Historical technicalities

Levas Vladimirovas, born on February 27, 1912, is an outstanding authority in the field of modern Soviet library science, as well as the history of books and libraries. The essential part of Levas Vladimirovas' life and his entire scientific and teaching career is closely linked with Vilnius University. After World War II, he lectured on Marxism-Leninism (1948), the history of the book, and library science (1951). He was the first head of the Department of Library Science (1952-1964) and later the Department of Library and Information Science (1970-1973). Since 1973, Levas Vladimirovas has been the head of the Department of Information Science. Additionally, between the years 1948-1964, he served as the director of the university library. Between 1964-1970, Levas Vladimirovas was elected director of the UNO Dag Hammarskjöld Library. His contribution to the development of the library is immense. Levas Vladimirovas was also a member of various international library organizations and institutions. Alongside his many-sided teaching, library, and social activities, Levas Vladimirovas has made significant contributions to science. More than 300 publications in Lithuanian, Russian, English, and other languages are attributed to his pen. The focus of Levas Vladimirovas' research lies in the history of Lithuanian books, libraries, and culture during the feudal and capitalist periods. He was the first to investigate both known and new phenomena in the Lithuanian cultural heritage through the lens of Marxist methodology. Among his most outstanding works are Essays on the History of the Book and Libraries in Lithuania (XV cent. to 1917) ("Lietuvos bibliotekų ir knygos istorijos bruožai (XV a.-1917 m.)", 1965); publications dedicated to the pioneers of book printing in Vilnius—F. Skorina and I. Fedorov; and works on the history of Vilnius University and its library. L. Vladimirovas' comprehensive work The History of the Book ("Knygos istorija", 1979) provides a broad panorama of world book history, starting with primitive scripts up to the 17th century. In 1962, for his teaching, scientific, and social activities, Levas Vladimirovas was awarded the title of Honored Art Worker of the Lithuanian SSR. The professor was also among those who were awarded the Lithuanian State Prize for The History of Vilnius University ("Vilniaus universiteto istorija") in three volumes.

Medieval English Manuscripts:

Objective To explore the influence of previous reproductive history on low birth weight (LBW) infants. Methods From February 2009 to December 2010, a total of 375 hospitalized LBW infants were included in the study as LBW group(n=375). Meanwhile 5 157 normal birth weight infants in the same hospital were chosen as control group (n=5 157). The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Investigation in Human Being of Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital.Informed consent was obtained from each participants' parents.The effects of the pregnancy previous reproductive history were compared between two groups. Results ①The gravidity(gravidity≥1, OR=1.46, 95%CI: 1.18-1.81; gravidity≥2, OR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.40-2.32), parity(parity=1, OR=1.65, 95%CI: 1.29-2.11; parity≥2, OR=2.68, 95%CI: 1.71-4.20), multiple spontaneous abortion history (OR=2.70 95%CI: 1.67-4.35), previous delivery history of preterm infants (OR=6.31, 95%CI: 2.86-13.97) and LBW infants(OR=4.62, 95%CI: 1.48-14.40), adverse pregnancy history(OR=3.26, 95%CI: 2.07-5.14) were risk factors of LBW. The multiple spontaneous abortion history (aOR=1.08, 95%CI: 0.49-2.39), previous delivery history of preterm infants (aOR=1.00, 95%CI: 0.31-3.19) and adverse pregnancy history(aOR=1.5; 95%CI: 0.64-3.55) were the independent risk factors of LBW. ②The gravidity, parity, spontaneous abortion history, previous delivery history of preterm infants and adverse pregnancy history were the risk factors of preterm infants with LBW (OR=1.72, 95%CI: 1.34-2.20; OR=1.99, 95%CI: 1.54-2.58; OR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.30-2.50; OR=8.32, 95%CI: 3.75-18.43; OR=3.57, 95%CI: 2.18-5.85). The independent risk factors of term infants with LBW was previous delivery history of LBW infants(aOR=7.93, 95%CI: 1.72-36.46). Conclusions The occurrence of LBW infants had strong relationship with the previous reproductive history of their mother, such as gravidity, parity, mutiple spontaneous abortion history, previous delivery history of LBW infants, and had little relationship with spontaneous abortion history, previous delivery history of preterm infants, adverse pregnancy.The woman who had risk factors of LBW is pregnant again, should do well in pregnancy, prenatal care services, in order to effectively reduce the occurrence of LBW. Key words: Low birth weight infant; Reproductive history; Case-control studies; Logistic regression

for “Liberal Justices’ Reliance on Legislative History: Principle, Strategy, and the Scalia Effect” This article conducts an in-depth examination of Supreme Court Justices’ reliance on legislative history during the Burger, Rehnquist, and early Roberts eras. In doing so, it makes two important contributions to current statutory interpretation debates. First, the article presents a powerful case against the conventional wisdom that legislative history is a “politicized” resource, invoked opportunistically by federal judges. The premise that judges regularly rely on legislative history to promote their preferred policy positions—if true—should find ample support in the majority opinions of liberal Supreme Court Justices construing liberal (pro-employee) labor and civil rights statutes. By analyzing all 320-plus majority opinions in workplace law authored by eight liberal Justices from 1969-2006, the authors establish that legislative history reliance is actually associated with a constraining set of results. When these eight liberals use legislative history as part of their majority reasoning, they do so to justify a higher proportion of their pro-employer outcomes than their pro-employee decisions. The authors then review individual majority opinions to demonstrate how this surprising pattern of reliance is based on neutral doctrinal considerations. Liberal Justices use legislative history to illuminate the existence and contours of complex statutory bargains that often favor conservative or pro-employer positions. The authors consider alternative explanations, premised on the institutional factor of who assigns majority opinions and also the instrumental possibility that liberals withhold use of legislative history in “minor” cases to enhance its value in more important decisions. They conclude, however, that Justices Brennan, Marshall, Souter, Stevens, and others are willing to follow so frequently a legislative history trail leading away from their presumed ideological preferences mainly because they have invoked this interpretive resource in principled fashion. The article’s second major contribution is to identify and analyze the Scalia Effect that has arisen with respect to liberal Justices’ use of legislative history since 1986. In the face of Justice Scalia’s fervently expressed opposition to legislative history, liberal Justices have opted not to rely on that resource in a series of pro-employer majorities that Scalia joins. One result of the liberals’ strategic restraint is to make their use of legislative history in remaining (mostly proemployee) majority opinions appear more ideological than was true before Scalia joined the Court. The authors also show that liberal justices have special reasons for acting strategically in this regard. When liberals rely on legislative history, Justice Scalia is significantly less likely to join their majority opinions even when he votes on their side; he also is significantly less likely to vote for the majority result when these liberals rely on legislative history than when they do not. Intriguingly, Justice Scalia’s strong resistance to legislative history usage does not extend to majorities authored by his conservative colleagues. Scalia seems prepared to give these conservative colleagues a free ride: he is every bit as likely to join their majorities, or vote for their results, when they rely on legislative history as when they do not.

Tartu Ülikooli kunstiajalooõpetuse moderniseerimisest ja kollektsioonide rollist kunstiajaloo professori valimistel aastatel 1919–1921

Historical anthropogenic footprints in the distribution of threatened plants in China

Although English and German are both Germanic languages, due to various historical changes, many of their cognates are no longer easily recognizable. This study examined whether knowledge of language history can be beneficial to learners when learning English–German cognates. Thirty‐five English‐speaking second language (L2) learners of 3rd‐semester German at an American university were assigned to either an intentional or incidental learning condition. The intentional group received explicit instruction on 2 historical sounds shifts (Second Germanic Sound Shift, Ingvaeonic Palatalization) and relevant historical semantic changes. In contrast, the incidental group carried out various activities that exposed learners to cognates through reading and oral communication tasks. Results indicate that the intentional group significantly outperformed the incidental group, suggesting that knowledge of language history can be beneficial to learners when learning historically related languages. Declarative knowledge of the historical changes led to significantly greater vocabulary gains and it also provided learners with a tool kit to correctly predict the meaning of several cognates they had not previously encountered before. This study has broad implications for vocabulary learning, language teaching, and applied historical linguistics.

This paper intends to present an semantic and cultural analysis of Rabī‛ Jābir’s novel Druzes of Belgrade. Published in 2011, the story deals with a period in Slavic history of the 19th century that parallels the reality of Middle East in the same time. The aim of the contribution is to examine the narrative context of historical events in the hero’s life which are narrated primarily through the juxtaposition of historical facts. Distinctions that are made between the real and the imaginary in the novel are bound to mystify – perhaps even mask – the historical and cultural relationship between Arab and Slavs. The writer is not only involved in producing the story of the mutual Arab – Slavic (co)existence within the Ottoman empire in Lebanon and Balkan as well, but is equally intent on providing the story behind the (hi)story. As a mode of representing reality the analysed literary work isn’ t neutral; it presupposes system of moral values which underlies the Arab Christian hero’s factual statements connected with the powerstructure and power-relations of the Ottoman society the protagonist lives in. Between history and narrative literature exists a relationship of complementarity that can only enrich and deepen reader’s understanding of a given culture and society. The narrative representations of historical facts in the novel Druzes of Belgrade are semantic and philosophical operations and as such can be misrepresentations according to Rabī‛ Jābir’s literary tendency in a specific historical and intellectual setting.

Objective To measure optic disc parameters in Mongolian and Han healthy subjects with or without family history of glaucoma,to explore the causes of the differences and their significance in the diagnosis of early glaucoma.Methods Fifteen healthy Mongolian individuals (30 eyes),30 healthy Han individuals (60 eyes) with a family history of open-angle (30 eyes) or angle-closure (30 eyes) glaucoma,and 45 healthy Han individuals (90 eyes) without a family history of glaucoma were enrolled in this study.The 45 healthy Han individuals without a family history of glaucoma included three age-groups:20 to 29 years old group,30 to 39 years old group and 40 to 49 years old group,each group have 15 subjects (30 eyes).Thirteen parameters were measured by Heidelberg retina tomography (HRT) for all subjects,including disc area,cup area,rim area,cup volume,rim volume,cup/disc area ratio,linear cup/disc ratio,mean cup depth,maximum cup depth,cup shape,disc height variation contour,mean retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and optic nerve fiber layer cross-sectional area.The results were analyzed and compared between the above groups.Results There was no statistically significant (t=0.791,P=0.132) of the height variation contour between Mongolian and Han without a family history of glaucoma (20 to 29 years old) group.The other parameters of Mongolian were smaller than Han without a family history of glaucoma (20 to 29 years old) group,but the difference was not statistically significant (t=-1.039,-0.799,-0.840,-1.108,-0.956,-0.695,-0.931,-1.099,-1.074,-0.580,-0.204,-1.425; P＞ 0.05).The parameters in Han with a family history of open-angle glaucoma group were bigger than Han without a family history of glaucoma (30 to 39 years old) group.The differences were statistically significant for disc area,cup area,rim area,cup volume,rim volume,cup area ratio,linear cup/disc ratio,mean cup depth,cup shape measure,nerve fiber layer cross-sectional area (t =4.758,3.187,2.544,2.674,1.798,3.676,2.721,2.715,2.510,2.373; P＜0.05),but were not statistically significant for maximum cup depth,disc height variation contour and mean RNFL thickness (t=1.649,1.565,0.767; P＞0.05).Most parameters in Han with a family history of angle-closure glaucoma group were the same as that in Han without a family history of glaucoma (40 to 49 years old) group,including cup area,rim area,cup volume,rim volume,cup/disc area ratio,linear cup/disc ratio,mean optic cup depth,maximum cup depth,cup shape,disc height variation contour,mean RNFL thickness,optic nerve fiber layer cross-section (t=1.201,1.697,1.000,0.516,0.740,-0.172,-0.070,-0.972,1.530,-0.390,-0.091,0.659; P＞ 0.05) ; but the difference of disc area between these 2 groups was statistically significant (t=2.224,P＜0.05).Conclusions The family history of glaucoma can change the optic disc parameters of healthy individuals,especially those with a family history of open-angle glaucoma.There is no difference of optic disc parameters between healthy Mongolian and Han subjects. Key words: Optic disk/anatomy & histology; Optic disk/physiopathology; Glaucoma/diagnosis

Taking Nanjing old south area as an example, this research analyses the changes and problems of the plot division mechanism since 1949 and its impact on urban forms. Changes in the plot division mechanism show that megaplots have been a constant in the ever-changing land development system since 1949, leading to elimination of historic land subdivisions. In this sense, it is necessary to establish a set of smart plot division strategies to promote the restoration of this historic urban area.

Objective To compare various risk factors of bipolar disorders with and without suicidal behavior. Methods A total of 5 452 inpatients were divided into 2 groups; with (n=1 739)and without (n=3 713) suicidal behavior within 1 week. Socio-demographic and clinical data were compared between two groups. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess risk factors of bipolar disorders with suicidal behavior. Results Compared to without suicidal behavior group, the suicidal behavior group had significantly higher rate of the following characteristics: older age [34.8±13.6 vs. 33.3±12.8, t=-3.46, P<0.01], female (58.3% vs. 52.7%, χ2=14.83, P<0.01), history of mental trauma (10.6% vs.7.8%, χ2=10.72, P<0.01), history of suicide (4.1% vs. 0.1%, χ2=140.11, P<0.01), family history of suicide (6.7% vs. 3.9%, χ2=20.22, P<0.01), family history of mental illness (33.8% vs. 29.6%, χ2=9.33, P<0.01) and history of suicide (4.1% vs. 0.1%, χ2=140.11, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that female (OR: 1.192, 95%CI: 1.043-1.363), older age (OR: 1.008, 95%CI: 1.003-1.013), history of mental trauma (OR: 1.355, 95%CI: 1.083-1.696), history of suicide (OR: 39.139, 95%CI: 12.230-125.256) and family history of suicide (OR: 1.648, 95%CI: 1.223-2.221) were significantly correlated with suicidal behavior in bipolar disorders. Conclusions The study indicates that female, older age, history of mental trauma, history of suicide and family history of suicide may be the key independent risk factors to suicidal behavior in bipolar disorders. Key words: Bipolar disorder; Suicide; Clinical characteristics; Case control study

To study recurrence rate over a long period after recovery from previous tuberculosis history, we examined the frequency of previous tuberculosis history in patients who were admitted to our hospital in 1980-83 and in 1997-99 and the comparison was made between cases with and without culture-positive tuberculosis. The tuberculosis groups comprised of 297 patients in 1980-83 and 688 patients in 1997-99. The non-tuberculosis groups (control groups) comprised of 373 patients in 1980-83 and 1092 patients in 1997-99 with non-tuberculosis diseases other than the tuberculosis-related diseases such as non-tuberculosis mycobacteriosis, pulmonary aspergillosis, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis and tuberculosis sequelae. The patients with viral chronic hepatitis previously operated and transfused were also excluded as they might be operated because of pulmonary tuberculosis in the era of surgical treatment for tuberculosis. In both tuberculosis and control groups, they had previous tuberculosis history most frequently when they were twenties. In the control groups, the frequency of previous tuberculosis history among cases admitted in 1980-83 and were born in 1910-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 were 15/84 (17.9%), 22/93 (23.7%), 11/77 (14.3%) and 3/43 (7.0%), respectively, and those admitted in 1997-99 were 11/70 (15.7%), 30/231 (13.0%), 28/288 (9.7%), and 10/230 (4.3%), respectively. In these 4 birth year groups, frequency of previous tuberculosis history among cases admitted in 1997-99 were significantly lower than that admitted in 1980-83 (p < 0.05, one-sided paired t-test), and the fact suggests that persons with tuberculosis history died earlier than those without it. In the tuberculosis groups, the frequencies of previous tuberculosis history among cases admitted in 1980-83 and were born in 1910-19, 20-29, 30-39 and 40-49 were 20/35 (57.1%), 31/58 (53.4%), 19/48 (39.6%), and 11/53 (20.8%), respectively, and those among cases admitted in 1997-99 were 30/99 (30.3%), 58/125 (46.4%), 22/102 (21.6%) and 17/136 (12.5%), respectively. The frequency of previous tuberculosis history among cases admitted in 1997-99 was significantly lower than that admitted in 1980-83 (p < 0.01) as was the case in the control groups. As recurrence within 5 years had occurred in only 4 out of 113 tuberculosis patients (3.5%) in the above-mentioned 4 birth year groups, almost all tuberculosis patients were assumed to have recovered completely from previous tuberculosis. Comparison between the recurrence rate from previous tuberculosis and the incidence rate from the remotely infected persons without previous tuberculosis history in the same birth year group can be done by calculating the prevalence of tuberculosis infection for each birth year group using a model of annual risk of tuberculosis infection appropriate for Japanese. The ratios between the recurrence rate from previous tuberculosis patients and the incidence rate from remotely infected persons without previous tuberculosis history were 4.71, 2.33, 1.78 and 1.11 in 1980-83 and 1.84, 3.99, 1.80 and 1.11 in 1997-99 for groups born in 1910-19, 20-29, 30-39 and 40-49, respectively. The ratio did not change systematically with time in these groups, indicating the recurrence rate did not change with time more than ten years after recovery from previous tuberculosis. The ratio was about 3 for groups born in 1910-19 and 20-29 and 1 for group born in 1940-49. Almost all patients born in 1940-49 could receive chemotherapy for tuberculosis in their twenties, while most of the patients born in 1910-29 could not. Therefore, the above-mentioned fact may reflect the recurrence rate of patients treated successfully with chemotherapy is almost the same as the incidence rate from remotely infected persons, while that the recurrence rate from previous tuberculosis patients spontaneously recovered is 3 times higher than the incidence rate from remotely infected persons.

The guest editors of this special issue, James A. Knapp and Jeffrey Pence,contend that the current preoccupation with the materiality of things has usually generated a polarization between “history” and“theory” in literary criticism, whereby the work of scholars who continue to align themselves with the critical motives and methods of theory is dismissed for being un- or trans-historical. The primary goal of this essay is to suggest a middle way between these polarities, especially concerning recent scholarly interest in the history of the book. Specifically, this essay argues that Hans-Georg Gadamer's important contribution to the field of hermeneutics not only anticipates recent developments in textual scholarship,but also has much to offer scholars who are attempting to write the history of the material book. In such light, the so-called “turn toward history” commented upon at length in this issue does not require a concomitant turning away from theory. The essay begins with an examination of some important links between Gadamer's most significant assertions about the hermeneutic consciousness and comparably significant assertions about the study of the material book. Subsequently, this comparative analysis is applied to the discussion of a specific material book, the 1623 First Folio of Shakespeare. From both of these contexts (general and specific), we can begin to see the necessity of a mutual engagement between“history” and “theory.”

Lithuanian book history of the 20th century is usually divided into 4 historical periods: 1) the book at the beginning of the 20th century (1904-1918), 2) the book of the Republic of Lithuania (1918-1940), 3) the book of occupational regimes, and 4) the book of the period of political independence regained (since 1990). The present article deals with the development of Lithuanian book up to 1990. The history of the book during this century has not been investigated in a more exhaustive manner. Some review articles concerning certain periods have been published by a group of researchers (A. Glosienė, D. Kaunas, A. Navickienė, V. Stonienė) in monograph „Lithuanian Book: historical outline" (1996). In recent years more attention was paid to the investigations into the book of the Republic of Lithuania. In 1992 A. Glosienė defended her doctoral thesis „Book publishing and propagation in Lithuania of 1918-1940". Materials of this thesis were published in some articles of research journal „Knygotyra" („Book science“). V. Zukas, continuing such research, started publishing the series „Lithuanian publishing houses“. The history of Lithuanian book in the 20th century begins in May, 1904, when the ban on Lithuanian press in Latin characters was canceled. This cancellation created more favorable conditions for using Lithuanian press for the needs of national rebirth and political independence fight. As a result, Lithuanian intellectuals could unite into societies of publishers (Society of St. Casimir, Society of Lithuanian Scientific Research). Besides, new private publishers and book propagators appeared (P. Vileišis, M. Kukta, M. Piaseckaitė-Šlapelienė). As a result of their efforts, about 6,000 publications of Lithuanian press were produced up to 1918. During this period the first Lithuanian newspapers in Lithuania started: „Vilniaus žinios“, „Lietuvos ūkininkas“, journal „Draugija“, the first research periodical „Lietuvių tauta“. World War I and German occupation slowed down the work in the field of Lithuanian press, but German military failures and more active efforts of Lithuanian intellectuals stimulated publishers to continue their initiated plans. The regained political independence in 1918 created conditions for Lithuanian book to function freely. The number of published books increased every year (from 336 titles in 1919 up to 1,426 titles in 1938). The total number of publications during 20 years reached 25,000. A system of state support and commercial publishing institutions was created which was able to provide press production of different content and functions for Lithuanian society. Scientific and cultural efforts and achievements stimulated largely publishing special kinds of books – monographs, dictionaries, encyclopedias. The publication of original and translated books of fiction increased in number and their quality level became much higher. The scale and importance of periodical press increased too. In 1930, the number of periodicals reached 172: 142 Lithuanian, 13 German, 6 Polish, 3 Russian, 7 Jewish and 1 Esperanto. In 1940, the Soviet occupation ruined abruptly the independent Lithuanian publication system, introduced a state monopoly and crude Bolshevik censorship. A large part of Lithuanian cultural heritage was annihilated, many books of previous publishers were simply burnt, the main part of periodicals destructed. Nevertheless, thanks to many authors and publishers who morally resisted the occupational regime, its russification tendencies, a number of valuable publications appeared. In general, during Soviet occupational regime 84,430 titles of books were published (75% of them in Lithuanian, 20% in Russian, 5% in other languages). Alongside of these publications, anti-Soviet underground press should be mentioned; it was produced and propagated by resistance activists, guerrillas. „Chronicle of Lithuanian Catholic Church“ is a unique publication of such a kind. The underground press of the Soviet period contributed much to the fight for restoring Lithuanian independence.

How to Read Book History David L. Vander Meulen * "At this late hour of the world's history," writes Virginia Woolf in "How Should One Read a Book?", "books are to be found in almost every room of the house—in the nursery, in the drawing room, in the dining room, in the kitchen." 1 Her observation is itself a contribution to book history, but it also provides a metaphor of the field: today book history is found in almost every room of the academy, leading to what Robert Darnton has called "interdisciplinarity run riot." 2 Whether the subject has a core, what that core might be, and whether it is something more specific than all human perception and communication are therefore topics of great interest. The issue is not one of pedantic tidiness. The attractions and benefits of inquiry that floats above all disciplinary boundaries are great, but when particular approaches are lost sight of, their unique powers of intellectual stimulation also disappear. To suggest what the essence of book history might be, I take my cue from the term "book history" itself, where I consider "book" to be a crucial modifier. I propose that one studies book history by studying books. I will flesh out that vision by identifying some writings that exemplify how different scholars have read this raw material. On the one hand I interpret "book" very broadly to include any written or printed text; but although interesting questions arise as this concept is expanded, for present purposes I want to use "book" as a more limiting or defining term, one that refers to the physicality of the objects carrying texts. What I wish to consider, then, is not so much the history of a play called Hamlet as the history of the printed artifacts known as Hamlet, not so much the history of abstract verbal works but the history of the physical embodiments of the texts of those works.[End Page 171] That simultaneous expanding and restricting of the term is similar to what W. W. Greg did when in 1912 he asked, "What is Bibliography?" Indeed, the current debate over the nature of book history is parallel to the one over bibliography that spanned the twentieth century. Greg too wanted to stretch the bounds as far as possible and presented his own vision in the capacious "I have a dream" passage that concludes his essay. But at the same time he recognized the value of boundaries: the field "attends to the preparation of vellum," he said, but it is "indifferent to the breeding of calves." 3 I That artifacts are at the core of book history and that their study is an expected activity may seem self-evident, but those contentions have also been widely resisted. To set the stage for the discussion that follows, it is useful first to consider some recent reactions to them. These examples are not intended as a general criticism of the scholars involved, all of whom have contributed significantly to our understanding. But they do suggest that a respect for the centrality of artifacts and their study is not always the guiding principle of work on the subject and that these statements from prominent sources may have encouraged other researchers in less favorable directions. Such rejections come from some of the most widely recognized voices in the field of book history itself. Robert Darnton's put-down of those who analyze original artifacts has become well known. In The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775-1800 (1979) he writes, "Step into any rare book room and you will find aficionados savoring bindings, epigones contemplating watermarks, érudits preparing editions of Jane Austen; but you will not run across any ordinary, meat-and-potatoes historian attempting to understand the book as a force in history" (p. 2). Cathy N. Davidson illustrates the phenomenon in a different way. In her book Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (1986) she discusses...