Heart-Brain Neurodynamics

The article summarizes the theoretical foundations of the emergence and development of crisis phenomena in economic systems and the peculiarities of their manifestation at the macro level. It is emphasized that the economic crisis represents a complexly structured and multifactorial system of relationships with the external environment, as well as a multicomponent internal structure, which complicates the process of its study. It has been established that in the scientific literature, the position of considering the crisis as an unfavorable situation in the development of individual economic systems prevails, however, there are different approaches to the definition of this concept, as well as the predominance of its favorable and unfavorable characteristics. The theoretical principles of economic science regarding the understanding of the essence of economic crises are summarized and the following approaches are highlighted: classical, rational combination of market self-regulation and state regulation, intermediary-behavioral. It was established that the crisis was viewed as a factor of negative impact on the economy, caused by the instability of the markets, and also as a process that requires prompt response in order to stabilize the crisis situation and neutralize its consequences. Attention is drawn to such a characteristic of the crisis as its duration, which depends on the state of the external and internal environment of the functioning of economic systems, which requires a detailed identification of its factors and vectors of influence. The existing approaches to the definition of the concept of «crisis» are systematized and two main groups are distinguished, one of which considers the crisis as a negative phenomenon, and the second – as a turning point in the life cycle of the enterprise, as an impulse for further development, which can have both negative and positive effects. consequences. On the basis of which, a conclusion was made about the need for the management of any enterprise to monitor its functioning environment in order to identify possible causes of crises and their monitoring. It is substantiated by the reasons for the probability of a crisis at the enterprise level due to changes in the external and internal environment of its functioning. It is proposed to distinguish the concept of «crisis» as a state of the enterprise, which involves its disorganization, and «crisis process» as an unstable, dynamic process of changing the values of the main parameters of its internal and external environment. The author's approach to the examination of the crisis involves considering the state of the enterprise at the breaking point, which is determined by the contradictions between the internal and external environment, which, in the absence of the possibility of their resolution, can cause irreversible consequences for it functioning system. Regarding the understanding of the crisis process, it should be considered as a process that changes the state of the enterprise due to the influence of contradictions between the internal and external environment, which constantly changes the values of their main parameters and has a continuous, dynamic, unstable, cyclical nature. It is argued that the crisis process begins to arise if the internal state of the enterprise does not match its macro environment, which can lead to its possible liquidation. The need to study the crisis according to the stages of the crisis process is substantiated, which will allow to determine the bifurcation points at which the enterprise becomes unstable, according to the periods of the development of the crisis process, and to distinguish the following types of crisis: strategic, liquidity, insolvency, critical. Key words: crisis, crisis process, economic system, enterprise, crisis duration, bifurcation points.

In this era, the internal and external environment becomes diversand complex. On the one hand, the original static competition has disappeared, and the external environment is rapidlychanging; on the other hand, it is difficult to maintain its competitive advantage, and there are more changes in the internal environment. In view of the impact of the internal and external environment, enterprises must adopt appropriate flexible management, to deal with the impact of these changes, and finally achieve the organizational goals. This article carries out the analysis of the flexiblehuman resources management, studies its theoretical basis, determines the correlation of the enterprise organizational performance, and on the basis of the analysis, from the level of organizational performance, the design of the flexiblehuman resources management system, to provide a certain reference for enterprises.

Based on ”Strategy of Action” of Andre Beaufre, this article will discuss the strategy of action that Taiwan should take after the establishment of China-ASEAN FTA by analyzing the external and internal environment. First of all, it will illustrate Andre Beaufre's concept of strategy of action, and then adopt it to arrange the structure of this article. When discussing the external environment, we will focus on Asia and Pacific region, namely East Asia, including ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea. As for the internal environment, it will focus the US, which has an alliance with Japan because the US and Japan's East Asian strategy would have an influence on Taiwan's strategy of seeking international position. Then, this article will draw the policy objectives by implementing diagnostic of politics via the external and internal environment. Finally, it will discuss the action strategies that Taiwan should take in the ASEAN ”10+1” and ”10+3” era.

Introduction. One of the important strategic tasks at the present stage of enterprise development is to achieve a high level of its economic efficiency to ensure financial stability in conditions of economic instability. Factors of external and internal environment have an influence on this indicator, which actualizes the problem of their consideration in the process of enterprise functioning. The purpose of scientific research is to determine the essence of the concept of «economic efficiency», as well as to identify the factors of external and internal environment that affect it. © Олександр Іванович Петков, 2021 Results. Scientific interpretations of the essence of the concept of «economic efficiency» are given and analyzed. There are two main groups of factors influencing on this indicator: environmental factors and internal factors. According to the results of the study, the classification of factors of external influence on economic efficiency is generalized. It is determined that these factors can be the causes of problems in the enterprise, and, on the other hand, can be an impetus for finding more effective directions of development. The factors of influence of the internal environment on the economic efficiency of the enterprise are structured taking into account the functional sphere of activity of the economic object. Conclusions. The study of the essence of the concept of "economic efficiency" and the factors influencing on it indicates the need to adapt the existing classification of external and internal environmental factors to changing economic conditions. Key words: economic efficiency, external environment, internal environment, influencing factors.

Social situations make a person vulnerable to mental illness. These situations include circumstances such as poverty, family instability and inadequate nutrition. A combination of these circumstances predisposes exposed people to developing unhealthy ways of coping with stress. Violence is seen as a way of managing stress, but also as a factor causing stress. An example of unhealthy ways of stress management in the current South African society is the violence that leads to unrest which has affected different communities in a short space of time. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of a community exposed to violence and to identify implications for nursing. An exploratory contextual study was undertaken with the purpose of generating meaning regarding the experience of a community characterized by violence. The phenomenological method of interviewing was used to gather data. The target population consisted of a township community of 228,000. Ten respondents were interviewed in total, selected by the convenience purposive sampling method through intermediaries. The interviews were recorded on tape and later transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed by the method of content analysis. The results were centred on the respondents' and their families' experiences of violence since March 1990. The results indicated four types of experiences for all people exposed to violence: psychological, spiritual, physical and behavioural experiences. The experiences of interactions with the internal environment (psychological, spiritual and physical experience) were predominantly negative, except for only two positive spiritual experiences (improvements in the people's faith and in the employer-employee relationships). On the other hand, experiences of interactions between the internal and external environments, namely behavioural experiences, were both negative and positive. The negative experiences included pretence, thuggery, scapegoating and harassment. The positive experiences included solidarity, bravery and increased appreciation. The presence of positive experiences in both environments brought about new insights; that is, that even though most of their internal environment and part of their external environment is bleak and hopeless, the victims of violence still have the will to survive and live a normal life like other people. This positive attitude supplies the psychiatric nurse with a point of entry to bring about positive change that acts as a support for the community exposed to violence. Possibilities of applying the results of this study in education, practice and research in the health field became evident.

Modern commercial real estate market is one of the most important areas of Russian economy. Regardless of the social structure, real estate has a special place in the system of economic relations. Commercial real estate is directly connected with the functioning of economic agents of all business categories and is actively used in a significant number of economic transactions. The formulation and theoretical justification of an integrated approach to the construction of a competitive strategy involves not only the study and practical application of existing methods for the assessment of internal and external environments, but also the study of their interaction. The purpose of the article is to develop the methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the micro and macro environment and offer local businesses operating in the sphere of commercial real estate the optimal, according to the authors, competitive strategy in the industry under analysis. The relevance of this article is connected with the instability of the market environment and the efficiency requirements for company programs of competitive positioning. The paper presents the main stages in the development of the competitive strategy of an enterprise based on the integrated application of analysis methods for external and internal environment: PEST analysis, the “5 forces” model of M. Porter, SWOT analysis. The results obtained using the tools of competitive strategy analysis and its surrounding factors using multiple intersection of characteristics have been summarized in an integrated system of the list of strategic development alternatives. This makes it possible to justify the optimal choice of a specific competitive strategy for one of the participants in the regional market of commercial real estate in Volgograd region. The authors note that the resulting set of integrated strategic alternatives should remain in the process of continuous monitoring, which will allow responding quickly to the impact of changes in the company’s environment.

The purpose of the paper is to implement the strategic management system at an enterprise, many information resources are required. Being at the crossroads of accounting, analysis, control, and coordination, the accounting and analytical support plays a special role in the enterprise’s strategic management – it connects, integrates, and coordinates all these functions, transferring the enterprise management to a qualitatively new level. Methodology. The accounting and analytical support serves as a self-regulation mechanism at the enterprise providing feedback in the management system. The effectiveness of strategic management is measured by the enterprise response to changes in the environment, by time limits of data flow. The data flow speed is determined by the maximum amount of information received for the shortest period of time and indicates the economic system efficiency, ability to respond flexibly, timely, and adequately to changes in the external and internal environment. The enterprise management effectiveness depends on the enterprise managers’ knowledge of the market, the conditions of its operation, the number of competitors, similar goods, development dynamics, etc. The purpose of the article is to justify expediency of the logistic approach applied to the organization of the enterprise’s accounting and analytical support, harmonization of principles of its development, determination of an element for analysis of the necessary information about the enterprise resources, competition, and changes in the internal and external environment. Results. To achieve this goal, an issue of an integrated approach to the creation of the accounting and analytical support as a key tool for the formation of a data flow in the enterprise’s strategic development system was considered. Theoretical approaches to the definition of “accounting and analytical support” are generalized and the main directions of the accounting and analytical support development, which can be used at modern enterprises, are described herein. The accounting and analytical support is proved to be a continuous data flow aimed at a single goal – to provide complete, reliable, relevant information on all levels of management in different activities. Specific characteristics of data flows (purposefulness, speed, discreteness, intensity, capacity, multifunctionality) are proved to increase the accounting and analytical support efficiency. Practical implications. All flow processes at an enterprise form an information system, consisting of: 1) information infrastructure (information and technology); 2) information support (means of information collection, processing, storage and transmission – information and communication resources). The data flow is believed to be one of the elements in the information space, which is considered from different aspects. For this purpose, the accounting and analytical support was offered to form on the principles of the logistic approach. Elements of the accounting and analytical support system are proposed to harmonize on modern principles, grouped in three directions: from general scientific principles of development strategy formation to development of requirements for the information support quality. Also, a key component is revealed to be required to coordinate and assess the entire system efficiency. Value/originality. The economic security system was proposed as this component, and the directions for the accounting and analytical support for economic security under strategic development were explored. The sequence of information formation and control measures in the economic security system is determined herein.

Multicellular organisms have evolved organs and tissues with highly specialized tasks. For instance, nutrients are assimilated by the gut, sensed, processed, stored, and released by adipose tissues and liver to provide energy consumed by peripheral organ activities. The function of each organ is modified by local clues and systemic signals derived from other organs to ensure a coordinated response accommodating the physiological needs of the organism. The intestine, which represents one of the largest interfaces between the internal and external environment, plays a key role in sensing and relaying environmental inputs such as nutrients and microbial derivatives to other organs to produce systemic responses. In turn, gut physiology and immunity are regulated by multiple signals emanating from other organs including the brain and the adipose tissues. In this review, we highlight physiological processes where the gut serves as a key organ in coupling systemic signals or environmental cues with organism growth, metabolism, immune activity, aging, or behavior. Robust strategies involving intraorgan and interorgan signaling pathways have evolved to preserve gut size in homeostatic conditions and restrict growth during damage-induced regenerative phases. Here we review some of the mechanisms that maintain gut size homeostasis and point out known examples of homeostasis-breaking events that promote gut plasticity to accommodate changes in the external or internal environment. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Environmental Control of Stem Cells Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration.

Women entrepreneurs as the family support unit that plays a role in increasing the family income, has a performance which is still low compared to male entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study was to analyze (1) the profile of women entrepreneurs and snack food industry; (2) the influence of personal characteristics, internal and external business environment, as well as entrepreneurial behavior to business performance of women entrepreneurs. This study used survey method that conducted in Limapuluh Kota Regency and Payakumbuh City. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for descriptive and quantitative analysis. The respondents used were 105 women entrepreneurs. The results showed that: (1) women entrepreneurs engaged in the snack food industry in West Sumatera in general are in the productive age above 40 years, the business managed by women entrepreneurs in general is still relatively small business with income average of Rp1.687.000 per week; (2) the personal characteristics, internal environment of business, external environment of business, and the entrepreneurial behaviour has positive and significant influence to business performance. The most dominant personal characteristics which influence the business performance were education and family background, the most dominant internal environment which influence business performance was financial aspect, the most dominant external environment which influence business performance was marketing and the most dominant entrepreneurial behavior influences the business performance was innovation. Women entrepreneurs were encouraged to improve human resources and risk taking by borrowing capital to develop the business.

The article addresses the efficiency of construction holding companies that operate in the housing market of oneRussian region. The main trends in the development of construction holding companies in the Penza region areoutlined within the framework of the Strategy for the social and economic development of the Penza region through2035. The co-authors analyze the principal characteristics of Termodom, a Penza-based construction holdingcompany. In particular, they explore the implementation of its market strategy, the cyclical nature of the housingmarket development, cycles of construction project development and implementation, and real estate sales overthe period exceeding the last five years. Research methods include theoretical analysis and empirical researchsuch as statistical data analysis, as well as data description and grouping. The co-authors have studied workson the operation of construction enterprises, research articles, monographs, electronic resources, and legal acts.Research methods, employed by the co-authors, include description, comparison, and classification. The coauthorsuse practical approaches to the monitoring and analysis of the activities performed by various constructionholding companies with a special focus on the milestones of their strategic development and with regard forthe factors of internal and external environments. This approach has enabled the co-author to project the mainpatterns of future sustainable development of these enterprises and the construction industry as a whole.It is necessary to develop a system of legislative, regulatory and economic standards to efficiently solve the problemof unfinished construction projects, to switch over to innovative technologies and implement other innovations andproper development strategies with a focus on investments, innovations, internal and external market potential. Theproper analysis of factors of external and internal environments is a must for the successful attainment of theseobjectives.

Timely research and analysis of enterprise management systems, their competent decomposition into component parts in order to implement corrective actions to improve the final efficiency of the management process as a whole, are relevant areas of theoretical and practical scientific research. As a result of the study of existing approaches to the concept of a management system, its substantive characteristics as an anthropogenic system and directions for study, analysis and improvement at specific enterprises have been clarified. The importance of such properties of the management system in modern conditions is substantiated as: integrity, manifested in the presence of its own pattern of development and influence on the characteristics of the controlling and controlled subsystems; synergy, providing qualitatively new properties, and dynamic equilibrium, compensating for the effects of the internal and external environment on the functioning of the enterprise. As the main directions of the decomposition of the management system, the following are highlighted: functional areas of management – production subsystem, financial subsystem, personnel subsystem, etc.; management functions – planning, organization, motivation, control, etc.; object and subject of management; dynamic and static subsystems, where the static subsystem (structure, resources, controls) sets the framework for management activities, and the dynamic subsystem (management process carried out using management functions) transfers the system from one stable state to another to compensate for the effects exerted by the external and internal environment.

The competitiveness of a tourism business depends on the sustainability of its economic and environmental resources. Business sustainability of services-rendering organizations is one of the major concerns for those at managerial levels world-wide. Tourism businesses are becoming increasingly aware of internal and external environment. As a result, tourism development must be built into the sustainable business development and should be used throughout the tourism business lifecycle. The present study examines the (internal and external) environment which affecting the sustainability of the business in tourism industry to determinate the most successful management strategy .300 questionnaires were distributed to employees of travel agencies in Egypt . Eight hypotheses were formulated and tested using inferential statistics. The results show that business development strategies partially mediates the relationship between the internal and external environment and sustainability of tourism business in Egypt’ tourism industry. The study results suggest a development of business values through business development programmers toward sustainable competitive advantage. It is recommended that sustainability of travel agencies operating in Egypt could be enhanced by communicating and managing business orientations through effective learning and development programmers. Tourism service companies will require creativity, and proactive capabilities in their operations and exploring both current and future business opportunities for sustained competitive advantage.

Dissociation of affect recognition and mood state from blunting in patients with schizophrenia

In the era of increased competition, a company has to compete with others t o achieve higher earnings capacity. Many ways have been done to make sure their cashflow balance. S ome companies focus on their earnings rather than other aspects. Marketing is the main concern to maintain the existence of the company. Some of them were succeed and the others were failed due to lack of g ood strategy and plan. This article explai ns about how to develop a compan y’s strategy using Quantitive Strategy Method. This method need a deep analysis about internal and external environment of the company to comprehend the strengths, weaknesses, oppprtunities and threats (SWOT). Some of the steps in this method will be discussed using a textile company in Bandung as an example. Keywords: Company’s strategy, quantitive strategy, internal environment, external environment, SWOT.

An Operations Strategy Model of the Implementation of ICT