Hierarchical Reachability Analysis for Workflow-Nets

With the huge variables ushering in the Chinese takeaway market “COVID-19 pandemic”, there are more sinking user markets that continue to flood into it and the takeaway industry is booming. After the epidemic, the meaning of the word "takeaway" was extended from catering to food delivery, medicine delivery, and all kinds of necessities, and the takeaway delivery gradually accompanied the new retail consumption habits developed by users during the epidemic. In the whole service system of take-out delivery, with the increasing number of take-out delivery personnel, the take-out delivery e-bikes used are still ordinary travel e-bikes, lacking consideration and design of user behavior and usage scenarios. In the context of the new national standard "electric bicycle safety technical specifications" policy, there are still many takeaway delivery using electric bicycles do not meet the specifications, due to the delivery of limited time to arrive, a one-time delivery of overloaded goods and other cases of traffic accidents caused by frequent. This study introduces the KANO model and hierarchical analysis and TRIZ theory to study the real needs of users, and seeks to conduct innovative design research on take-away delivery electric bicycles.In the preliminary stage of the study, the secondary data research method was used to conduct preliminary summary research on a variety of businesses extending from the take-out industry, and the delivery process of riders in the take-out industry service system after receiving orders was derived through observation, interview, focus group discussion, and questionnaire research methods. Based on the KANO model framework to classify and prioritize user requirements, the non-linear relationship between product features and user satisfaction is identified based on the analysis of the impact of user requirements on user satisfaction. Recognize product and service requirements from the user's perspective, design and publish a valid questionnaire, summarize and classify the survey results, and build a quality model. Further research and analysis of the quality model to identify the sensitivity of specific measurement indicators. Combined with the hierarchical analysis method, the elements within the same level are compared in two-by-two analysis to determine their respective weights for the previous level, and finally give the importance ranking of all factors relative to the total goal, and finally tap into the real user needs. The TRIZ theory is then used to provide systematic theoretical and methodological tools for problem transformation, analysis and solution of needs creatively using innovative thinking methods and problem analysis methods, following the laws of technological system evolution. The KANO model and hierarchical analysis method are effectively combined with TRIZ theory to gradually quantify the qualitative analysis, which can generate more objective research data conclusions and provide innovative ideas for the design research of electric bicycle for delivery.In this study, the different needs of users are organized and differentiated in a hierarchical manner through KANO model analysis, combined with different emotional hierarchical need points of users. Predict the direction of users' emotional needs for the product, and match their emotional requirements with the product at different levels. Combined with the interview research, the design study was conducted taking into account the human-machine factors for the take-away delivery electric bicycle. In line with the new national standard policy, the delivery time of the rider is guaranteed at the same time, the area of the delivery goods and pick-up efficiency is improved, and the riding experience and safety of the rider are also taken into account. This is a research exploration of the takeaway delivery industry.This study combines the KANO model, hierarchical analysis and TRIZ theory to design a study on the process of users for take-out delivery. Through an in-depth study of user behavior, combined with the quantitative study of hierarchical analysis, different levels of demand are derived. Then, through TRIZ theory and emotional design, the take-out delivery service system was optimized and the innovative design of the take-out delivery bicycle was studied. In this study, based on the KANO model approach, the visual experience is designed from the appearance and user experience, giving the electric bicycle emotional factors to form a design that meets the user's needs. The whole design process also explored the correlation between design emotional needs and design form. The design solution evaluation results verified the effectiveness and feasibility of the KANO model approach to user needs analysis in product design and provided an effective solution for the design innovation of electric bicycle for take-away delivery.

In accordance with the comprehensive evaluation technology and the production standards of postal stamps, this paper proposed a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of production of postal stamps based on a careful analysis of the characteristics of postal stamps with objectiveness, integrity, and feasibility. Using the hierarchical analysis method, the weights of the indicators can be determined, serving as the evaluation matrix of the production effectiveness of postal stamps. Then, the comprehensive evaluation of the production effectiveness objective was completed through the fuzzy synthetic calculation. On this basis, a comprehensive evaluation model for the production effectiveness of postal stamps is established. Considering the particularity of the production process of postal stamps, the paper transformed qualitative knowledge into quantitative evaluation through the effective integration of hierarchical analysis and fuzzy evaluation methods, which reduced the influence of subjective factors on the evaluation of the effectiveness of postal stamps production, thereby reflecting the actual production of postal stamps more accurately. It will positively help people understand the production dynamics of postal stamps, accurately grasp the key factors in the production process, improve printing efficiency, and optimize the production processes.

A heuristic transition executability analysis method for generating EFSM-specified protocol test sequences

Control theories for discrete event systems modeled as finite state machines have been well developed over the years in addressing various fundamental control issues. However, modeling in finite state machines has long suffered the potential problem of state explosion that renders it unsuitable for many practical applications. In this paper, we propose an approach that appends finite sets of parameters to finite state machines in modeling discrete event systems. We show with an example that many discrete event applications can then be represented efficiently in this approach and the state explosion problem can then been mitigated.

Memorizing and retrieval of a face of board is problem on constructing a board game agent because board games have problem of state explosion, “The curse of dimensionality.” We propose to memorize by Self-Organizing Maps and to retrieve from it. The problem of memorizing by SOM is determination of the thresholds which retrieve properly a state of a board from memory of SOM. In this paper, we propose to determine the thresholds by statistical information and by a GA. The results show that the thresholds are determined by statistical information and a GA are the best performance of retrieval from memory of SOM.

The supervisory control theory of discrete event systems modeled as finite state machines (FSMs) have been studied for many years. However, the problem of state explosion in the exiting theories obstructs its widespread application. To alleviate the problem, extended finite state machines (EFSMs) is considered to model discrete event systems. This paper focuses on the supervisory control of a kind of EFSMs. Based on the concept of controllability, a necessary and sufficient condition for supervisor existence and an optimal algorithm to such supervisor design are presented.

Kermanshah is one of the most populous cities in the country which has experienced rapid physical development over the years, therefore, paying attention to the issue of risks in planning its future expansion can be a vital issue. In this study it was tried considering the effective factors in landslides including lithology, soil science, Precipitation, distance from fault, altitude and slope, also use from the method of hierarchical analysis to determine the appropriate aspects of future physical development. First, the data used were prepared, after performing the method steps Hierarchical analysis of the weight of each criterion was identified. Finally, the layers used with the weights obtained from the hierarchical analysis method Finally, the layers used with the weights obtained from the hierarchical analysis method According to the results, the lithological criterion with a value of 0.445 was the most important criterion, According to the zoning map, the most suitable direction for The physical development of Kermanshah is east and northwest of the city. The results also showed that the core of the city was formed in a safe place, but over time has shifted to risky areas.

Statistical sensitivity analysis (SSA) is an effective methodology to examine the impact of variations in model inputs on the variations in model outputs at either a prior or posterior design stage. A hierarchical statistical sensitivity analysis (HSSA) method has been proposed in literature to incorporate SSA in designing complex engineering systems with a hierarchical structure. However, the original HSSA method only deals with hierarchical systems with independent subsystems. Due to the existence of shared variables at lower levels, responses from lower level submodels that act as inputs to a higher level subsystem are both functionally and statistically dependent. For designing engineering systems with dependent subsystem responses, an extended hierarchical statistical sensitivity analysis (EHSSA) method is developed in this work to provide a ranking order based on the impact of lower level model inputs on the top level system performance. A top-down strategy, same as in the original HSSA method, is employed to direct SSA from the top level to lower levels. To overcome the limitation of the original HSSA method, the concept of a subset SSA is utilized to group a set of dependent responses from lower level submodels in the upper level SSA. For variance decomposition at a lower level, the covariance of dependent responses is decomposed into the contributions from individual shared variables. To estimate the global impact of lower level inputs on the top level output, an extended aggregation formulation is developed to integrate local submodel SSA results. The importance sampling technique is also introduced to re-use the existing data from submodels SSA during the aggregation process. The effectiveness of the proposed EHSSA method is illustrated via a mathematical example and a multiscale design problem.

We present a new algorithm for the reachability analysis of multi-affine hybrid systems. In our previous work on reachability analysis and that of our collaborators [1,2,3], we exploited the convexity of multiaffine functions and the fact that the vector field in modes with rectangular invariants is uniquely determined by its values at the rectangle vertices. In this paper, we explicitly calculate conical overapproximations of the reachable set in the invariant of each mode. We describe our Multi-Affine Reachability analysis using Conical Overapproximations, MARCO, and show that it yields results that are superior to those obtained by existing methods for multi-affine hybrid systems. Finally, we demonstrate the application of MARCO to the analysis of an ant house hunting model that incorporates quorum sensing [4] and the analysis of bi-stability of the lactose induction system regulated by glucose and lactose [5].

The key points and difficulties in vocal singing are problem identification and clever transition in the voice change area. In this paper, by establishing the hierarchical structure model of the hierarchical analysis method, we compare the degree of importance of elements at different levels and the same level based on the judgment matrix to establish the weight vector and test the consistency of the judgment matrix. At the same time, for the problem that the hierarchical analysis method is not strongly targeted, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is proposed for optimization, and then the fuzzy hierarchical analysis method is used to analyze the sound change phenomenon from the three primary indicators of breathing rhythm, resonance effect and sound representation and the related secondary indicators. The evaluation scores of the breathing rhythm control level were 7.83% and 13.77% lower than those of the professional level and master level, respectively; the evaluation scores of resonance effect were 10.70% and 13.37% lower than those of the professional level and master level, respectively; the evaluation scores of sound representation level were 9.26% and 14.32% lower than those of professional level and master level, respectively. The research based on hierarchical analysis can analyze the phenomenon of voice change in the process of vocal singing from a quantitative perspective, give scientific guidance to the practice of vocal singing, and help the development and prosperity of vocal singing art.

Safety-critical systems (SCSs) mitigate the risk of catastrophic loss of assets and hence do have high dependability targets. Performance and reliability are the critical dependability attributes, particularly in control and safety systems, and hence essential to measure to ensure the dependability. Traditional methods either are not capable to capture the system dynamics or encounter state explosion problem. Also, the methods are not able to measure all critical performance attributes. This article proposes a novel approach to measure the performance and reliability of SCSs. Such systems contain multiple interconnecting processing nodes, the functional requirements of which are modeled using Petri net (PN). A set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is derived from the PN model that represents the state of the system. The ODE solution can be used to measure the critical performance attributes, such as latency time and throughput of the system. The proposed method can avoid the state explosion problem and also introduces new metrics of performance, along with their measurement: deadlock, liveness, stability, boundedness, and steady state. The proposed technique is applied to a case study of nuclear power plant. We obtained 99.887% and 99.939% accuracy of performance and reliability measurement, respectively, which proves the effectiveness of our approach.

Reachability analysis is a fundamental problem for safety verification and falsification of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) whose dynamics follow physical laws usually represented as differential equations. In the last two decades, numerous reachability analysis methods and tools have been proposed for a common class of dynamics in CPS known as ordinary differential equations (ODE). However, there is lack of methods dealing with differential algebraic equations (DAE), which is a more general class of dynamics that is widely used to describe a variety of problems from engineering and science, such as multibody mechanics, electrical circuit design, incompressible fluids, molecular dynamics, and chemical process control. Reachability analysis for DAE systems is more complex than ODE systems, especially for high-index DAEs because they contain both a differential part (i.e., ODE) and algebraic constraints (AC). In this paper, we propose a scalable reachability analysis for a class of high-index large linear DAEs. In our approach, a high-index linear DAE is first decoupled into one ODE and one or several AC subsystems based on the well-known Marz decoupling method utilizing admissible projectors. Then, the discrete reachable set of the DAE, represented as a list of star-sets, is computed using simulation. Unlike ODE reachability analysis where the initial condition is freely defined by a user, in DAE cases, the consistency of the initial condition is an essential requirement to guarantee a feasible solution. Therefore, a thorough check for the consistency is invoked before computing the discrete reachable set. Our approach successfully verifies (or falsifies) a wide range of practical, high-index linear DAE systems in which the number of state variables varies from several to thousands.

Behavioral analysis is a valuable aid for the design and maintenance of well-behaved distributed systems. Dataflow and reachability analyses are two orthogonal, but complementary, behavioral analysis techniques. Individually, each of these techniques may be inadequate for the analysis of large-scale distributed systems. On the one hand, dataflow analysis algorithms, while tractable, may not be sufficiently accurate to provide meaningful detection of errors. On the other hand, reachability analysis, while providing exhaustive analysis, may be computationally too expensive for complex systems. In this paper, we present a method which integrates dataflow and reachability analysis techniques to provide a flexible and effective means for analysing distributed systems at the preliminary and final design stages respectively. We also describe some effective measures taken to improve the adequacy of the individual analysis techniques using the concepts of action dependency and context constraints. A prototype supporting the method has been built, and its performance is described in this paper. A realistic example of a distributed track control system is used as a case study. >

Reachability analysis is the most popular and the most used method in protocol validation. It consists in constructing a graph called reachability graph, describing communication of machines exchanging messages through FIFO channels. The states and structure of this graph are then analysed according to given properties to validate the related communication protocol. In this paper, we go from communicating machines used in reachability analysis, to design temporal communicating machines allowing one to specify quantitative temporal aspects of communication protocols. A temporal reachability graph describing the global behavior of temporal communicating machines, is then defined. After that, we show how this graph can be used to analyse general properties of communication protocols submitted to temporal constraints.

This paper presents a software tool to deal with the diagnosis of discrete-event system modeled by labeled Petri nets (LPNs). This tool, called PEtri-Net-based Diagnosability Analyzer (PENDA), is an updated version of the prototype that implements our techniques for (K-)diagnosability analysis of discrete-event models. In order to cope with the state explosion problem that arises when establishing a diagnoser, PENDA implements an incremental and on-the-fly algorithm to analyze (K-)diagnosability while partially building the state space of the LPN. In addition, several improvements have been carried out in the source code to improve the time/memory efficiency of the analysis. The current version shows better performance and allows for handling LPN models encoded in the standard PNML format.