Green Compressive Sampling Reconstruction in IoT Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) networks are being designed to connect billions of sensors/devices for an application-specific environment to provide services and carry out special tasks. It enables the virtual connection of the real-world physical devices with Internet cyberspace. While, there is an exponentially growing trend in the use of IoT technology for diverse applications such as smart agriculture, smart industries, smart hospitals, smart homes, etc., there are pressing design issues which affect the IoT network performance in the long run, for example, replacement of batteries for increasing the lifetime of devices to maintain the network longevity. To tackle this challenge, various wireless powered-based energy transfer paradigms were proposed over time. Backscatter communication (BackCom) is likewise one of the energy-efficient solutions proposed, which can satisfy the stringent green communication aspects of IoT networks. To achieve massive connectivity in BackCom-enabled IoT network, selecting a suitable multiple access scheme is also a crucial part. Most multiple access schemes proposed for BackCom systems are based on frequency or timeslots sharing techniques. Multiple access techniques proposed for BackCom IoT system can reap the gain of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) principle. In NOMA, multiple end nodes (ENs) of sensors network is served in the same resource block, thereby, increasing the spectrum efficiency of BackCom IoT system. In this chapter, we discuss the prospects of backscatter technique with application of NOMA for green communication in IoT network.

Ensemble classification using traffic flow metrics to predict distributed denial of service scope in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks

The environmental impacts that are associated with the interconnected sensor devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) network are minimized with the utilization of green communication. This is because, when the IoT devices tend to grow, the IoT system becomes more prone to issues regarding the utilization of resources, sustainability, and energy consumption within the communication system. Tuning the communication protocols, lowering the IoT device’s energy usage rate, and establishing an effective technique for the transmission of data are performed. This is achieved by the green communication technique, which aids in the establishment of significant energy savings in the IoT network. For devices with limited power sources, the green communication technology offers an extended battery life. Despite the enormous potential of IoT technology, a number of obstacles need to be overcome, including those related to load balancing, security, storage, privacy, energy management, and device heterogeneity. In response to the challenges posed by conventional models, an innovative solution for the selection of Cluster Head (CH) using a hybrid approach is devised here. The energy consumption of sensor nodes is influenced by various factors, such asCH load, temperature, distance, residual energy, the number of alive nodes, delay, and so on. To address these challenges in IoT networks, a hybrid approach that combines the Squid Game Optimizer (SGO) and the Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (AGTO) for the optimal selection of CH is suggested. The implemented approach is named Hybrid Squid Game with Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (HSG-AGTO). This approach aims to optimize the above-mentioned factors and overcome energy consumption challenges in IoT networks. The effectiveness of the model is validated, and the results demonstrate the superior performance of the suggested model.

Objectives: The key objectives are to enhance the performance of Internet of Things (IoT) networks to attain a high packet delivery ratio (PDR), efficient residual energy (RE) usage, minimum energy consumption, and decrease packet loss during data transmission. Performance metrics are used to discover and choose high, top-notch, and long-living paths, increasing network lifetime and optimizing resource management by preventing the participation of non-essential nodes and inefficient paths in the network routing process. Methods: To devise an energy-efficient technique and refine it with decision-making for selecting an optimal path, which employs a composite metric path quality index (PQI) to enhance path quality, comprising RE for priority of nodes with maximum remaining energy, link quality score (LQS), packet delivery ratio (PDR) and hop count (HC) to minimize the path length must be integrated into the routing process to make data transmission more efficient. Hence, intermediate nodes ensure path quality, determine if packet flow is good or bad, eliminate unnecessary nodes, and optimize the whole routing by deciding on a path. The proposed technique simulates IoT network scenarios in which nodes dynamically compute these metrics and select optimal paths for transmitting data to the sink node. Findings: The proposed technique achieves a much higher PDR and an energy-proficient routing mechanism by balancing the quality of the optimal path, the residual energy, and the number of hops, which can not only prolong the network lifetime but also ensures that resources are being used efficiently, in turn all leading to a better network performance than existing methods. Simulation results show that the proposed technique significantly improves the PDR over the existing methods and reduces overall energy consumption. In this work, the validated results show that metrics PQI, RE, LQS, and HC collectively improve data delivery and ensure higher survivability of the network by optimizing the path choosing and eliminating the unnecessary nodes from the source to the target. The proposed technique simulation showed a 32.15% increase in network RE and a 36.44% improvement in PDR. Novelty: The technique presented in this paper introduces a routing approach designed with the unique integration of RE, LQS, PDR, and HC, deriving PQI metric, which will improve the path selection in IoT networks. Unlike existing methods, this method considers energy efficiency, path quality instead of link quality, and path length together to avoid over-utilizing energy-draining nodes while favoring stable, efficient paths. The approach fills a gap in existing IoT environments by focusing on energy-wise efficiency and path reliability and reducing the number of nodes unnecessarily concerned with the dynamic optimal path selection. As IoT deployments increase, so does the need for energy-efficient data transmission, and the proposed technique supports the sustainability of IoT networks. Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Path Quality Indicator, Residual Energy, Hop Count, Quality of Service

Background. With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) networks in the digital age, the risk of cyberattacks, especially DDoS attacks, is also increasing. IoT devices such as smart refrigerators, thermostats, webcams and other Internet-connected home appliances are being targeted by attackers who can use them as part of a botnet to conduct DDoS attacks. These devices often have inadequate network security and are rarely updated, making them vulnerable. DDoS attacks can result in significant losses such as lost revenue, reputational damage and costs to restore services. So, the vulnerability of IoT networks to DDoS attacks and the need to develop effective protection measures is a pressing issue. Objective. The purpose of the paper is to analyse software that supports DDoS attacks in IoT networks. Provide general recommendations to help improve approaches to defence measures in IoT networks against DDoS-enabled malware. Methods. Five main DDoS attack models are considered: agent-handler model, reflexive model, IRC-based model, web-based model, and P2P-based model. Three most dangerous software capable of DDoS attacks on IoT networks are analyzed: Mirai, XOR.DDoS and Linux.Hydra. Results. There are many models and methods of DDoS attacks on IoT networks. The most dangerous are Mirai, XOR.DDoS and Linux.Hydra. Each of these software has its own specific characteristics and methods of carrying out attacks. The study also showed that there are several effective measures to counter these attacks, including setting strong passwords, regularly updating software, setting up traffic filters and restricting network access. Conclusions. Key aspects of DDoS attacks, their models and process steps are considered. The paper focuses on the three most dangerous software used to conduct such attacks and provides recommendations on how to counteract them.

The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) networks has brought significant challenges, particularly in optimizing energy consumption, maintaining security, and managing dynamic network conditions. Many existing artificial intelligence (AI)-based solutions, while effective, often demand substantial computational resources, making them unsuitable for edge environments with limited energy and processing capabilities. This study introduces an innovative lightweight AI framework specifically designed to enhance both security and energy efficiency in IoT networks operating at the edge. By combining ensemble learning techniques with attention-based neural networks, the framework enables real-time anomaly detection and optimized resource allocation across dynamic IoT systems. Analytical modeling and simulation results indicate that the proposed approach achieves a 30% reduction in energy usage and a 25% improvement in anomaly detection accuracy compared to existing methods. Additionally, its scalable architecture ensures broad applicability across smart cities, critical infrastructure monitoring, and healthcare IoT systems. By addressing these key gaps, this research contributes to advancing the practical deployment of IoT networks in diverse real-world applications.

Owing to its practical configuration to edge computing and privacy preservation capabilities, federated learning (FL) has been increasingly appealing in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. However, due to the inherent openness of IoT network architectures, FL clients are susceptible to various attacks, resulting in unreliable local model updates. To address this challenge, federated unlearning (FU) emerges as a viable solution, which can erase such unreliable updates from the FL model using the unlearning operation while preserving model accuracy. Existing FU studies have significant potential, but they are not directly applicable to IoT networks because of their high computational costs and limited capacity to defend against prevalent dynamic attacks in mobile network environments. In this work, we propose FedRemover, a novel FU method specifically tailored for deployment in IoT networks. The key insight behind FedRemover is that model updates will exhibit inconsistency when exposed to attacks. Therefore, we devise a real-time malicious client detection scheme by examining the performance consistency of model updates. Upon detecting malicious clients, FedRemover promptly executes the unlearning operation, achieving an unlearned global model within a minimal number of rounds. This makes FedRemover highly efficient and robust against dynamic attacks, enabling it well-suited for practical deployment in IoT networks. Experiments on three standard datasets demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of FedRemover, with an obvious speed-up of 10× and comparable robustness guarantees compared with benchmark algorithms.

A fuzzy based Co-Operative Blackmailing Attack detection scheme for Edge Computing nodes in MANET-IOT environment

The blockchain network architecture is a promising technology for constructing highly secure Internet of Things (IoT) networks. IoT networks typically consist of many sensors and actuators. Blockchain network technology can be applied to secure control robots in smart factories or for reliable drone delivery in smart cities. The distributed ledger and data block validation across blockchain networks guarantee the ultimate data security. However, the current blockchain technology is restricted in terms of its overall deployment across IoT networks. A general permissionless blockchain technology typically targets high-performance network nodes with sufficient computing power and memory space. A blockchain node with less computing power and memory, such as an IoT sensor or actuator, cannot employ blockchain technology as a fully functional node. A lightweight blockchain provides practical blockchain availability to IoT networks. We propose an operational advance to develop a lightweight blockchain for IoT networks. The opportunistic block validation optimizes the block validation process. It measures the network vulnerability based on the node reputation, block validation degree, number of fraudulent messages, and network stability. The reinforcement learning mechanism employed in the opportunistic block validation determines whether block validation is to be performed. Two separately developed reinforcement learning methods can increase the processing performance while maintain the transaction data integrity. In addition, the proposed blockchain technology is easily implementable because it adopts a Hyperledger development environment. Directly embedding the proposed blockchain middleware platform in small computing devices proves the practicability of the proposed block validation mechanism.

In this paper, we introduce a heuristic-based distributed approach to address the Secure Dominating Set Problem (SDSP) in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The SDSP is a critical variant of the Dominating Set Problem (DSP), incorporating security and resilience constraints. It involves identifying the minimal subset of nodes that not only forms a dominating set but also ensures that any potential swap within the set preserves its dominating properties. The proposed approach operates in two phases. Phase I involves a spanning tree construction algorithm based on the flooding protocol. In Phase II, we propose a new distributed algorithm called SDSTree, which identifies secure dominating nodes from the spanning tree. We provide a detailed description of the proposed algorithm and analyze its convergence complexity. The performance of the proposed algorithm is rigorously evaluated through simulations using the CupCarbon tool, which is widely recognized for modeling and simulating IoT networks. Compared to an existing method for the DSP in IoT networks, the SDSTree algorithm demonstrates superior performance, achieving faster execution times and requiring fewer message exchanges across various network sizes.

A blockchain-enabled Model integrates blockchain technology with Intrusion Detection Systems to enhance the security of Internet of Things (IoT) networks. It ensures data integrity, decentralization, and tamper-proof logging of intrusion detection. The approach improves trust, transparency, and real-time threat detection in distributed IoT environments. The existing blockchain-based IDS approaches, Blockchain Enabled (BCE-IoT), uniquely integrate blockchain consensus with federated-style local training, lightweight cryptography, and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)-based explainability, ensuring both security and interpretability in IoT environments. The proposed work combines Blockchain technology with explainable artificial intelligence solutions to create a new cybersecurity Model that strengthens intrusion detection within IoT networks. The proposed model enhances transparency in tracking cyberattacks by combining blockchain security storage capabilities with SHAP, an explainable AI. This research utilises machine learning and artificial intelligence to detect threats in real-time, countering Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), Denial of Service (DoS), scanning, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), injection, password, and backdoor attacks. BCE-IoT delivers more precise security by combining blockchain’s permanent data features and AI anomaly detectors, thereby reducing security alert mistakes. The performance effectiveness of Blockchain-Enabled IoT surpasses that of the Content Integrity Detection System. It combines Blockchain and Software-Defined Networking to enhance security in network environments, utilising blockchain-based mutual confirmation for software-defined networking to detect and block cyber threats. The evaluation establishes BCE-IoT as an effective IoT network security solution that delivers strong cybersecurity features, is adaptable to modern connected environments, and offers interpretable security solutions. The performance evaluations demonstrate that BCE-IoT provides a robust, flexible, and interpretable cybersecurity solution suitable for modern IoT environments.

Ubiquitous sensing enabled networks have transformed the living chores into a modern living standard in which each move is automated. The dependency of humans on IoT is increasing every day, so the IoT networks must be efficient and secure. Secure communication in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks is a hotly debated research issue. Cryptography is one of the solutions for secure data transmission. In IoT networks, designing a cryptography algorithm is a major challenge for resource constraint environment. So, when we talk about cryptography in IoT, this term transforms into “lightweight cryptography.” This paper presents a review of lightweight cryptography algorithms in the form of a stream cipher, block cipher, symmetric encryption, and asymmetric encryption.

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables smart settings, which help human pursuits. Although the IoT has increased economic opportunities and made numerous human conveniences possible, it has also made it easier for intruders or attackers to take advantage of the technology by either attacking it or avoiding it. Therefore, the primary concerns for IoT networks are security and privacy. For Internet of Things (IoT) networks, several intrusion detection systems (IDS) have been developed thus far using various optimization techniques methods. But as data dimensionality has increased, the search space has grown significantly, offering difficult problems for optimization techniques like swarm optimization using particles (PSO). To overcome these obstacles, this work suggests an approach for feature selection dubbed enhanced to increase the sticky binary dynamic sticky binary particle swarm optimization's searchability, and particle swarm optimization (IDSBPSO) was developed. It introduced a method for decrease of the dynamic search space and various dynamic parameters (SBPSO). To identify malicious data flow in IoT networks, an IDS was developed using this methodology. The IoTID20 and UNSW-NB15 IoT network datasets were used to assess the proposed model. It was found that, even with less features, IDSBPSO typically attained accuracy that was either higher or comparable. Moreover, as compared to traditional IDSBPSO and PSO-based feature selection methods dramatically reduced computational cost and prediction time.

The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is significantly transforming the landscape of future networking. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological paradigm that encompasses embedded systems, wireless sensors, and automation, facilitating the integration of various applications ranging from smart homes to wearable devices. In addition, the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) amplifies this influence by providing data-driven analytics, optimising processes, and presenting novel opportunities for growth. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of devices within Internet of Things (IoT) networks gives rise to apprehensions regarding increased energy consumption. In order to ensure the longevity of network operations, it is imperative to employ energy-efficient protocols for sensor nodes that possess limited power resources. One example of a protocol that demonstrates this concept is the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. This protocol effectively divides networks into clusters and dynamically adjusts the cluster heads to optimise the transmission of data to the base stations. Our study enhances the LEACH protocol by incorporating digital twin simulation, thereby enhancing the efficiency of IoT systems. Virtual network models and AI analytics are employed to assess energy consumption and performance. Cache nodes play a crucial role within this framework as they collect data from cluster heads in order to transmit it to the base station. By leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and simulation techniques, we are able to improve the energy efficiency and reliability of the Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The findings indicate a significant reduction of 83% in non-functioning nodes and a notable increase of 1.66 times in energy levels of nodes compared to conventional approaches. This study highlights a potential direction for energy-efficient, AI-enhanced Internet of Things (IoT) networking through the utilisation of the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol.

The subject of research is the choice of a protocol in the Internet of Things (IoT) network for monitoring and analyzing audio information. The purpose of the article is to optimize the process of choosing a protocol for monitoring audio information based on IoT and evaluate the results. The authors have developed an IoT framework for monitoring and analyzing audio and voice information. The IoT network includes a sound sensor (microphone), a unit for analyzing the information received from it and a decision-making module. The description of protocols in the IoT network for assessing the sound level is given: the Wireless USB standard, the narrowband standard of the NB-IoT.The hierarchy analysis method was used to select the best protocol. The methodology and its main formulas for calculating the best option are given. A table of the four selected protocols for the IB network is given. As characteristics of the protocols, the following are considered: downlink speed, latency, device bandwidth, device transmission power. A matrix of paired comparisons of protocol parameter indicators based on expert assessments has been formed. Four matrices of paired comparisons of transmission standards variants in relation to the indicator of speed, delay, bandwidth of devices, transmission power of devices are constructed. Calculations of local vectors and priority vectors of quality indicators were performed for these four matrices. Then the matrix of vectors of global priorities is calculated by calculating the sum of the products of local vectors of matrices of paired comparisons of transmission standards variants on the corresponding priority vectors of quality indicators of the matrix of paired comparisons of protocol parameters. From the results obtained, the best protocol option for the network and sound monitoring was determined by the maximum value.