Harmonic analysis method for gap width evaluation

A novel scheme essentially eliminates side-reading while maintaining on-track magnetic sensitivity for spin-valve read heads. By directly patterning a magnetic layer that is antiparallelly coupled with the free layer beyond the track edges, the magnetic torque generated by signal field in the wing regions of the free layer can be counterbalanced by the torque generated by the patterned layer via the antiparallel coupling. The magnetic read width of the sensor becomes essentially the same as the physical track width for track widths as low as 50 nm. With this scheme, the on-track magnetic sensitivity exhibits virtually no reduction as track width reduces from 200 to 50 nm. In addition, the scheme enables recessing the contact leads from the track edges to reduce shield-to-shield widening at the track edges.

The functional reliability of microelectronics packages in harsh environment use not only depends on interconnect integrity and thermomechanical robustness, also signal integrity can play an important role for package performance. For industrial/automotive use, the shielding of packages against electromagnetic interference is a key process tep that defines package performance in challenging environments. Within the project AdaPEdge, Fraunhofer IZM, TUB and MST are cooperating to manufacture highly integrated packages using Flip Chip technology and MAP molding technologies for package realization. To ensure optimized shielding of the packages, a test vehicle has been designed that allows the determination of shielding efficiency of molded packages without and with shielding layers created in different technological approaches. These technologies can be applied to single packages and to full MAP areas and include direct metallization on molding compounds, contactless dosing of a conductive layer and laser direct structuring. As a result, the paper presents the manufacturing of Shielding Efficiency test samples in various technologies, the SE measurements over a wide frequency range for samples with varied shielding layer thickness. The measurements are validated using an analytical model developed in-house and there is good agreement between the measurement and the analytical model. Based on the analytical model, physical effects at the interface of material and in the material are separated and analyzed. Comprised, packaging boundary conditions and design rules for define EMC-robust packages will be provided that allow an efficient manufacturing of functional SiP packages.

Tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) head are promising device for high storage density of 100 Gbit/in magnetic recording head. Structure of TMR recording head is different from typical giant magnetoresistive (GMR) spin-valve read head. It is essential to understand the electrostatic discharge (ESD) effect on TMR device behavior and its impacts on device characterization. In this paper, we reported several AlOx TMR device behaviors upon ESD stressing, which are different from GMR head.

It is well known that all film substrates have a characteristic surface roughness which depends on the way that it is made and the various chemical additives that it contains. In many cases this roughness is desirable since it provides the sheet material with a low coefficient of friction which prevents blocking during handling. On the other hand these additives may be undesirable since they can lower the water and oxygen barrier properties of a barrier layer applied to this film or reduce the surface reflectivity. This paper attempts to characterize the surface roughness of some common film substrates using scanning electron microscopy and the WYKO RST interferometer surface measurement system. The roughness was visually displayed and quantitative numbers are given for the peak to valley roughness, the number of peaks, and their average height. These substrates were coated by vapor deposition of a radiation curable acrylate monomer in layers of various thicknesses. The effect of these coatings in smoothing out the surface roughness was shown. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of both evaluation methods in characterizing the roughness of plain and coated film.

Usage Control (UCON) enhances traditional access control introducing mutable attributes and continuous policy enforcement. UCON addresses security requirements of dynamic computer environments like Grid and Cloud, but also raises new challenges. This paper considers two problems of usage control. The first problem arises when a value of a mutable attribute required for an access decision is uncertain. The second problem questions when to retrieve fresh values of mutable attributes and to trigger the access reevaluation during the continuous control. We propose quantitative risk-based methods to tackle these problems. The authorisation system grants the access if the security policy is satisfied and the risk level is acceptable. The authorisation system retrieves fresh attribute values following the strategy which minimises the risk of the usage sessions. We integrate the authorisation system based on the U-XACML language with quantitative methods for risk evaluation. We present the architecture, the implementation, and the evaluation of the overhead posed by the risk computation.

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we describe two important dimensions of patient care information systems (PCIS) evaluation: the domain of evaluation and the different phases of the PCIS implementation. Second, we claim that, though Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are often still seen as the standard approach, this type of design hardly generates relevant information for the organizational decision maker. Interpretive study of evaluation literature. The field of evaluation is scattered and the types of questions that can be asked and methods that can be used seem infinite and badly demarcated. Different stakeholders, moreover, often have different priorities in evaluating ICT. The most important reason for the lack of relevance of RCTs is that they are ill suited for investigating why and how a PCIS is being used, or not, and what the (often unplanned) effects and consequences are. Subsequently, our aim is to contribute to the discussion about the viability of qualitative versus quantitative methods in PCIS evaluation, by arguing for a specific integration of quantitative and qualitative research methods. The joint utilization of these methods, we claim, yields the richest results.

The paper contains description of a new quantitative method of evaluation of material hardness. First the essence of cognition subject, concerned with the hardness notion, has been discussed. Next some characteristics of exemplary existing evaluation methods have been presented. Then the attention was paid to the mistakes present in understanding//reasoning of the discussed problem. The revolutionary new method is given in the next part of the paper by presenting functional and parametric characteristics of the process of local deformation of a material. At the end, the justification – with the essential meaning for investigations of present and newer materials – to introduce one unified quantitative method of hardness evaluation, has been delivered.

Organic coated steels are generally used in many applications such as cars, appliances and construction. Various methods to evaluate corrosion performance of organic coated metal have been suggested in the past, and for example, visual observation and gross measurement are well known as typical evaluation methods. Electrochemical impedance technique has been widely used for evaluation of under-film corrosion as subjective and quantitative evaluation method. However, the normal technique provides little information on the shape and the location of deteriorated area of organic coated metals. In this work, we focused attention on surface potential measurement which can detect surface reactivity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of surface potential measurement as a non-destructive evaluation method for degradation of coated steels. Carbon steel plates (50mm×50mm×2mm) were used as substrate metals. The metals were coated with clear acrylic lacquer spray. The surface potential was measured by surface reaction measurement device (RM201, Hirocon) having a X-Y stage. The surface potential of the sample with the coating thickness of approximately 10µm was measured at different distance between the sample and Au-probe in order to examine an influence of the distance.Surface potential distribution measurement was performed on the model sample for under-film corrosion. Wet-dry cyclic corrosion test was carried out on the substrate metal by alternating conditions of adding 100µL droplet of 0.5M NaCl solution and drying at 293K and 20%R.H. After 8 cycles, the surface was coated. The coating thickness was approximately 90µm. Surface potential distribution was measured on the sample in laboratory environment (293K, 30%R.H.). The measurement range was 30mm×30mm including the corroded area. The surface profile was also measured with Laser Displacement Sensor (LK-G3000, KEYENCE).Organic coated samples were prepared with about 20µm in thickness. The wet-dry cyclic corrosion test was carried out to these samples. The degradation degree of each sample was different by the repeated cycle number of the corrosion test. The surface potential and profile distribution were measured after corrosion test. For comparison, electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurement was conducted. The sample surface exposed to corrosive environment changed to lower surface potential than the other area. The size and position of the area where surface potential changed corresponded to degradation area. It means that surface potential measurement can detect degradation areas of coated steel even under organic coating.The wet-dry cyclic corrosion test of the organic coated samples was carried out. After several cycles, a part of the surface showed lower potential than the surrounding area. There were a good correlation between the surface potential change area and the organic coating degradation area. The surface potential changed in two stages in degradation process. The first stage corresponds to the gradual change to -0.1V, and the surface potential decreased down to -0.6V. EIS result showed that coating degradation and under-film corrosion occur in the first and second stage, respectively. This result suggests that the degradation process of coated steels can be monitored by surface potential measurement. It is concluded that surface potential measurement is an useful tool to evaluate degradation of coated steels.

Long terms of chronic pain may induce emotional disorder such as depression, anxiety and aversion. It is worthy of studying the mechanism and therapy on pain emotional disorder. The animal model is important in basic researches, and the quantitative evaluation methods on the psychiatric factors are gradually applied in the pain research. The methods of evaluating the psychiatric disorder of pain are discussed in this paper, which will provide theory basis in the relevant fields. Key words: Pain; Animal model; Pain emotion

Developing flows of water and dilute aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide in an inlet region of a curved pipe have been investigated by measuring velocity distributions in the Dean number range of 150 to 1200. The flows are visualized with small nylon particles having specific gravity of 1.02 and mean diameter of about 150μm. The particles are lighted by a stroboscope and photographed consecutively. Axial and secondary flow velocity distributions in the developing flow region are obtained from the picture of the particles. In addition, pictures of secondary flows in a cross section of curved pipes are taken in that region. It has been found as a result of the measurements that the flows of dilute solutions develop with the same process as water flow in laminar flow regions, but in the turbulent flow region the developing process of dilute solutions differs from that of water flow. Furthermore, the variation of boundary layer thickness and inlet length have been derived from velocity profiles.

On the understanding of the mean radiant temperature within both the indoor and outdoor environment, a critical review

With the development of three-dimensional computer graphics (3DCG) technology, expressing various objects and phenomena graphically became possible. However, there is no method for quantitatively evaluating the realism of the generated CG images. In recent years, deep learning has been widely used for its image discrimination performance beyond that of human beings. We propose a deep learning-based method that enables quantitative evaluation of the realism of CG images with has high image discrimination ability. The results of implementation using convolution neural networks (CNNs) are presented.

ABSTRACTThe immune defense function protecting the body from invasive pathogens is a key indicator of an individual's health and lacks of methods for quantitative evaluation. This study introduces ImmuDef, a novel algorithm for precisely and quantitatively assessing anti‐infection immune defense function based on RNA‐seq data. ImmuDef selects immune signatures through comparisons of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or severe sepsis vs. healthy controls (HC) and reduces dimension to construct a latent space via a variational autoencoder (VAE) model (QImmuDef‐VAE), a representation deep learning model. Based on this model, a defense immune score (DImmuScore) was calculated by measuring the distance between a patient and HC within latent space. We validated ImmuDef on 3202 samples across four immune states: immunodeficiency, immunocompromised, immunocompetent, and immunoactive. As a result, DImmuScore achieves high classification accuracy (mean accuracy: 71.75%–76.25%) among samples with various immune states and infections. Furthermore, DImmuScore can serve as a metric for infectious disease severity, where its gradient directly quantifies disease severity. As an application, DImmuScore can be a strong prognostic indicator, effectively stratifying mortality/survival in both sepsis and COVID‐19 patients with no symptomatic difference. This framework was validated across five infectious diseases, establishing the first quantitative standard for cross‐disease immune defense assessment.

To evaluate the effectiveness of determining the strength of loose rings made, polymer laminate, using a 3-point bending test of rectangular material specimens differing in form and dimensions from actual structural components.The analysis carried out indicated a method of quantitative evaluation that could be directly related to the operating conditions of the rings. A similarity relation between the critical states of the ring and the specimens subjected to bending tests was presented. The assumed hypothesis of maximum tensile stresses of the rigid outer laminate layers provided the basis for formulating a criterion for the allowable loads on the rings, depending on the assembly tension of the bolts and the operating pressure in the installation.The results of the bending tests, both in the elastic and failure range of the samples, confirmed the validity of the hypothesis about the proportionality of the breaking stresses in the ring and the bending, cuboid sample, made of a similar laminate.The area of dimensional optimisation of the joint with regard to its strength and stiffness criterion is indicated.The method provides a basis for evaluating the strength and tightness of a flange connection by means of experimental testing of specimens made of a laminate similar to the material of the rings. The results of the 3-point bend tests allow for the substitution of difficult tests of complex assembly components such as rings in a flanged connection, including the operating conditions of the connection in a pressure piping system.

The complex networked computer systems of today are often vulnerable to a large number of failures, accidental as well as intentional. To be able to assess to what degree one can rely on such a system, new methods for quantitative evaluation is needed. This paper presents a stochastic model for integrated security and dependability evaluation, which models malicious attacker behavior as transitions between system states. To predict the probabilities of attack actions a game theoretic approach is applied. We demonstrate the method by computing security and dependability measures in two different case studies.