Helle Virkner

This study aimed to investigate the extent to which Hong Kong primary students have access to various media, how they evaluate the credibility of the media, what they know about the media, and how they choose among different media, as well as teachers’ expectations towards their students’ views and consumption of media. Since little is known about young children in the context of media education, this paper fills a research gap by studying the media awareness and use of upper primary students. A questionnaire on media awareness and media use patterns was given to the teachers, who were asked to answer the questions from the perspective of their students. The same questionnaire was administered to students during class time. The descriptive statistics of the data were analyzed and compared. Students believed that the most reliable media for providing news was the television, followed by the radio, the newspaper, and the Internet; about half of the students believed that they were capable of distinguishing true from false news; students were more proactive media users than the teachers thought. The findings of this study suggest that more contextual and in-depth approaches to research would be beneficial to assess the media use patterns of students, from which relevant media education models can be derived.

Background: While it is commonly recognized that almost every work and research discipline utilize their own taxonomy, the language used within a specific discipline may also vary depending on numerous factors, including the desired effect of the information being communicated and the intended audience. Different audiences are reached through publication of information, including research results, in different types of publication outlets such as newspapers, newsletters, magazines, websites, and journals. Prior research has shown that students, both undergraduate and graduate, as well as faculty may have a difficult time locating information in different publication outlet types (e.g., magazines, newspapers, journals). The type of publication may affect the ease of understanding and also the confidence placed in the acquired information. A text analytics tool for classifying the source of research as a newsletter (used as a substitute for newspaper articles), a magazine, or an academic journal article has been developed to assist students, faculty, and researchers in identifying the likely source type of information and classifying their own writings with respect to these possible publication outlet types. Literature Review: Literature on information literacy is discussed as this forms the motivation for the reported research. Additionally, prior research on using text mining and text analytics is examined to better understand the methodology employed, including a review of the original Scale of Theoretical and Applied Research system, adapted for the current research. Research Questions: The primary research question is: Can a text mining and text analytics approach accurately determine the most probable publication source type with respect to being from a newsletter, magazine, or journal? Methodology: A text mining and text analytics algorithm, STAR’ (System for Text Analytics-based Ranking), was developed from a previously researched text mining tool, STAR (Scale of Theoretical and Applied Research), that was used to classify the research type of articles between theoretical and applied research. The new text mining method, STAR’, analyzes the language used in manuscripts to determine the type of publication. This method first mines all words from corresponding publication source types to determine a keyword corpus. The corpus is then used in a text analytics process to classify full newsletters, magazine articles, and journal articles with respect to their publication source. All newsletters, magazine articles, and journal articles are from the library and information sciences (LIS) domain. Results: The STAR’ text analytics method was evaluated as a proof of concept on a specific LIS organizational newsletter, as well as articles from a single LIS magazine and a single LIS journal. STAR’ was able to classify the newsletters, magazine articles, and journal articles with 100% accuracy. Random samples from another similar LIS newsletter and a different LIS journal were also evaluated to examine the robustness of the STAR’ method in the initial proof of concept. Following the positive results of the proof of concept, additional journal, magazine, and newsletter articles were used to evaluate the generalizability of STAR’. The second-round results were very positive for differentiating journals and newsletters from other publication types, but revealed potential issues for distinguishing magazine articles from other types of publications. Discussion: STAR’ demonstrates that the language used for transferring information within a specific discipline does differ significantly depending on the intended recipients of the research knowledge. Further work is needed to examine language usage specific to magazine articles. Conclusions: The STAR’ method may be used by students and faculty to identify the likely source of research or discipline-specific information. This may improve trust in the reliability of information due to different levels of rigor applied to different types of publications. Additionally, the STAR’ classifications may be used by students, faculty, or researchers to determine the most appropriate type of outlet and correspondingly the most appropriate type of audience for the reported information in their own manuscripts, thereby improving the chance for successful sharing of information to appropriate audiences who will deem the information to be reliable, through publication in the most relevant outlet type.

This research employs Norman Fairclough's (2015) Three-Dimensional Model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to analyze Donald Trump's speeches, tweets, and public statements, focusing on his 2024 Campaign Rally in Waco, Texas and his Inaugural Address on January 20, 2025. Fairclough's model is applied in three stages: textual analysis, discursive practice, and social practice. The textual analysis examines the linguistic features and rhetorical strategies used by Trump, such as emotionally charged vocabulary, metaphors, and grammatical choices, to construct narratives of nationalism, sovereignty, and populism. The discursive practice analysis investigates how these texts are produced, distributed, and consumed, with a particular focus on Trump’s media strategies, digital platforms, and targeted messaging. Finally, the social practice analysis situates his discourse within the broader ideological and power structures, exploring the political implications of his rhetoric on nationalism, immigration, and global relations. The findings highlight how Trump’s language serves to reinforce a populist and nationalist agenda, framing American sovereignty as under threat and positioning himself as the protector of American interests. His use of polarizing metaphors, such as "invaders" for immigrants and "drain the swamp" for corruption, is designed to rally his base and challenge the political establishment. Through strategic media use, Trump amplifies his messages, engaging audiences across diverse platforms, thereby reinforcing ideological divides and contributing to political polarization. The significance of this study lies in its examination of how political leaders, through discourse, shape public opinion, mobilize support, and influence national and international power relations. The implications of this research extend beyond understanding Trump’s rhetoric; it provides insights into the dynamics of populism, the role of media in political communication, and the ways in which discourse contributes to shaping the political landscape in a post-Cold War, postcolonial context. This study underscores the power of language in constructing political ideologies and the potential impact of discourse on the future of global governance and national identity.

This article sets out to analyse selective empathy by drawing on Judith Butler’s conception of frame. It re-situates the analysis of empathy within a broader analysis of the way our perceptions and affect are politically regulated. Finally, the article questions the possible modalities for resisting selective empathy and raises the question of the political resources provided by affect.

Frames describe the way issues are presented, i.e., what aspects are made salient when communicating about these issues. Field of application/theoretical foundation: The concept of frames is directly based on the theory of “Framing”. However, many studies using automated content analysis are lacking a clear theoretical definition of what constitutes a frame. As an exception, Walter and Ophir (2019) use automated content analysis to explore issue and strategy frames as defined by Cappella and Jamieson (1997). Vu and Lynn (2020) refer to Entman’s (1991) understanding of frames. The datasets referred to in the table are described in the following paragraph: Van der Meer et al. (2010) use a dataset consisting of Dutch newspaper articles (1991-2015, N = 9,443) and LDA topic modeling in combination with k-means clustering to identify frames. Walter and Ophir (2019) use three different datasets and a combination of topic modeling, network analysis and community detection algorithms to analyze frames. Their datasets consist of political newspaper articles and wire service coverage (N = 8,337), newspaper articles on foreign nations (2010-2015, N = 18,216) and health-related newspaper coverage (2009-2016, N = 5,005). Lastly, Vu and Lynn (2020) analyze newspaper coverage of the Rohingya crisis (2017-2018, N = 747) concerning frames. References/combination with other methods of data collection: While most approaches only rely on automated data collection and analyses, some also combine automated and manual coding. For example, a recent study by Vu and Lynn (2020) proposes to combine semantic networks and manual coding to identify frames. Table 1. Measurement of “Frames” using automated content analysis. Author(s) Sample Procedure Formal validity check with manual coding as benchmark* Code Vu & Lynn (2020) Newspaper articles Semantic networks; manual coding Reported Not available van der Meer et al. (2019) Newspaper articles LDA topic modeling; k-means clustering Not reported Not available Walter & Ophir (2019) (a) U.S. newspapers and wire service articles (b) Newspaper articles (c) Newspaper articles LDA topic modeling, network analysis; community detection algorithms Not reported https://github.com/DrorWalt/ANTMN *Please note that many of the sources listed here are tutorials on how to conducted automated analyses – and therefore not focused on the validation of results. Readers should simply read this column as an indication in terms of which sources they can refer to if they are interested in the validation of results.

Background and PurposeGiven the widespread use of digital media, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between bedtime digital media use and sleep disturbances, with a focus on age-related variations.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study of 4,000 participants aged 20–69 years using an online survey between January 2022 and February 2022. The questionnaire assessed the frequency and duration of bedtime digital media use and resulting sleep procrastination, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and awareness of digital media’s impact on sleep.ResultsDaily bedtime digital media use and sleep procrastination were reported by 64.1% and 23.5% of the participants, respectively. Bedtime digital media usage was correlated with insomnia symptoms, with the highest risk in older males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.627; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.868 to 11.463 for ISI≥15 in daily users). Video content (aOR, 1.208; 95% CI, 1.006 to 1.450) and social networking service use (aOR, 1.215; 95% CI, 1.001 to 1.474) were linked to ISI≥10, though these associations became insignificant after adjusting for the frequency and duration of use. Older age was associated with lower awareness of the potential sleep-disrupting effects of bedtime digital media use (aOR, 0.977; 95% CI, 0.971 to 0.982 per year).ConclusionsBedtime digital media use and resulting sleep procrastination are highly prevalent. Older adults are particularly susceptible to insomnia linked to bedtime digital media use and have a lower awareness of its negative effects. These results indicate a need for public health initiatives to increase awareness and mitigate the negative impacts of digital media on sleep.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article APA & MeetingsFull AccessHow Can Psychiatrists Contribute to Dialogue on Mental Illness and Violence?Mark MoranMark MoranSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:18 Feb 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.2b28AbstractJonathan Metzl, M.D., Ph.D., has examined history to expose the ways that gender, class, race, and societal assumptions are intertwined with—and sometimes obscure—social and public policy issues such as guns and gun violence.Jonathan Metzl, M.D., Ph.D., says that psychiatrists can contribute to the conversation about guns and gun violence by focusing on the meaning of guns to people and how social networks—or their lack—influence gun violence.John Russell/Vanderbilt UniversityMaybe gun violence, including a mass shooting, is a simple thing: guy (or woman) with a gun pulls the trigger. Bang. Or maybe it is the violent intersection of any number of social and political influences: gun laws or the lack of them, socioeconomic status, racial and gender stereotypes, social networks (or their lack), and feelings of community connectedness.Jonathan Metzl, M.D., Ph.D., this year’s Benjamin Rush Award winner, will seek to untangle these social determinants of gun violence and how psychiatrists might usefully address them in the lecture “Mental Illness, Mass Shootings, and the Politics of American Firearms.”He is the Frederick B. Rentschler II Professor of Sociology and Psychiatry and the director of the Center for Medicine, Health, and Society at Vanderbilt University. The Benjamin Rush Award, established in 1967, recognizes an individual renowned for major contributions to the literature on the history of psychiatry.Metzl is the author of the recently published book Dying of Whiteness: How the Politics of Racial Resentment Is Killing America’s Heartland. In the book, Metzl examines how racial and class anxieties and resentments among white working-class Americans are connected to public policies—repeal of gun control laws and curtailments of school, health, and social support programs, including the Affordable Care Act—that have measurably hurt working-class Americans.It’s Metzl’s fourth book. In 2010 he published The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease in which he examined how schizophrenia and race became intertwined and African American men came to be overdiagnosed with the disorder.Metzl’s 2003 book, Prozac on the Couch, traces the notion of “pills for everyday worries” from the 1950s to the early 21st century through psychiatric and medical journals, popular magazine articles, pharmaceutical advertisements, and popular autobiographical “Prozac narratives.”His recent work has focused on guns and gun violence, including mass violence, and the ways in which gun violence is falsely conflated with mental illness. In a 2015 article in the American Journal of Public Health, Metzl and co-author Kenneth MacLeish, Ph.D., wrote: “[N]otions of mental illness that emerge in relation to mass shootings frequently reflect larger cultural stereotypes and anxieties about matters such as race/ethnicity, social class, and politics. These issues become obscured when mass shootings come to stand in for all gun crime and when ‘mentally ill’ ceases to be a medical designation and becomes a sign of violent threat.”In comments to Psychiatric News, Metzl said his lecture will address how psychiatrists can meaningfully contribute to discussion and debate about guns. “A host of false assumptions surrounds the narrative that tries to connect mental illness with mass shootings,” he said. “You have to look at mass shootings in the context of gun laws, social networks or the lack of them, gender stereotypes, substance abuse, what guns symbolize for people—all of the other stories that get put on the back burner in the rush to focus on mental illness. These are the kinds of issues psychiatrists can address more meaningfully than trying to make individual-level predictions about who will be violent.” ■The lecture “Mental Illness, Mass Shootings, and the Politics of American Firearms” will be held Tuesday, April 28, from 10 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. The American Journal of Public Health article is posted here. “What Guns Mean: The Symbolic Lives of Firearms” is posted here. ISSUES NewArchived

Abstract. Along with advances in technology and science, UNISBA students are now inseparable from the use of social media, both to help study, communicate or to find entertainment to escape from busy lecture activites. Students access social media consistently and some students use social media every day, hour, or even minutes, regardless of time and place, and even neglect the call to prayer. Even though it is fitting that as a Muslim it is obligatory to pray on time and understand its meaning as well as possible, and never to waste the call to prayer that is heard when the call to prayer resounds. The purpose of this research is to find out how social media influences the awereness of praying on time, what is the duration of time for using social media, and knowing how to carry out prayers on time for KPI students of the Faculty of Dakwah UNISBA class of 2018 and 2019. The research method used in this study is quantitative method and a type of statistical method that uses a Likert scale, and uses data collection techniques: observation, questionnaires, documentation, and interviews. The data analysis techniques used are results of the study through 63 students of the Faculty of Dakwah UNISBA amounted to 0.624 from the output obtained from the R square value of 39% which means that there is an influence of the use of social media in awareness of prayer on time. Abstrak. Seiring dengan kemajuan teknologi dan ilmu pengetahuan, mahasiswa UNISBA sekarang tidak terlepas dari penggunaan media sosial, baik untuk membantu belajar, berkomunikasi ataupun mencari hiburan untuk melepaskan diri dari aktivitas kuliah yang padat. Mahasiswa mengakses media sosial secara konsisten dan beberapa mahasiswa menggunakan media sosial setiap hari, jam, atau bahkan menit, tanpa mengenal waktu dan tempat, bahkan hingga melalaikan panggilan shalat. Padahal sudah sepatutnya sebagai muslim wajib hukumnya melaksanakan shalat tepat waktu dan memahami maknanya dengan sebaik-baiknya. Serta tidak pernah menyia-nyiakan panggilan shalat yang terdengar saat adzan berkumandang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh media sosial terhadap kesadaran shalat tepat waktu, bagaimana durasi waktu penggunaan media sosial, dan mengetahui bagaimana pelaksanaan shalat tepat waktu pada mahasiswa KPI Fakultas Dakwah UNISBA angkatan 2018 dan 2019. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif dan jenis metode statistik yang digunakan skala likert, dan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data: observasi, angket, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Adapun taktik analisa data yang digunakan berupa uji validitas, uji reabilitas, uji normalitas, uji regresi, serta uji hipotesis. Hasil dari penelitian melalui 36 mahasiswa Fakultas Dakwah UNISBA sebesar 0.624 dari output di dapat dari nilai R Square sebesar 39% yang berarti adanya pengaruh Penggunaan Media Sosial dalam Kesadaran Shalat Tepat Waktu.

Since January 2009, the members of the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora have staged several protests around the world, in a concentrated effort to bring attention to the ethnic conflict that has been ravaging the island of Sri Lanka for over two decades. Although the members of this diaspora are dispersed around the globe, Canada, particularly Toronto, is believed to be the home of the largest Sri Lankan Tamil population outside of Sri Lanka—a diaspora that is estimated to have a population of over 200,000 people. The participation of this diaspora in the multiple protests that have been held in Toronto has ranged from hundreds to tens of thousands. One source estimated that over 100,000 members of the Sri Lankan Tamil community participated in the March 16, 2009 protest in downtown Toronto (Ferenc, March 17, 2009). The sheer number of participants from within the Sri Lankan Tamil community in Toronto would suggest that there is cohesion within this diaspora, and an ability to be united for a common goal. All reports made by both the participants and the organizations that were involved in mobilizing support for this protest focused on the ethnic war in Sri Lanka, and the plight of the Tamil population. The most prevalent frame that was used to mobilize resources and garner support for these protests focused on the concept of “genocide”, proclaiming that the current situation in Sri Lanka is an example of genocide against the Tamil population. Several organizations used this frame to mobilize the members of the diaspora. The organizations that utilized this frame emphasized the plight of the Tamil civilians in Sri Lanka, without drawing attention to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which, according to the Canadian government, is a terrorist organization. Despite the lack of mention of the LTTE, the Toronto protests found participants carrying flags that were associated with the Tamil Tigers, posters of the leader of the LTTE, Velupillai Pirapaharan, and protesters demanding that the Canadian government remove the LTTE from its list of officially recognized terrorist groups. How did a protest that was organized around the frame of genocide and that was focused on demanding that the Canadian government step in and help rescue the civilians caught in the midst of the ethnic conflict, turn into a protest that was also in favour of the Tamil Tigers? This paper will examine how the concept of frames is insufficient in explaining the extent of mobilization and participation in collective action by a diaspora, and that instead, one must examine the cultural identity of the people. This paper argues that the frame of genocide was a hook, triggering participants into a collective recall of the narrative of their Sri Lankan Tamil cultural identity, and that it was this narrative that provided the opening for collective action. The protest became a platform for remembering their shared history, and the narrative of their collective identity became a unifying force among the members of the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora in Toronto, mobilizing them to act. The paper will focus on the three protests that occurred in Toronto (January 30, 2009, March 16, 2009, and April 27, 2009). It will draw support from the campaigns used by three of the main organizers of these protests, as well as various newspaper articles. The paper will also examine the effectiveness of a cultural identity narrative in gaining support from those who are not members of the diaspora, and will discuss some possible future directions of the research.

Excessive use of screen media is a global public health issue and especially extensive screen exposure during very early childhood. This review was conducted in order to update previous reviews on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce screen time. An electronic literature search was carried out in MEDLINE, COCHRANE LIBRARY and CINAHL for articles indexed from June 2011 until October 2019. The search identified 933 publications of which 11 publications were included in this review. There are studies showing interventions with a positive influence on reduction of screen time and the participants’ awareness and behavior concerning the use of screen media, as well as studies without such effects. No intervention was identified to be superior. This warrants further investigation of potentially effective combinations of intervention components and long-term follow-up.

Over the past two decades, young people’s engagement in online activities has grown markedly. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between two specific online behaviors (i.e., cyberbullying perpetration, problematic social media use) and their relationships with social connectedness, belongingness, depression, and self-esteem among high school and university students. Data were collected from two different study groups via two questionnaires that included the Cyberbullying Offending Scale, Social Media Use Questionnaire, Social Connectedness Scale, General Belongingness Scale, Short Depression-Happiness Scale, and Single Item Self-Esteem Scale. Study 1 comprised 804 high school students (48% female; mean age 16.20 years). Study 2 comprised 760 university students (60% female; mean age 21.48 years). Results indicated that problematic social media use and cyberbullying perpetration (which was stronger among high school students) were directly associated with each other. Belongingness (directly) and social connectedness (indirectly) were both associated with cyberbullying perpetration and problematic social media use. Path analysis demonstrated that while age was a significant direct predictor of problematic social media use and cyberbullying perpetration among university students, it was not significant among high school students. In both samples, depression was a direct predictor of problematic social media use and an indirect predictor of cyberbullying perpetration. However, majority of these associations were relatively weak. The present study significantly adds to the emerging body of literature concerning the associations between problematic social media use and cyberbullying perpetration.

Gender relations and sexualities emerge in the school context constantly, in the bodies of students and teachers, in dialogues woven inside and outside the classrooms. Empowered by perceptions involving prejudices and discriminations, gender identities and sexualities, they inhabit the school spaces between tensions and resistances, seeking to build experiences in the midst of heteronormative regulations. In order to investigate gender relations and sexualities in school, we carried out a research based on the question: How are gender identities and sexualities understood in a school with a high level of intolerance to gender and sexual diversity and in a school with low rate of intolerance on the part of the students? To do this we conducted interviews with teachers from two municipal public schools, selected from a broader survey, where we used questionnaires with seventh-year primary school students in ten municipal schools located in the southern zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Thus, we intended from the contact with students and teachers, understand how gender identities and sexualities are perceived in school everyday. Starting from the theoretical reference of Michel Foucault, Joan Scott and Judith Butler on genres and sexualities, we construct our analytical gaze by problematizing the convergences and distances present in interviews and questionnaires. With this, we come to some final considerations: (1) there are differences in the way girls and boys perceive sexual diversity and gender; (2) girls tend to have a more tolerant view of gender and sexuality; (3) boys present a more prejudiced perception and accept heteronormative gender stereotypes and reproduction of lgbtfobia; (4) there are spaces for problematization of gender stereotypes and sexualities in the teaching perspective; (5) we find teachers who conduct discussions about gender and sexuality in schools and affirm the importance of these themes for the school curriculum.

A review of the explosion of Internet-accessible World-Wide Web servers and their impact on Electronic Design and Design Automation. Also a discussion of how internal Web Servers, such as those run by CAE managers at Cisco, and Silicon Graphics, interact with vendor (e.g. Cadence, Marshall, and Synopsys) and university servers (e.g. SIGDA). The World-Wide Web is enabling the delivery of product documentation, software, software patches, demo software, newspaper articles, part information, magazine articles, quotations, and much more to the engineer's desktop. Panel members will briefly describe how their organization is using WWW technology and then give their observations and speculations on how it has affected and will affect electronic design methodology and business practices.

In this thesis I describe and analyze the development of teacher education in Albania from the 1830s, known as the <i>Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare</i>* (National Awakening) period, all the way to the present This focus is highlighted against the general background of Albanian politics and education as a whole. I investigate the historical, social and political factors influencing the development of teacher education, its structure, changes in the teacher education curriculum to respond to the changing political contexts, as well as changes of the status of teachers in different periods. <br><br>I show that education, status and supply of teachers is a very useful litmus paper issue which reflects almost every tension and problem besetting the Albanian state over the past century or more such as its economic poverty, its cultural and political marginality, its problems of geographical, religious and linguistic division, its uncertain borders and exposure to foreign exploitation. My ambition and determination is to place Albania within a powerful west European tradition. <br><br>The thesis is divided into three sections; The <i>first section</i> examines the literature relating to developments in teacher education in other countries as well as the underpinning issues. I introduce six guiding concepts developed from the literature with regard to: <br><br> <i>Firstly</i>, the development of teacher education in Albania influenced by the changing nature of the political and social control and influence, <i>secondly</i>, the importance of social, economic and political factors in forming societal perceptions of teacher status, <i>thirdly</i>, the evolution of teacher education, <i>fourthly</i>, the emergence of pre-communist ideas once the political control and influence loosened, <i>fifthly</i>, the influence of global developments on the content of teacher education, <i>sixthly</i>, the involvement of a wider number of interest groups in debates around the nature and quality of teacher education. <br><br> <i>The second section</i> describes the development of teacher education in Albania from the period of the <i>Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare</i> (1830) to the present. I examine these developments as they relate to the historical and political developments at a given period. Reference is made with regard to important individuals who exercised their influence on developments on teacher education. I also point to the breaks and ruptures that take place due to the political and historical factors. This section also considers the increasing public expectations of teacher education. <br><br><i>In the third section</i> I return to the six original guiding concepts and discuss the key findings in relation to the importance of historical, political social and economic factors that have influenced the development of teacher education in Albania; the stages of these developments and their nature; the social perceptions of teacher education and teacher status; the development of teacher education in Albania versus global developments and public expectations about the quality and nature of teacher education. Finally I provide conclusions drawn from the analysis. <br><br>The thesis makes an important contribution to knowledge in providing: <br>a) A public written account, which constitutes the only coherent and solidly based work in English on Albanian teacher education on a national and international scale.<br>b) Analysis of teacher education as a political process more sharply evident in Albania than in most countries because of the sudden and radical character of successive political changes and the exposure of the system to external forces.<br>Within that analysis there is clear evidence that changes in teacher education were a local variant of changes compared to other Central and Eastern European countries in the decades after 1945. However, the thesis makes it evident that strong European tradition remained alive during decades and has become influential even today.

This study examines how digital media use and perceived social support influence political participation among Chinese youth. We administered a large survey (N = 6,855) and employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a theoretical path model. Key measures included self-reported intensity of digital media use, multidimensional perceived social support, and online political participation. The model hypothesized that social support directly predicts online political participation and also indirectly affects participation via digital media use, with perceived state presence moderating the model. Results indicate that higher perceived social support significantly predicts greater digital media use and higher levels of political participation. Digital media use partially mediates the positive effect of social support on participation. Moreover, stronger perceptions of state monitoring amplified the positive relationship between media use and engagement, consistent with expectations from a fragmented authoritarian context. These findings suggest that robust social support from local community and active online engagement jointly sustain youth civic involvement even under restrictive conditions. The study contributes empirical evidence on the dual role of online platforms and social support in Chinese political socialization, with implications for enhancing civic resilience in fragmented authoritarian settings.