Handling Multiple Screen Sizes

Screen size does not only imply a certain resolution but fundamentally a different user's experience in human computer interaction.A screen size has major effects on the content consumption and in tasks performance during the learning sessions.The issue of an ill-fitting screen size becomes a big challenge in learning performance with increased cognitive load, split attention span, and increased difficulty in completing exercises and tasks.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect that a screen size has on child-computer interaction, and to recommend the best practice screen size for pre-school children to interact with computers.A Fitts' Law based application that is named Catch-the-stars has been employed to investigate the screen size that best suits pre-school children, through two types of screen size, specifically a tablet and an all-in-1 multi-touch PC.Each participant is required to touch the stars that appear on the screen until the count of 18. Correspondingly, a total of 103 pre-school children have participated in the testing for a period of 8 months.The results indicate that screen size is an important factor that influences the quality of the child-computer interaction.The study has revealed that the tablet's screen size is the best screen size for pre-school children to interact with computers.This study suggests that screen size is critical to the success of effective learning and that the performance of child-computer interaction is varied based on the different screen sizes.

goes here. This is completion of the research and update of the previous work that was published in 2013[1]. The paper describes our recent experimental study of the impact of mobile screen size on the user comprehension of health information and application structures. An experiment was conducted to measure the impact of screen size on user comprehension and retention. Participants were given the same simple scenario, which consisted of searching from different menus, navigating and reading some contents. They were timed and tracked for correctness. Also, a follow-up survey was given to each participant that consisted of a rating scale to assess usability features, comprehension and retention abilities of the participants based on different mobile screen sizes. Results showed that there was a significant difference between mobile phone screen size and the time taken to read the contents, which was at its highest on small screens (p-value=0.02). Also, reading characters was hardest on a small screen (p-value=0.003). In addition, there was a significant difference between the three screen sizes regarding the organization of the application's information, showing that the smaller the screen size, the more organized the information. On the other hand, there was no significant impact of screen size on user comprehension, retention scores, number of errors or effective task completion but it was generally better if a large screen size was used. This study concludes that the screen size is not the main concern in comprehension of the contents or application structure. However, reading speed improves with the larger screen size and positively influences the task completion and understanding of the application elements.

The Android platform is designed to operate on a variety of different device types, screen sizes, and screen resolutions. To assist developers in meeting this challenge, Android provides a rich toolkit of user interface components to utilize and customize to the needs of their specific application. Android also relies very heavily on an extensible XML framework and set resource qualifiers to create liquid layouts that can adapt to these environmental changes. In this chapter, we take a look at some practical ways to shape this framework to fit your specific development needs.KeywordsJava CodeOutput AreaUser PressPublic ClassCustom WidgetThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The Android platform is designed to operate on a variety of device types, screen sizes, and screen resolutions. To assist developers in meeting this challenge, Android provides a rich toolkit of user interface (UI) components to utilize and customize to the needs of their specific applications. Android also relies very heavily on an extensible XML framework and set resource qualifiers to create liquid layouts that can adapt to these environmental changes. In this chapter, we take a look at some practical ways to shape this framework to fit your specific development needs.KeywordsContent ViewCustom ViewPublic ClassCustom ThemeWindow FeatureThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

With increasing privacy concerns and security demands present within mobile devices, behavioral biometric solutions, such as touch based user recognition, have been researched as of recent. However, several vital contextual behavior factors (i.e., screen size, physical and application context) and how those effect user identification performance, remains unaddressed in previous studies. In this paper we first introduce a context-aware mobile user recognition method. Then a comparative experiment to evaluate the impacts of these factors in relation to user identification performance is presented. Experimental results have demonstrated that a user's touch screen usage behavior may be affected given different contextual behavior information. Furthermore, several interesting occurrences have been found in the results: 1) screen size of a smartphone device changes the way a user touches and holds the device. A larger screen size will provide more potential methods of interacting with the device and in effect, a higher user recognition accuracy as well; and 2) application context and physical activity context can aid in achieving higher accuracy for user recognition.

ABSTRACTComputer‐based tests administered in established commercial testing centers typically have used monitors of uniform size running at a set resolution. Web‐based delivery of tests promises to greatly expand access, but at the price of less standardization in equipment. The current study evaluated the effects of variations in screen size, screen resolution, and presentation delay on verbal and mathematics scores in a sample of 357 college‐bound high school juniors. The students were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions—three screen display conditions crossed with two presentation rate conditions. The three display conditions were: a 17‐inch monitor set to a resolution of 1024 × 768, a 17‐inch monitor set to a resolution of 640 × 480, and a 15‐inch monitor set to a resolution of 640 × 480. Items were presented either with no delay or with a five‐second delay between questions (to emulate a slow Internet connection).No significant effects on math scores were found. Verbal scores were higher, by about a quarter of a standard deviation (28 points on the SAT® scale), with the high‐resolution display.

There is a significant increase in mobile internet usage resulting in demand for traffic volume, frequency efficiency and energy and cost reduction, for which small cell networks are expected to play a key role. Due to high bandwidth requirement, mobile health applications (m-health) and medical video streaming in particular will benefit from small cell networks in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) enhancements. This paper presents content-aware and device-aware medical Quality of Experience evaluations in terms of subjective (e.g. MOS) and objective (e.g. PSNR and SSIM) quality metrics obtained over small cell networks. Furthermore, we address the following two main research questions: (1) How significant is ultrasound video content type in determining medical QoE? (2) How much of a role does the display device play in medical experts’ diagnostic experience? The former is answered through the content classification of ultrasound video sequences based on their spatio-temporal features and validating their significance through medical experts’ subjective ratings. The latter is answered by conducting a subjective experiment of the ultrasound video sequences across multiple devices, ranging in screen size and resolution.

A new television system based on the Autosophy information theory is now being developed for Internet video applications. Autosophy communication is already widely used on the Internet, with current applications including data compression in V.42bis modems, and the lossless still image compression standards GIF and TIF. Now Autosophy Internet video is being developed and is ready for demonstration. In conventional television, bit rates are determined entirely by screen size, resolution, and scanning rates. The images shown on the screen are irrelevant, such that random noise video requires the same bit rate as any other video content. In the new Autosophy-based television, in contrast, bit rates are determined entirely by the video content, essentially motion and complexity within the images. A very high degree of visually lossless video compression is possible because only moving portions of the video are transmitted. Transmitted codes represent multi-pixel image clusters found in a pre-grown hyperspace library. The system can dynamically reduce resolution of fast-moving objects when necessary to accommodate bandwidth restrictions. Ideally suited to the Internet environment, the new television also features high resistance to delayed or dropped packets, a universal hardware-independent communication format, and optional codebook encryption for secure communications.

ABSTRACTBandwidth is still a limiting factor for the Quality of Service (QoS) of mobile communication applications. In particular, for Voice over IP the QoS is not yet as good as for common, well-engineered, public-switched telephone networks. Multisensory communication has been identified as a possibility to moderate this limitation. One of the strengths of mobile video technology lies in its combination of visual and auditory modalities. However, one of the most salient features of mobile video applications is its small screen size. To test the potential of multimodal synergy for mobile devices, we assessed to what extent small screens affect multimodal synergy. This potential was assessed in an experiment with 54 participants, who conducted a standardised video-listening test for three talking-heads videos with a signal-to-noise ratio of –9 dB. The videos were presented on three different screen sizes, whilst keeping the video and auditory signals equal. Compared to a ground truth based on 359 participants, intelligibility was found to be significantly higher when using a large screen than when using a small screen. This indicates that mobile video technology has the potential for a significant multimodal synergy to which screen size is a substantial constraint. To optimally benefit from their multimodal potential, we offer suggestions on how to increase the effective screen size for small screen (e.g. mobile) devices and applications through elaborating the most relevant (visual) features. We conclude that knowledge about human sensory processing can alleviate the identified constraint and maximise the potential QoS of mobile video technology.

Schools and universities are increasing incorporating digital technology with their curriculum implementation through use of Learning Management Systems (LMS) like Desire2Learn (Blackboard), Canvas, and Schoolloop, just to name a few. With the rise of instructor-side customization options in the LMS, educators may not be experienced in designing features, such as button design. Yet, buttons are the most common point of interaction between a user and the interface, and buttons direct students to information on a specified page. Thus, research on effective and usable options for button design in an educational framework is needed to ensure that LMS interfaces are designed with the user’s performance and ease of use in mind. The present study examined visual search performance using a 3 (button type: image, text, image+text), x 2 (border style: rounded or squared), x 2 (screen size: laptop size or mobile size) within-subjects design. In general, results showed longer search times for text only buttons compared to image and image+text buttons, rounded square borders compared to square borders, and larger than smaller screen sizes. However, these overall effects were qualified by two-way interactions between button type x border style, and button type x screen size, where text buttons paired with square borders and large screen sizes resulted in worse performance. Although image+text buttons yielded similar performance to image only buttons, users preferred image+text buttons. Implications of these findings for design are discussed.

Within the field of mobile health, there is little research conducted on the impacts of mobile health technologies and applications on user comprehension of health content. In this study, we examine the difference between small, medium and large screen mobile phone that affect the user comprehension of health content. We designed an experimental study where 33 users read the contents of a health application on different mobile phone screen sizes. Each participant was timed, tracked for correctness, and gave ratings for both readability and satisfaction on each task. In addition, they were asked some questions about the contents. Results show that there was no significant impact of the screen size on user comprehension of the contents. However, it was found that participants with small screen size took longer to read the health contents.

The purpose of the present study was to design a mobile learning environment that enables the use of a teleconference application used in simultaneous e-learning with mobile devices and to evaluate this mobile learning environment based on students‘ views. With the mobile learning environment developed in the study, the students are able to follow a teleconference application realized by using appropriate mobile devices. The study was carried out with 8 post-graduate students enrolled in Karadeniz Technical University (KTU), Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies (CEIT), Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science. The students utilized this teleconference application using mobile devices supporting internet access and Adobe Flash technology. Of the 8 students, 4 accessed the system using EDGE technology and 4 used wireless internet technology. At the end of the application, the audio and display were delayed by 4-5 seconds with EDGE technology, and were delayed by 7-8 seconds with wireless internet technology. Based on the students‘ views, it was concluded that the environment had some deficiencies in terms of quality, especially in terms of the screen resolution. Despite this, the students reported that this environment could provide more flexibility in terms of space and time when compared to other simultaneous distance education applications. Although the environment enables interaction, in particular, the problem of resolution caused by screen size is a disadvantage for the system. When this mobile learning application is compared to conventional education environments, it was found that mobile learning does have a role in helping the students overcome the problems of participating in learning activities caused by time and space constraints.

Mobile handheld devices such as PDAs and smartphones are increasingly being used by service providers to deliver application functionality similar to that found in traditional desktop computing environments. However, these handheld applications can be quite slow and often lack important functionality compared to their desktop counterparts. We have developed PASSPORT, (PDA application streaming service portal) a thin-client solution that leverages more powerful servers to run full-function desktop applications and then simply stream screen updates to the PDA for display. PASSPORT uses server-side screen scaling to provide high-fidelity display and seamless mobility across a broad range of different clients and screen sizes, including both portrait and landscape viewing modes. PASSPORT also leverages existing PDA control buttons to improve system usability and maximize available screen resolution for application display. We have implemented PASSPORT on Windows PDAs and demonstrate that it can provide superior application performance and functionality compared to the traditional approach of running applications directly on handheld devices

In this paper, we propose a GPU‐based volume ray casting for virtual colonoscopy to generate high‐quality rendering images with a large screen size. Using the temporal coherence for ray casting, the empty space leaping can be efficiently done by reprojecting first‐hit points of the previous frame; however, these approaches could produce artifacts such as holes or illegal starting positions due to the insufficient resolution of first‐hit points. To eliminate these artifacts, we use a triangle mesh of first‐hit points and check the intersection of each triangle with the corresponding real surface. Illegal starting positions can be avoided by replacing a false triangle cutting the real surface with five newly generated triangles. The proposed algorithm is best fit to the recent GPU architecture with Shader Model 4.0 which supports not only fast rasterization of a triangle mesh but also many flexible vertex operations. Experimental results on ATI 2900 with DirectX10 show perspective volume renderings of over 24fps on 1024 × 1024 screen size without any loss of image quality. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Four groups of about 86 pigs from a common source were fed a grower diet from 25 kg to 45 kg liveweight, and then from 45 to 107 kg liveweight they were offered one of four diets ad libitum: A) normal commercial feed, ground through a 3 mm screen (the control diet), B) the same diet ground through a 6 mm screen, C) the control diet to which lucerne meal was added before the diet was ground to increase its crude fibre content, and D) the control diet to which was added 400 ppm S-methylmethionine-sulphonium chloride (MMSC). All the diets were pelleted. Approximately 21 per cent of the animals fed the control diet had severe oesophagogastric erosions and/or ulcers after slaughter. The addition of 400 ppm MMSC decreased (P = 0.066) the proportion of severe oesophagogastric erosions and/or ulcers by about 50 per cent compared with the control diet. The diet with the higher crude fibre content (but finely ground) did not have a significant effect on the proportion of severe oesophagogastric erosions and/or ulcers. There was a tendency for the pigs fed the diet ground through a 6 mm screen instead of a 3 mm screen, to have fewer severe oesophagogastric erosions and/or ulcers. However, there were only small differences between the particle size distribution obtained from the wet sieve analysis of the two diets. As a result, the observed tendency for a decrease in the proportion of severe oesophagogastric erosions and/or ulcers in pigs fed the diet milled through the larger screen size was of questionable significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)