HDTV and DRM: A Need of Further Regulation?

Labor Market Effects of Trade Induced Technological Change Under Intellectual Property Rights Protection

As an institutional guarantee of technology and innovation, intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection at the national and supranational level has long been an important focus of economics and politics. However, very few studies have examined IPRs protection in the fields of geography and urban studies. Thus, this study aims to investigate IPRs protection within evolutionary economic geography (EEG) by highlighting the effect of economic transition. Taking Huaihai Economic Zone (HEZ), in China, as a sample, the study uses spatial multi-level modelling to better understand the impacts of the threefold process of economic transition (i.e., decentralisation, marketisation and globalisation) on IPRs protection. Our analysis reveals important new insights including: (1) the horizontal spatial distribution of IPRs protection is uneven both horizontally and vertically, and it has significant spatial hotspots; (2) The driving force of China’s internal marketisation and decentralisation policy positively influences IPRs protection, unlike in the Global North, because strong IPRs protection is not suitable for the economic conditions of countries in the Global South due to the negative effects of globalisation; (3) Economic transition has a major influence on IPRs protection at the prefectural level, but not at the provincial level. The contributions of the study are twofold: theoretically, it is one of the first paper to examine IPRs protection at the sub-national level within the framework of EEG, and to use the triangular process of economic transformation to explain the resulting institutional changes. Methodologically, based on the theoretical underpinnings of our study, we take different administrative levels and autocorrelation into consideration in our model.

This article is devoted to the definition of state authorities which establish the legal regime in the field of protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights to plant varieties. The author defines the powers of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as the highest body in the system of executive authorities, the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection as the controlling body and the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine as the competent authority which is the main body in the field of protection of intellectual property rights to plant varieties, since it is entrusted with a list of tasks in the field related to protection of rights to plant varieties. The Ukrainian Institute of Plant Variety Expertise is an authorized institution to conduct scientific and technical examination of plant varieties. It is established that the State Service of Ukraine for Food Safety and Consumer Protection is the controlling body in the field of plant variety rights protection and the types of control it exercises are defined. The state body responsible for conducting scientific and technical expertise of plant varieties is the Ukrainian Institute of Plant Variety Expertise, which operates on the basis of the Charter. The issue of problems arising in the course of concluding license agreements for the use of plant varieties is raised. The author analyzes the case law and provides an example of a court decision that addresses infringement of intellectual property rights to plant varieties. The reasons for infringement are often preceded by low awareness of the owners of property rights and rights to distribute plant varieties, since the issue of effective commercialization depends on the stage of granting licenses for the use of the said intellectual property. The article illustrates the example of the Network of Technology and Innovation Support Centers (TISC), which operates within the structure of the national patent office – UKRNOVI, conducting educational activities and providing information and advisory support and services on intellectual property protection, commercialization and promotion of innovations in Ukraine and abroad. The list of foreign countries with special patent courts, where cases related to infringement of intellectual property rights are considered, is provided. The issue of launching the High Court of Intellectual Property is considered, since the creation of such a court is aimed at resolving numerous issues in the field of intellectual property rights protection. The article concludes with a general conclusion about the state authorities whose activities are related to the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights to plant varieties and the problems that exist today.

The article draws attention to the specifics of protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine by civil and special legislation, the rules of which are designed to protect the subjective rights of right holders and other participants in legal relations in the field of intellectual property. Some aspects of the legal nature of jurisdictional remedies are studied. Attention is paid to the specifics of protection of intellectual property rights by civil law, which consists primarily in the methods of protection provided by procedural law. The legislation, the norms of which guarantee the protection of intellectual property and the ways of protection of civil rights are outlined. The existing in the legal literature different views on the classification of methods of protection of property rights are analyzed. The legal analysis of the application of the vindication claim as a means of protection of intellectual property rights is carried out and the given proposals are formulated..

The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms for regulating and protecting intellectual property rights in the context of the production of personal protective equipment in the context of a threat to national security. To this end, the study analysed Ukrainian legislation and international regulations governing intellectual property rights, particularly those of manufacturers of personal protective equipment. Thus, in the context of a threat to national security, the intellectual property rights of Ukrainian manufacturers of personal protective equipment were found to be crucial due to the military conflict and the need to protect both the population and the armed forces. The state must guarantee access to vital technologies while respecting the rights of producers, which makes the issue of intellectual property particularly relevant considering the growing demand for the latest developments in the personal protective equipment sector. Cooperation with international partners in the field of technology and intellectual property protection can help develop national production of personal protective equipment and reduce dependence on imported supplies. Government agencies should focus on developing policies that promote the protection of intellectual property rights and provide mechanisms to support manufacturers in critical situations. Raising awareness of producers about their rights and opportunities to protect intellectual property is a crucial step in strengthening their market position. It is essential to strike a balance between the protection of intellectual property rights and the needs of society in the context of a threat to national security. Governments should consider temporary relaxation of rights in times of crisis to ensure overall security

From a legal perspective, analyze the connotation and logical relationship of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts, point out the Legal dilemma in protecting Emei martial arts intellectual property rights, and then propose solu-tions to the problems. The study believes that the intellectual property rights of Emei martial arts refer to the intellectual property rights based on the intellec-tual achievements and commercial logos of Emei martial arts. The legal dilemma in the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts mainly manifests as follows: the identity of the rights subject of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts and the intangible cultural heritage of Emei martial arts is the root cause of the conflict between public and private interests; to some extent, the sports nature of the intellectual property rights of Emei martial arts has influenced the legal recognition of this part of Emei martial arts intel-lectual property rights in the academic community; the inadequacy of the legal system is the fundamental reason why the intellectual property rights of Emei martial arts are difficult to obtain comprehensive protection. Based on this, the study proposes that technological innovation is a logical prerequisite for the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts. It can be achieved by extracting the classic techniques of Emei martial arts, constructing repre-sentative martial arts routines, and creating Emei martial arts competition pro-jects; The improvement of the legal system is the legal foundation for the pro-tection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts. In this process, it is necessary to particularly strengthen the important position and role of the Sports Law in the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts, and improve the basic position and auxiliary function of relevant intellectual property laws in the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts; The enrichment of theory is a powerful argument for the protection of in-tellectual property rights in Emei martial arts. Strengthening theory must be combined with the characteristics of sports, in order to build a solid legal foun-dation for the protection of the object of rights. In addition, the protection of intellectual property rights in Emei martial arts should focus on benefits, which requires balancing public and private interests and promoting the realization of public welfare through private rights protection

Introduction.The Ukrainian consumer market is systematically replenished by counterfeit products that evidences of low-effective protection system in the sphere of intellectual property, including at the criminal and legal level.However, social danger of criminal offences related to the intellectual property is of no doubt.The intellectual property rights protection is an important component to success in the market for many companies and trademarks.The security of the intellectual property rights requires continuous market control and monitoring, tracking and identification of violations, working on collection of actual evidences, preparation of documents and their transfer to court bodies, working with courts and control over execution of court decisions.The results of the judicial reform commenced in 2016 in Ukraine, along with amendments to the Constitution, provided for establishing several new institutions, among which was a specialized court -the Intellectual Property High Court.In the fight against counterfeit, one of the main factors is timely harmonization of the regulatory and legal framework to ensure proper protection of copyrights and industrial property rights, as well as its agreement with the related general European imperatives.The quality judicial protection is one of the mechanisms of balanced comprehensive and efficient dispute settlement in terms of intellectual property rights protection.However, the legally provided martial law in Ukraine has somewhat changed the vector of the intellectual property rights protection system by orienting it not only towards internal but also external threats.The martial law in Ukraine provides for certain restrictions of constitutional rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen on a temporary basis during the period of the material law.Temporary

Intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in Asian markets is getting more and more attention because of the rapid development. The deficient protection of IPR in certain nations, coupled with the urgent need for stronger safeguards, has led to a dearth of globally recognized brands originating from Asia. This article aims to provide a comparative review of IPR protection status and its impact on brand awareness in China and other Southeast Asian countries. By examining the current landscape of IPR protection and its connection to relevant social realities, this comparative analysis underscores the crucial role of IPR protection in the development and modernization of countries, ultimately offering a thought-provoking perspective on strategic IP development.

The article is devoted to the study of the general provisions of intellectual property law in Ukraine. The article notes that the importance of protecting property rights in the intellectual sphere has been growing rapidly in recent decades. A theoretical and practical understanding of the nature of intellectual property rights was carried out based on the analysis of current legislation and available scientific, methodical and journalistic materials. The list of laws that regulate activities in the field of intellectual property, both at the national and international level, is given. It is interesting to note that in Ukraine there are quite a lot of special legislative acts regulating the above activities. Attention is focused on the adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the legal system of the European Union. International legal acts regulating the protection of intellectual property rights are given. Scientific and regulatory approaches to defining the concept of intellectual property rights are considered. It is established that this concept can be considered in two ways: objective and subjective. In an objective sense, in the legal literature, intellectual property law is considered as a system of legal norms that regulates homogeneous social relations in the field of intellectual property. In a subjective sense, the right of intellectual property is considered as personal property and non-property rights of natural persons, which according to the current legislation belong to the authors for the results of intellectual activity. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of the concepts of property and non-property intellectual property rights. Property intellectual property is the author's rights to the results obtained from his creative activity, similar to the property rights of those who create material objects with their labor (devices, devices, mechanisms, new information technologies, etc.). Non-property intellectual property rights are a set of moral, mental, rational, intellectual and other human rights, which by their nature cannot be alienated from the owner. A comparative analysis was made between intellectual property law and property law in general, and their relationship was also analyzed.

This paper develops a product‐cycle model with costly technology transfer, which requires resources from both the North and the South. In the basic model, we show that strengthening intellectual property rights (IPR) protection induces a large technology transfer and narrows the North–South wage gap. However, we obtain an ambiguous result regarding the effect on economic growth, which depends crucially on the size of the transfer cost. Although strengthening IPR protection induces a high growth rate when the transfer cost is small, it can induce a low growth rate when the transfer cost is large. In the extended model, in order to examine what factors determine the transfer cost, we consider the situation where the Southern firms may misbehave and the Northern firms incur a cost to monitor them. We show that the degree of investor protection and the degree of morality in developing countries influence the size of the transfer cost, which affects economic growth.

Russia is a subject of international intellectual property rights protection. It is a territory of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity established by international treaties and federal laws are valid. However after beginning of a special military operation and sanctions pressure, the question about correction of the Russian system of intellectual property rights protection in relation to unfriendly countries has become more relevant. Сonsolidation of national security and increasing the country’s technological independence are not always compatible with the principles of protecting the rights of foreign copyright holders that remain in Russian legislation. The state protects domestic producers from foreign copyright holders, and legalizes parallel import. But these mechanisms do not work in full force due to the fact that Russian courts actually continue to protect the right of unfriendly countries to intellectual property in equal volume with Russian copyright holders. This article proposes to consider some measures to protect the rights and interests of the Russian Federation, its citizens and entrepreneurs, including the revision of Russia’s international obligations in the field of intellectual property and the formation of new law enforcement and judicial practice. Also the process of sovereignization of the Russian model of intellectual property rights protection we can see the development of modern technologies with affects of creating the results of intellectual activity and the methods of legal protection of its results. Thus, the achievement of the goals of state policy in the field of intellectual property is also possible by introducing new digital technologies into the state regulation of intellectual property at the federal and regional levels.

We study how private intellectual property rights protection affects equilibrium prices in a duopoly competition between firms that offer a product variety of distinct qualities (vertical product differentiation) in a setup that is closely related to that put forward by Jain where firms offer the same qualities in equilibrium (horizontal product differentiation). Consumers may make a choice to buy a legal version, use an illegal copy (if they want to and can), or not use a product at all. Using an illegal version violates intellectual property rights protection and is thus punishable when discovered. Thus, both private and public (copyright) intellectual property rights protection are available on scene.

The paper presents a theoretical justification of the technology of competence formation in the field of protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights of teachers of general secondary education in the process of professional development. This technology is aimed at forming a base of knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of intellectual property, which will teach teachers to perceive the results of their own innovative activities as an economic product that can benefit, promote compliance with the rules and regulations of academic integrity in teaching.The outlined technology involves the implementation of five stages: preparatory-diagnostic, motivational-target, cognitive-orientational, activity-operational and control-evaluation.The preparatory and diagnostic stage of the technology consists in carrying out a set of diagnostic actions to determine the state of formation of competence in the field of intellectual property at different stages of professional development to ensure its effective formation.Motivational and target stage of teacher training technology in the field of protection and protection of intellectual property rights is based on information obtained at the preparatory and diagnostic stage, and is to develop a hierarchy of objectives and presentation of learning outcomes aimed at developing teacher competence in the field of protection and protection of rights intellectual property.During the cognitive-substantive stage of in-service teacher training in the field of protection and protection of intellectual property rights, a meaningful part of the process of forming competence in the field of protection and protection of intellectual property rights of teachers in the process of in-service training is realized. courses according to our goals and objectives.The activity-operational stage of the technology of advanced training of teachers in the field of protection and defense of intellectual property rights aims at the direct formation of knowledge, skills, abilities and professional qualities in the field of intellectual property of teachers of general secondary education. The control and evaluation stage of the technology of in-service training of teachers in the field of intellectual property involves the creation of a system for assessing the degree of formation of competence in the field of intellectual property of teachers based on the results of in-service training.

While there have been numerous papers analyzing the political, economic and social effects of trust, there is little evidence on how social trust has an impact on property rights protection which is fundamental for promoting economic development. This study aims to investigate how trust value is related to property rights protection, focusing on the comparison of the effect on intellectual property rights versus physical property rights. Analyzing the data on property rights protection in 2015 from the Property Right Alliance organization and trust value from the World Value Survey from 1999 to 2014, we find that social trust has a direct effect only on intellectual property rights protection but less consistent on physical property rights protection. However, trust value has indirect effect on both forms of property rights protection via formal institutions. Our study, thus, adds to the literature by clarifying the context through which trust value affects cheating behaviors.

Intellectual property rights-–copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets, and related rights-–have become increasingly important with the advent of increased international trade, global and knowledge-based economy and fast developing technology. A strong intellectual property rights regime is necessary in order to attract foreign trade and direct investments. For this reason, the protection of intellectual property rights has become an_x000D_ important negotiating item in all FTAs which the United States has entered into. In view of the proposed RP-US FTA negotiations, this paper seeks to determine whether the_x000D_ existing intellectual property regime in the Philippines provides adequate and sufficient legal protection of intellectual property rights. It also seeks to determine whether the administrative and judicial processes are adequate and speedy and acceptable in the enforcement and protection of said rights in the light of FTAs already entered into by the United States with other countries, in general, and with Singapore, in particular, which will be the benchmark for the RP-US FTA. Other relevant issues in the protection of intellectual property rights such as the annual review of ountries by the United States Trade Representative in relation to Special 301 of the U.S. Trade Law; piracy of optical media, including books and pharmaceuticals; and the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) are also discussed. The author proposes certain provisions to be added to the Intellectual Property Code; sustained, consistent and stricter implementation of intellectual property laws including more efforts at curbing piracy; and more importantly, a strong political will and a strong determination to strengthen intellectual property rights, as necessary to make the IPR regime up to par with U.S. and international.