HAMS: Scalable peer-to-peer multimedia streaming model in heterogeneous networks

In peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks, objects are distributed to peers in various ways like downloading. Service supported by an object is modeled to be a set of methods and quality of service (QoS). In addition to discovering a peer holding a target object, it is critical to discuss what peer is allowed to manipulate the target object in what method. In this paper, we take an acquaintance approach to finding and manipulating objects in P2P overlay networks. An acquaintance peer of a peer p is a peer whose service the peer p knows and with which the peer p can directly communicate. If an access request is issued, a peer has to find where a target object exists, how to obtain an access right on the target object, and how to manipulate the target object. In this paper, we discuss ways to obtain results satisfying an access request by the cooperation of acquaintances. Acquaintance peers of a peer p may hold different information on target peers since it takes time to propagate change information of the target peers and peers may be faulty. Here, it is critical to discuss how much a peer can trust each acquaintance. First, we define how much a requesting peer is satisfied for each access request issued to an acquaintance. Then, we define the trustworthiness of an acquaintance peer based on the satisfiability. That is, a peer considers an acquaintance to be more trustworthy if the acquaintance returns more satisfiable replies.

Multimedia objects are distributed to peers through downloading and caching in peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks. Multimedia objects are characterized in terms of not only data structure but also quality of service (QoS). Replicas of a multimedia object are partially ordered in terms of the newness precedent relation of data structure and QoS. In the multimedia quorum-based (MQB) protocol, multiple replicas of a multimedia object are synchronized based on the newness precedent relation. An object is an encapsulation of data and abstract operations for manipulating the data. The data of an object is changed in a write type of operation. Write operations are classified into enriching and impoverishing types of operations. In an enriching operation, some data is added to a replica like an operation to increase the number of colours. On the other hand, in an impoverishing operation, some data in a replica is removed like operation to degrade QoS. If an enriching operation is issued to replicas in a quorum, every replica in the quorum is updated like the traditional quorum-based (QB) protocols. On the other hand, if an impoverishing operation is issued to a quorum, every replica in the quorum is not updated where the operations are logged to reduce communication and computation overheads. In this paper, only impoverishing operations are logged while enriching operations are performed on every replica in the quorum. Then, only impoverishing operations to be performed in a log are later performed on a replica and logged in a replica. In addition the size of the log is reduced by removing operation not to be performed.

Problem statement: The demand for multimedia applications in WiMAX networks is growing at a rapid pace. A method for guaranteeing Quality of Service (QoS) for different classes of traffic is therefore gaining importance. Hence desi gning and analyzing multimedia traffic and QoS parameters has become central to this problem. In t his study, we propose a cross layer frame work in which a coordination between the Medium Access Control layer (MAC) and the Physical layer (PHY) is established for guaranteeing the QoS requirement in a multiclass traffic WiMAX environment. Two traffic classes' real time Polling Service (rtPS) a nd non real time Polling Service (nrtPS) are considered for analyzing the performance. Approach: The objective of study is to guarantee QoS for multiple service class traffic in a multiple connec tion environment in WiMAX network. A cross layer design approach is used for this purpose. A priorit y scheduler at the MAC layer schedules the traffic based on channel state information. The Adaptive modulation and coding scheme is used at the physical layer that adapts to the scheduled traffic to stabilize the QoS requirements of different tra ffic classes. Results: The Priority value is estimated using the Friis eq uation that calculates the received power and determines the SNR. The average throughput, average bytes received and the packet loss are plotted against time. This indicated that these QoS parameters are stable over a period of time. Conclusion: A cross layer frame work was developed based on a scheduler for QoS stability that uses CSI at the MAC layer and an AMC at the PHY layer in WiMax Networks. The scheduler enjoyed flexibility and scalability, whose performance was evaluated against existing systems through simulati on.

In a near future, wireless mesh networks (WMNs) and multimedia content will be abundant technologies/applications in the Internet. Hence, in order to keep and attract new customers, as well as, reduce operational costs, the development of new quality level control schemes are needed and it is one of the key requirements for the success of next generation wireless multimedia systems. With this goal in mind, this paper presents a new routing metric with focused on estimation error on wireless links, named ETXMULT (Expected Transmission Count for Multimedia Content), to assure high-quality paths on multi-hop wireless networks for multimedia traffic. Simulations were carried out, by using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), to demonstrate the behavior and benefits of the proposed metric with Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) routing protocol. The results presented improvements in the distribution of multimedia content compared to the original Expected Transmission Count (ETX) metric, by analyzing well-know QoS and QoE metrics.

This paper presents the software architecture of a high speed power line communication and ultra-wideband bridge system that can guarantee quality of service (QoS) for multimedia streaming in a home network. Due to recent wireless technology developments, ultra-wideband is becoming a viable solution for low cost personal area communication and home entertainment applications. Ultra-wideband has good features such as high bandwidth and low power consumption for mobile multimedia streaming, but it only supports communications over short distances due to its wave characteristics. Therefore, we have to use wired communication to extend the ultra-wideband coverage area. High speed PLC does not require any additional wiring in order to transmit a high bandwidth multimedia stream and provides sufficient bandwidth for handling a home entertainment network. Therefore a high speed PLC and ultra-wideband bridge system provides a multimedia streaming environment in the home without new wiring. The bridge system proposed can provide UPnP QoS device service and the traffic characteristic management function for end-to-end QoS for various multimedia services in the home.

Low cost broadband services used widely in the recent years increased the demand for multimedia applications. Many of these applications require different quality of service (QoS) in terms of throughput and delay. In the current resource constrained wireless networks, resource management plays a vital role. In order to handle the resources effectively and to increase the QoS, proper packet scheduling algorithms need to be developed. Low latency queuing (LLQ) is a packet scheduling algorithm which combines strict priority queuing (SPQ) to class-based weighted fair queuing (CBWFQ). In this paper, an enhanced low latency queuing (ELLQ) algorithm is proposed in which an additional SPQ is introduced along with the existing SPQ. Further, the QoS is improved by integrating congestion avoidance algorithm with ELLQ. Simulation results using the OPNET modeller show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithm in terms of throughput and delay for the multimedia applications.

Recently, multimedia streaming applications are deployed anywhere (homes, campuses, etc.). Delivering these applications over mobile ad hoc networks is a challenging task: first, mobile ad hoc networks are infrastructure less, with dynamic topology, and limited resources. Secondly these applications have strict quality of service (QoS) requirements given with delay, jitter, bandwidth, loss rate, etc. Several architectures have been developed. However, an important part like QoS in routing level is still omitted. In this paper, many different coding techniques for video streaming are reviewed and two routing protocols (reactive and proactive) are used to evaluate which of them can improve QoS for multimedia streaming applications. Results show that reactive protocol performs better than proactive protocol in terms of throughput and network load in high mobility, but roles are reversed in terms of loss rate and network load for large-scale networks. PNSR and Jitter are influenced by nodes numbers independently of used protocol.

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) provide a novel network architecture to extend broadband network coverage with low costs. Additionally, we see an increased interest in supporting demanding multimedia applications in next-generation wireless mesh networks. Provision of Quality of Service (QoS) in wireless mesh networks requires end-to-end support for routing packets via a suitable multihop route to the destination. However, in wireless mesh networks, if the medium access control layer does not support mechanisms for QoS support at a per-link level, all efforts for providing end-to-end QoS are futile. Hence, we see a trend towards standards for wireless mesh networks which support QoS at the Medium Access Control (MAC) level on a per-link basis.

Effective support of real‐time multimedia applications in wireless access networks, viz. cellular networks and wireless LANs, requires a dynamic bandwidth adaptation framework where the bandwidth of an ongoing call is continuously monitored and adjusted. Since bandwidth is a scarce resource in wireless networking, it needs to be carefully allocated amidst competing connections with different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, we propose a new framework called QoS‐adaptive multimedia wireless access (QoS‐AMWA) for supporting heterogeneous traffic with different QoS requirements in wireless cellular networks. The QoS‐AMWA framework combines the following components: (i) a threshold‐based bandwidth allocation policy that gives priority to handoff calls over new calls and prioritizes between different classes of handoff calls by assigning a threshold to each class, (ii) an efficient threshold‐type connection admission control algorithm, and (iii) a bandwidth adaptation algorithm that dynamically adjusts the bandwidth of an ongoing multimedia call to minimize the number of calls receiving lower bandwidth than the requested. The framework can be modeled as a multi‐dimensional Markov chain, and therefore, a product‐form solution is provided. The QoS metrics—new call blocking probability (NCBP), handoff call dropping probability (HCDB), and degradation probability (DP)—are derived. The analytical results are supported by simulation and show that this work improves the service quality by minimizing the handoff call dropping probability and maintaining the bandwidth utilization efficiently. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This dissertation studied issues pertaining to QoS provision for multimedia applications at the application layer. We initially studied Internet pathology and Internet stability by repeating experimental and analytical methods conducted by Paxson in 1996. No similar study was done in recent years. Our findings show that behavior of the Internet in 2006 are different from those reported in 1996 in some important aspects. Second, we investigated different stochastic models (e.g. self-similar processes, Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving-Average (ARIMA)) in order to find a suitable model that describes available bandwidth over time of an end-to-end path between two Internet hosts. Our finding of the suitable model is beneficial to predicting of future values of available bandwidth along an end-to-end path. To the best of our knowledge, no similar study was conducted. Third, we designed and evaluated a new path monitoring algorithm inferring available bandwidth of an end-to-end path without monitoring all the paths to minimize monitoring overhead. Our algorithm does not rely on underlying network-layer topology information as required in topology-aware path monitoring techniques. Finally, to complement the above study, we introduced our multicast protocol named core-set routing for transmitting multimedia data from a set of senders to a set of receivers, taking QoS into account. The protocol is suitable for interactive multi-sender multimedia applications such as video conferencing and network gaming.

This paper will discuss about transmission of multimedia content in limited capacity network (up to 5 Mbps), especially to study about the impact of background traffic towards multimedia content delivery quality in a limited capacity network. Observation methods proposed in the study include measurement of limited capacity network, background traffic modeling, and simulating the network to observe the impact of background traffic on multimedia content delivery Quality of Service (QoS). Constructed model of background traffic was developed based on testbed network rates of traffic measurement and were separated based on traffic types and interval of delivery. Simulation was done by using some scenarios in simulated network with different background traffic rates from the background traffic modeling. In our research, multimedia content is transmitted using H264 720p configuration. Result of simulation shows the impact of background traffic towards multimedia content delivery QoS. With the increasing rate of generated background traffic (0%, 30%, and 50%), the end-to-end delay and packet loss were also increased. On average, the QoS of multimedia content delivery were acceptable with enough quality. But when the generated background traffic was rated at 50%, the end-to-end delay of multimedia content delivery scored enough and still acceptable, while the packet loss rate of multimedia content delivery scored bad and not acceptable according to ITU-T G.114.

There is a clear and widely recognized trend toward a growing and unprecedentedly large amount of user-generated content, which users are willing to share in an easy, cheap, and immediate way. This poses novel hard technical challenges for Peer-to-Peer (P2P) content distribution. We claim that a crucial technical factor to spread even more P2P distribution of multimedia content, is the availability of effective solutions to make rich metadata promptly accessible to users. However, state-of-the-art research and industrial practices are still too weakly addressing the problem and, to the best of our knowledge, none of the existing solutions offers an adequate support for metadata distribution in P2P networks. This paper presents the design and implementation of a prototype (called Metis and available for download) for metadata dissemination in P2P overlay networks. Metis proposes several original contributions: it is fully decentralized; it exploits a set of dynamically selectable/configurable epidemic dissemination protocols; it can be easily integrated on top of existing P2P overlays, such as Tribler. The reported experimental results show the feasibility of our approach, which achieves good dissemination coverage and promptness with very limited overhead.

In Multimedia network applications, adaptive mobile streaming empowers cloud-based real time transcoding. The researchers in media cloud propose a well-organized technique to split the video content into different frames. The technique is to carry out disseminated encoding to resolve the multimedia data conversion problem. Also, it introduces an energetic outgoing and an extrapolative bandwidth for dynamic mobile environments. The bandwidth losses and more power consumption in the workstation is due to disproportionate packet diffusion in the traditional network whereas in the stable streaming service cloud network, it can be reduced. Quality of Service (QoS) technique ensures multimedia transmission information appropriate for workstation surroundings via an energetic mobile streaming services such as transmission frequency, according to the traditional network surroundings and also an energetic transmission transcending is to avoid the abuse of information measures and workstation power. Finally, this study proposes a model to validate the proposed technique feasibility. The proposed technique is an economical self-adaptive transmission streaming services for varied information measure environments.

The disruptive advent of peer‐to‐peer (P2P) file sharing in 2000 attracted significant interest. P2P networks have matured from their initial form, unstructured overlays, to structured overlays like distributed hash tables (DHTs), which are considered state‐of‐the‐art. There are huge efforts to improve their performance. Various P2P applications like distributed storage and application‐layer multicast were proposed.However, little effort was spent to understand the communication abstraction P2P overlays supply. Only when it is understood, the reach of P2P ideas will significantly broaden. Furthermore, this clarification reveals novel approaches and highlights future directions.In this paper, we reconsider well‐known P2P overlays, linking them to insights from distributed systems research. We conclude that the main communication abstraction is that of a virtual address space or application‐specific naming. On this basis, P2P systems build a functional layer implementing, for example lookup, indirection and distributed processing. Our insights led us to identify interesting and unexplored points in the design space. Copyright © 2004 AEI.

Many structured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems supported by distributed hash table (DHT) schemas have been proposed recently to improve the scalability of distributed virtual application systems. By organizing the peers based on interconnection topologies, existing proposed schemas are purely based on the logical relationship without knowledge of the physical networks. In this paper, we propose a new structured DHT schema, which receives routing information not just from virtual neighbors in P2P overlay network, but also from nearby physical neighbors. The average degree of our model is 5, the diameter is logarithmic. The simulation shows that our model achieves shorter query path length, higher clustering, and better robustness than other overlay networks which have the same level of degree and diameter.