction. More critically, they are unable to achieve damage detection without altering the microstructure of the composite material. An alternative method of strain monitoring and damage detection that may offer the advantages of structural health monitoring without their drawbacks consists of using piezoresistive-based carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns integrated in polymers and composite materials. The concept is that the CNT yarns form a continuous sensor circuit and their inherent piezoresistive sensitivity detects strain within the host material through resistance measurements without adding much weight or altering the integrity of the host material. This presentation includes a summary of the piezoresistive response of CNT yarns and the concept and latest experimental results on damage detection in laminated polymeric composite materials and distributed and localized strain measurement. Experimental results also show the ability of a combination of different yarn sensors to detect the exact location and extent of delamination in real time. CNT yarn sensors may provide an adaptive, practical, and sensitive structural health monitoring technique. © 2017 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Abot, J.L. Structural Health Monitoring Using Carbon Nanotube Yarns: Sensing Concept and Applications in Composites. Proceedings 2017, 1, 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1080852 AMA Style Abot JL. Structural Health Monitoring Using Carbon Nanotube Yarns: Sensing Concept and Applications in Composites. Proceedings. 2017; 1(8):852. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1080852 Chicago/Turabian Style Abot, Jandro L. 2017. "Structural Health Monitoring Using Carbon Nanotube Yarns: Sensing Concept and Applications in Composites" Proceedings 1, no. 8: 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1080852 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

The talk will focus on the potential of social media to support commoning relations and the actuality of devastating impacts through post-truth, fake-news populism.

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessAbstract Computational Approach to Structural and Conformational Characterization of Viral Surface Glycoproteins of HIV-2 † by Patrícia Serra 1,*, Andreia Martins 1, Nuno Taveira 1,2 and Rita C. Guedes 1,* 1 Research Institute for Medicines and Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal 2 Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz (ISCSEM), Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte da Caparica, Portugal * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. † Presented at the 1st Molecules Medicinal Chemistry Symposium, Barcelona, Spain, 8 September 2017. Proceedings 2017, 1(6), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1060228 Published: 19 October 2017 (This article belongs to the Proceedings of Proceedings of the 1st Molecules Medicinal Chemistry Symposium, Barcelona, Spain) Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Versions Notes The efficacy of some of the available antiretroviral drugs is very limited against HIV-2 and, most importantly, none of the current drugs effectively prevents entry into the cells. HIV envelope glycoproteins mediate binding to the receptor CD4 and to CCR5 and/or CXCR4 co-receptors at the surface of the target cell, enabling fusion with the cell membrane and viral entry [1,2]. We are using computational tools to infer the structure of HIV-2 variable regions, and discover new compounds that bind to these regions and prevent cell entry. In the absence of a complete crystallographic structure of HIV-2 envelope gp125 comprising variable domains, computer aided modulation is crucial to identify structural features in the region that correlate with HIV-2 tropism and susceptibility to antibody neutralization [3].A 3D structure of the C2V3C3 domain of HIV-2ROD gp125 was generated by homology modelling. HIV-2ROD is an X4 T-cell adapted isolate naturally resistant to antibody neutralization. To disclose the importance of the main structural features and compare with experimental results, 3D-models of six V3 mutants were also generated (H18L, H23Δ + Y24Δ, K29T, H18L+ H23Δ + Y24Δ, H18L+ K29T and H18L+ H23Δ + Y24Δ+ K29T). These mutations in V3 revealed a selective impact. The 3D structures were submitted to molecular dynamics procedures. Energy minimization and molecular dynamic simulations were performed using Gromacs 2016.01 packages.The results were associated with higher resistance to antibody neutralization and acquisition of macrophage tropism. These new insights into the structure-function relationship will help in the design of better vaccine immunogens. AcknowledgmentsFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia for PhD Grant SFRH/BD/100643/2014 of Patrícia Serra and UID/DTP/04138/2013. Conflicts of InterestThe author declares no conflict of interest.ReferencesUchtenhagen, H.; Friemann, R.; Raszewski, G.; Spetz, A.-L.; Nilsson, L.; Achour, A. Crystal structure of the HIV-2 neutralizing Fab fragment 7C8 with high specificity to the V3 region of gp125. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e18767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Mascola, J.R.; HIV. The Modern era of HIV-1 vaccine development. Science 2015, 349, 139–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Davenport, Y.W.; West, A.P.; Bjorkman, P.J. Structure of an HIV-2 gp120 in Complex with CD4. J. Virol. 2016, 90, 2112–2118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Serra, P.; Martins, A.; Taveira, N.; Guedes, R.C. Computational Approach to Structural and Conformational Characterization of Viral Surface Glycoproteins of HIV-2. Proceedings 2017, 1, 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1060228 AMA Style Serra P, Martins A, Taveira N, Guedes RC. Computational Approach to Structural and Conformational Characterization of Viral Surface Glycoproteins of HIV-2. Proceedings. 2017; 1(6):228. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1060228 Chicago/Turabian Style Serra, Patrícia, Andreia Martins, Nuno Taveira, and Rita C. Guedes. 2017. "Computational Approach to Structural and Conformational Characterization of Viral Surface Glycoproteins of HIV-2" Proceedings 1, no. 6: 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1060228 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

The editors of agronomy would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...]

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessEditorial Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Cryptography in 2017 by Cryptography Editorial Office MDPI AG, St. Alban-Anlage 66, 4052 Basel, Switzerland Cryptography 2018, 2(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2010002 Received: 16 January 2018 / Accepted: 16 January 2018 / Published: 16 January 2018 Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Download Epub Versions Notes Peer review is an essential part in the publication process, ensuring that Cryptography maintains high quality standards for its published papers. In 2017, a total of 21 papers were published in the journal. Thanks to the cooperation of our reviewers, the median time to first decision was 26 days and the median time to publication was 56 days. The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for their time and dedication in 2017:Abdmeziem, Mohammed RiyadhLee, Cheng-ChiAmirtharajan, RengarajanLeordeanu, CatalinAssad, SyedLeu, Fang-YieBacco, DavideLitchfield, Alan T.Baharon, Mohd RizuanLuo, YiyuanBanik, SubhadeepMa, Yu TakBansarkhani, Rachid ElMartin, KeithBoström, Kim JorisMurty, KumarBun, MarkMustafa, Mustafa A.Cambou, BertrandNeumann, StephanCampo Vázquez, CelesteOgiela, Marek R.Catuogno, LuigiPan, LeiChen, Hsing-Chung JackPehl, MichaelChen, Bing-ChangPivoluska, MatejChou, Jue-SamPlesch, MartinColuccia, AngeloPuech, WilliamConchon, EmmanuelRass, StefanCouchot, Jean-FrançoisRottondi, CristinaCruz-Hernández, CésarRzonca, DariuszDeligiannidis, LeonSeo, HwajeongDemertzis, KonstantinosSimplicio, MarcosDucas, LéoSimpson, Leonie RuthFidas, Christos A.Souto, AndréFRANÇOIS, MichaelSyed, ZahidGaborit, PhilippeTse, Daniel W.K.Ganji, FatemehTsikerdekis, MichaelGarcía, BoniTzeng, Wen-GueyGiannakis, KonstantinosVătăjelu, Elena IoanaGuilley, SylvainVerticale, GiacomoHalevi, TziporaVessio, GennaroHaskell-Dowland, PaulVogt, AndreasHernandez-Castro, Carlos J.Wan, ZhiguoHirose, ShoichiWang, KevinHong, WienWang, HuaIliyasu, Abdullah M.Yoav, WeizmanJiang, XiaohongWenzel, JakobJonker, HugoXagawa, KeitaKim, MyungsunXi, PingKim, CheonshikXie, JiafengKoenig, RetoXiong, MaoshengKumar, PardeepYang, WenchengLashkari, Arash HabibiZhang, FangguoLee, Jooyoung © 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Cryptography Editorial Office. Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Cryptography in 2017. Cryptography 2018, 2, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2010002 AMA Style Cryptography Editorial Office. Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Cryptography in 2017. Cryptography. 2018; 2(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2010002 Chicago/Turabian Style Cryptography Editorial Office. 2018. "Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Cryptography in 2017" Cryptography 2, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2010002 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.

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