High temperature endurable hermetic sealing material selection and reliability comparison for IR gas sensor module packaging

Ethylene stimulates the exaggerated hook formation in etiolated seedlings. It has been reported that other phytohormones, such as jasmonate or gibberellins, could inhibit or coordinate hook formation, respectively. However, whether any environmental factors participate in this process is unknown. Here, we show that in darkness, high ambient temperature suppresses the ethylene-triggered exaggerated hook formation in wild-type plants and reduces the hook curvatures in constitutively ethylene responsive mutants. Interestingly, high temperature does not abrogate the activity of the central transcription factor EIN3, suggesting that high temperature acts downstream of ethylene signaling. Next, we show that the natural auxin levels in the hook regions are reduced and their asymmetric distributions are disturbed upon high temperature treatment. To explore the mechanisms for reducing auxin accumulation, we monitor the transcription of several genes encoding auxin biosynthesis related enzymes and find that most YUCCA genes are transcriptionally down-regulated. Finally, we show that the currently reported plant thermo-sensory components in light-grown plants (phytochrome or PIF4) are not sufficient for thermo-sensing in etiolated seedlings. We speculate that in darkness, plants sense high ambient temperature through a distinct mechanism. Taken together, we demonstrate that high temperature suppresses ethylene-induced exaggerated hook formation via the inhibition of local auxin activities.

Anthocyanins are ubiquitously accumulated in diverse plant species and play crucial roles in plant development. In addition, anthocyanin pigmentation is associated with significant characteristics in the flowers and fruits of horticultural products. Notably, anthocyanin biosynthesis and storage are known to be affected by environmental factors. High ambient temperatures often suppress anthocyanin accumulation in flowers and fruits, raising concerns regarding the increase in atmospheric temperatures caused by global warming. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of high ambient temperatures on the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and storage is necessary to maintain pigment quality and quantity of the products. In this review, we provide comprehensive information on the role of high-temperature-related signaling pathways in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis is mainly regulated by R2R3-MYB activators, R2R3-MYB repressors, and R3-MYB negative regulators. The expression levels of R2R3-MYB activators decrease under high-temperature conditions, as observed in many flowers and fruits. The upregulation of R2R3-MYB repressors and R3-MYB negative regulators has also been demonstrated in some plant species under high-temperature conditions. The high-temperature-related signaling pathways have been evaluated mainly in the vegetative organs of Arabidopsis and apple fruits. In these organs, light strongly influences anthocyanin biosynthesis in addition to ambient temperatures. The CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1)-ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) module and B-box proteins upregulate the R2R3-MYB activators under light conditions, while they downregulate the R2R3-MYB activators under high-temperature conditions. However, the pathways that transduce high-temperature signals in flowers are poorly understood. Unlike in fruits and vegetative organs, light exerts relatively small effects on anthocyanin pigmentation in flowers, suggesting that the COP1-HY5 module-independent pathway could be responsible for the regulation of R2R3-MYB regulators in many flowers. Further research to clarify the related signaling pathways in flowers is needed to find solutions to overcome the problem of color fading caused by high ambient temperatures. In addition, exceptional cases have been reported in which high temperatures do not inhibit or enhance the anthocyanin pigmentation of flowers. Such species can prove helpful in elucidating the mechanisms underlying temperature-mediated regulation of anthocyanin pigmentation and as parental materials for crossbreeding.

Microbiological Evaluation of Stuffed Mussels

This paper focuses on the results of investigations on ICAs in higher temperature ranges. The wide use of electronic components in the field of automobiles requires low-cost materials and technologies. The electronic behavior of these components also has to withstand a high temperature level of 120/spl deg/C to 130/spl deg/C. The mechanical and electrical reliability of soldered electronic components is decreased under these temperature conditions. As one possible way to solve this problem the use of ICAs is considered for high temperatures. The investigations take into consideration different surfaces on substrates and components (e.g. NiAu, Cu, NiPd) and a representative selection of ICAs of different manufactures. One criteria of the selection is a successful passing of a printing test of a 200 /spl mu/m pitch structure. The starting point of all investigations is the manufacturing of test vehicles, which were made under the use of the specific indications of the particular ICA producer. All test vehicles are stored with accelerated tests (e.g. 85/spl deg/C/ 85 RH) and high temperature storage (150/spl deg/C, 500 h). Additionally a special preparation of the surfaces is used. A plasma treatment step is performed before the manufacturing process. The effect is a higher activation of the contact surfaces and an improved adhesion of the ICA join. These special test vehicles are compared with test vehicles without treatment. The behavior of all investigated boards are documented by their electrical and mechanical characteristics and will be discussed and judged.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals fruit discoloration mechanisms in postharvest strawberries in response to high ambient temperature

Recently, pregnant women have been identified as susceptible to the effects of high ambient temperature. Evidence suggests that high temperature increases the risk of stillbirth, however, how this association differs by social disadvantage remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of maternal exposure to high ambient temperature on the risk of stillbirth, overall, and by social disadvantage. Maternal and birth information from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2021 were obtained from the South Australian Perinatal Statistics Collection. We implemented a cohort study design of 417,207 births including 2,776 (0.7%) stillbirths. Mixed-effect logistic regression models with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to examine the effect of maternal exposure to daily maximum temperature at birth (lag day 0), and for each individual day in the week preceding delivery (lag days 1-7). Adjustments for low, medium or high disadvantage were considered in our models. Maternal exposure to high temperature ≥ 95th percentile (36.1°C) in the week before delivery slightly increased the risk of stillbirth on lag day 2 (aOR: 1.10, 95%CI: 0.93-1.30, p = 0.26) and slightly decreased risk on lag day 3 (aOR: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.75-1.08, p = 0.26); however, the confidence intervals were wide and included 1, consistent with a null effect. Social disadvantage made negligible difference to the estimated odds of stillbirth associated with maximum temperature ≥ 95th percentile in the week before delivery. We recommend pregnant women consider adaptation strategies during periods of high temperature to minimise the risk of stillbirth.

BackgroundExperimental studies have shown a decrease in driving performance at high temperatures. The epidemiological evidence for the relationship between heat and motor vehicle crashes is not consistent.ObjectivesWe estimated the impact of high ambient temperatures on the daily number of motor vehicle crashes and, in particular, on crashes involving driver performance factors (namely distractions, driver error, fatigue, or sleepiness).MethodsWe performed a time-series analysis linking daily counts of motor vehicle crashes and daily temperature or occurrence of heat waves while controlling for temporal trends. All motor vehicle crashes with victims that occurred during the warm period of the years 2000–2011 in Catalonia (Spain) were included. Temperature data were obtained from 66 weather stations covering the region. Poisson regression models adjusted for precipitation, day of the week, month, year, and holiday periods were fitted to quantify the associations.ResultsThe study included 118,489 motor vehicle crashes (an average of 64.1 per day). The estimated risk of crashes significantly increased by 2.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7%, 5.1%] during heat wave days, and this association was stronger (7.7%, 95% CI: 1.2%, 14.6%) when restricted to crashes with driver performance–associated factors. The estimated risk of crashes with driver performance factors significantly increased by 1.1% (95% CI: 0.1%, 2.1%) for each 1°C increase in maximum temperature.ConclusionsMotor vehicle crashes involving driver performance–associated factors were increased in association with heat waves and increasing temperature. These findings are relevant for designing preventive plans in a context of global warming.CitationBasagaña X, Escalera-Antezana JP, Dadvand P, Llatje Ò, Barrera-Gómez J, Cunillera J, Medina-Ramón M, Pérez K. 2015. High ambient temperatures and risk of motor vehicle crashes in Catalonia, Spain (2000–2011): a time-series analysis. Environ Health Perspect 123:1309–1316; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409223

In hot-climate regions high ambient temperature is one of the main problems of poultry farming. It is a reason for large financial losses caused by a significant decrease in the livability and productivity of poultry and the quality of products. Poor shell quality results in increased egg breakage and cracking. Such eggs lose the abilities for long-term storage or incubation and their market price is become significantly (1.5-3-fold) reduced. In the review presented the biological role of the eggshell, certain aspects of its formation, and the main reasons for the deterioration of eggshell quality in high ambient temperatures are discussed. It was shown that the eggshell quality depends on the genotype, age, feeding, health status, management conditions, etc. High ambient temperatures (above 32-35 °C) disrupt the process of eggshell formation and leads to a significant decrease in its weight, thickness, and strength. The negative impact of high ambient temperature on eggshell quality is associated with a complex set of problems, including low feed intake by hens, acid-base and mineral imbalances, physiological disorders in the endocrine system and other organs and mechanisms involved in the process of eggshell formation. The understanding of these reasons gives an opportunity for the development and implementation of targeted interventions and enables the minimization of negative impact of heat stress on eggshell quality and the efficiency of the commercial egg production.

In cereal plants, the size of the panicle (inflorescence) is a critical factor for yield. Panicle size is determined by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, but the mechanisms underlying adaptations to temperature stress during panicle development remain largely unknown. We identify the rice THERMOSENSITIVE BARREN PANICLE (TAP) gene, which encodes a transposase-derived FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCE (FRS) protein and is responsible for regulating panicle and spikelet development at high ambient temperature. The tap mutants display high temperature-dependent reproductive abnormalities, including compromised secondary branch and spikelet initiation and pleiotropic floral organ defects. Consistent with its thermosensitive phenotype, TAP expression is induced by high temperature. TAP directly promotes the expression of OsYABBY3 (OsYAB3), OsYAB4, and OsYAB5, which encode key transcriptional regulators in panicle and spikelet development. In addition, TAP physically interacts with OsYAB4 and OsYAB5 proteins; phenotypic analysis of osyab4 tap-1 and osyab5 tap-1 double mutants indicates that TAP-OsYAB4/OsYAB5 complexes act to maintain normal panicle and spikelet development. Taken together, our study reveals the novel role of a TE-derived transcription factor in controlling rice panicle development under high ambient temperatures, shedding light on the molecular mechanism underlying the adaptation of cereal crops to increasing environmental temperatures.

A series of bread samples stored at various temperatures (4°, 25°, and 40°C) were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine if retrogradation (quantified by DSC enthalpy values) and storage temperature were correlated. The increase in enthalpy values during storage time was dependent on storage temperature. However, the rate of recrystallization was not linear at any of the temperatures studied. The net result was that the enthalpy values tended to converge with time, irrespective of storage temperature. Another effect of the increased storage temperature was an increase in the peak temperature (Tp) of the amylopectin endotherm. This indicates either that storage temperature affects the type of crystal being formed as the starch recrystallizes, or that annealing of crystals occurs at the higher storage temperatures. X‐ray diffractometry of starch isolated from the crumb gave similar diffraction patterns indicating no difference in crystal type among the treatments. In addition, the DSC endotherm became sharper at the higher temperatures. Thus, the increase in Tp was apparently the result of annealing of the crystals at the higher storage temperatures.

Some take it cool, some like it hot—A comaprative study of male mate searching tactics in two species of hymenoptera (colletidae and sphecidae)

The new generation of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants requires high temperature and high energy density storage system with good cyclic stability. The potential solution satisfying such requirements is the thermochemical energy storage (TCES) using gas-solid redox reaction. Design of efficient storage reactor is very critical for applications of such storage systems. Packed bed reactors have a simpler design with no moving components and are more cost-effective compared to other available moving bed design configurations while having high-pressure drop is their main drawback. Any improvement in the pressure drop makes the design more suitable for commercial applications, especially at high temperature operating conditions. Cobalt oxide redox reaction has been considered for this study because of its unique features, especially high enthalpy of reaction (energy density) and high reaction temperature. A rectangular cross-section packed bed reactor with a large aspect ratio is selected as a reference conventional packed bed reactor. The novel split-flow packed bed reactor design configuration is proposed in which a portion of heat transfer fluid is passed through adjacent side channels. The split flow ratio of 1/3 has been considered for the case study. The transient two-dimensional numerical model is developed for solving mass, momentum, and energy equations for both gas and solid phases using suitable reaction kinetics for the reversible reduction and re-oxidation process. Complete storage cycle, including both the charging and discharging mode, has been simulated using finite element method. The split flow design performance is compared with the reference case considering the same size of the reaction bed. It is shown that the conversion time is increased while the pressure drop reduced below half of the pressure loss of the conventional design. Reduced mass flow rate passing through the bed results in considerable improvement in required pressure work with a penalty of storage performance. Further study is needed to optimize the split flow ratio and the surface heat transfer characteristics of the bed. The proposed design configuration could be a breakthrough in packed bed reactors, especially for high-temperature storage applications.

Flowering time is a relevant agronomic trait because is crucial for the optimal formation of seeds and fruits. The genetic pathways controlling this developmental phase transition have been studied extensively in Arabidopsis thaliana. These pathways converge in a small number of genes including FT, the so-called florigen, which integrates environmental cues like ambient temperature. Nevertheless, detailed and functional studies about flowering time in Brassica crops are scarce. Here we study the role of the FT Brassica rapa homologues and the effect of high ambient temperature on flowering time in this crop. Phenotypic characterization and gene-expression analyses suggest that BraA.FT.a (BraA02g016700.3C) is decisive for initiating floral transition; consequently, braA.ft.a loss-of-function and hypomorphic mutations result in late flowering phenotypes. We also show that high ambient temperature delays B.rapa floral transition by reducing BraA.FT.a expression. Strikingly, these expression changes are associated with increased histone H2A.Z levels and less accessible chromatin configuration of the BraA.FT.a locus at high ambient temperature. Interestingly, increased H2A.Z levels at high ambient temperature were also observed for other B. rapa temperature-responsive genes. Previous reports delimited that Arabidopsis flowers earlier at high ambient temperature due to reduced H2A.Z incorporation in the FT locus. Our data reveal a conserved chromatin-mediated mechanism in B. rapa and Arabidopsis in which the incorporation of H2A.Z at FT chromatin in response to warm ambient temperature results in different flowering time responses. This work will help to develop improved Brassica crop varieties with flowering time requirements to cope with global warming. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Materials Badge for making publicly available the components of the research methodology needed to reproduce the reported procedure and analysis. Methods are available at protocols.iodx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.zmff43n.

Effects of different fluid replacements on serum HSP70 and lymphocyte DNA damage in college athletes during exercise at high ambient temperatures

A biochar application protects rice pollen from high-temperature stress