How Critical is Connectivity?

Research Article| February 01, 1985 An Overview of LNG Facility Siting and Licensing EDMUND J. TEXEIRA; EDMUND J. TEXEIRA California Public Utilities Commission, State Building, San Francisco, CA 94102 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar HAN L. ONG; HAN L. ONG California Public Utilities Commission, State Building, San Francisco, CA 94102 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar JASJIT S. SEKHON JASJIT S. SEKHON California Public Utilities Commission, State Building, San Francisco, CA 94102 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information EDMUND J. TEXEIRA California Public Utilities Commission, State Building, San Francisco, CA 94102 HAN L. ONG California Public Utilities Commission, State Building, San Francisco, CA 94102 JASJIT S. SEKHON California Public Utilities Commission, State Building, San Francisco, CA 94102 Publisher: Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online Issn: 1558-9161 Print Issn: 1078-7275 © 1985 Association of Engineering Geologists Environmental & Engineering Geoscience (1985) xxii (1): 39–52. https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxii.1.39 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation EDMUND J. TEXEIRA, HAN L. ONG, JASJIT S. SEKHON; An Overview of LNG Facility Siting and Licensing. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 1985;; xxii (1): 39–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxii.1.39 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyEnvironmental & Engineering Geoscience Search Advanced Search Abstract The imported LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) is temporarily stored in large tanks at the “base-load” plants. Because of the large quantities of LNG involved and the potential hazards associated with an accidental spill, various federal, state, and local governmental agencies have adopted stringent safety regulations for siting, design, construction, and operation of these facilities. Obtaining numerous required licenses from these regulatory agencies is a lengthy and tedious process. Prior to the issuance of permits to construct and operate an LNG terminal, the project sponsors must demonstrate the need to import natural gas, financial ability to complete the project, the environmental impact of this project, and the risk level to which the public will be exposed by the project.The acceptance of a proposed LNG site by state and federal regulatory agencies is strongly influenced by the various risk levels associated with natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, floods, winds, tornadoes, and tsunamis. During the lengthy certification proceedings, a project sponsor is required to develop on the record that the relevant hazards are investigated in depth and the proposed mitigation measures are clearly specified so that responsible decisions regarding siting and design criteria can be made by the appropriate regulatory agency.Prior to commencing the lengthy process of certification, the project sponsor must thoroughly investigate the geological and seismic conditions, as well as population density and other requirements set forth by various local, state, and federal governmental agencies. A slight oversight in meeting any of these requirements could result in extensive regulatory delays or even denial of a permit. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

National Civic ReviewVolume 49, Issue 5 p. 230-237 Article Maze of governments I Dr. W. Brooke Graves, Dr. W. Brooke Graves Dr. Graves, adjunct professor of political science at The American University, was formerly head of the Department of Political Science at Temple University. Since 1946 he has been with the Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, and recently served as Carnegie visiting professor at the University of Alaska and as consultant to several state and local government agencies in Alaska. He is author of American State Government and many other books and publications in his field.Search for more papers by this author Dr. W. Brooke Graves, Dr. W. Brooke Graves Dr. Graves, adjunct professor of political science at The American University, was formerly head of the Department of Political Science at Temple University. Since 1946 he has been with the Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, and recently served as Carnegie visiting professor at the University of Alaska and as consultant to several state and local government agencies in Alaska. He is author of American State Government and many other books and publications in his field.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1960 https://doi.org/10.1002/ncr.4100490504 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume49, Issue5May 1960Pages 230-237 RelatedInformation

Nevada is the driest State in the nation and as such must deal with frequent and severe droughts. Drought planning, preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery involves a high level of collaboration and coordination among Federal, State, and Local government agencies. As part of this effort, a series of drought planning, mitigation, and communication workshops were held in 2022. This article discusses the collaboration and communication process and provides a summary of the key takeaways from these drought workshops.

The murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, symbolizes the long history and impact of systemic racism and suffocation of minority communities, particularly the Black community, in the US. Systemic issues force these communities to contend with a vast array of obstacles: access to schools (including higher education), healthcare, affordable housing, livable income, jobs and career opportunities, security, and funding for their research. In science, minorities, especially Black scientists, are starkly underrepresented in every sector: academia, NGOs, government agencies, industry, and – indeed – professional societies. Undoubtedly, there is no shortage of minority undergraduate students interested in pursuing Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) majors. Enrollments for both underrepresented minorities and White students are on par. Yet, far fewer minorities graduate with a STEM degree, and they take longer to do so. Fewer than 2% of PhDs in the sciences are earned by Black scholars. Everyday, minorities question whether they belong in science classrooms, tenure-track positions, and careers. Everyday, others question their presence. For decades, attempts to address this underrepresentation have focused on “pipeline” issues of minority recruitment and retention, with billions of dollars spent on programs to promote interest in science, provide authentic research experiences, and offer peer and professional mentoring as well as community support. Regardless, the numbers have not changed. When viewed from a landscape perspective, we see a multitude of distinct, unconnected, and isolated programs. From an equity and justice lens, no single program will ever succeed in effecting change throughout an individual's career journey. Success requires attention to support both on and off campus: mentoring and advising; development of technical and “soft” skills; leadership training; and induction into professional networks. Each and all of these have profound and positive impacts on a young person's career trajectory. The processes of recruitment, hiring, grading/evaluation, professional advancement, and overall institutional culture also must be addressed as they have too often shut doors to minority inclusion. There are simply too many factors for any single program to sufficiently manage. Programs are stuck in a system in which only a few rare individuals triumph – those who persist in spite of these obstacles. We propose a comprehensive, collective approach that encourages multiple entities and initiatives to work together to intentionally address both personal experiences and institutional culture as individuals move through each career stage. The Collective Impact (CI) model developed by Kania and Kramer (Stanford Soc Innov Rev 2011; https://bit.ly/3gEJLEh) provides a framework for coherent action. With five key characteristics – a common agenda, shared measurement, mutually reinforcing activities, continuous communication, and backbone support – the CI approach shifts the actions and results of siloed activity to coordinated, cohesive, and durable outcomes. The purpose of a CI alliance is not to develop a new program, but to create a new structure that coordinates and shares existing resources, networks, and expertise. In 2017, ESA was awarded a US National Science Foundation INCLUDES grant to pilot EcologyPlus (ecologyplus.esa.org), an alliance of Historically Black Colleges and Universities; federal, state, and local government agencies; environmental NGOs; and professional and community networks. Led by partner organizations, EcologyPlus facilitates skills workshops, research, networking, internships, and job opportunities that serve diverse undergraduates, graduate students, and early-career professionals. It also offers individuals a mentoring platform to organize and track career goals with their mentors. One of the hallmarks of a CI design is agreement on success metrics. EcologyPlus extended the traditional definition of success beyond academic research careers to include “STEM-capable” careers. We regarded participation in science-related fields not as “leaks” in, but as extensions of, the pipeline into other disciplinary areas. In doing so, we recognized that participant interests were not the same as ours and that there are many types of environmental careers. We see an opportunity to acknowledge the need for ecologists and other scientists to advance in careers ranging from exploratory research to communication, from policy to public health. In recent months, anti-racism conversations have exposed the systemic roots of the low numbers of Black and other minority scientists in the discipline. Furthermore, we see that numerical metrics alone are insufficient. We believe that other measures like a sense of belonging, an ability to navigate career pathways, and an effective use of professional networks must be included. We invite universities, employers, and organizations to connect within an intentional, anti-racist, CI framework in order to construct comprehensive approaches that will bring about the changes necessary to welcome Black and other minority scientists in all places and across all sectors. TERESA MOURAD Ecological Society of America, Washington, DC GEORGE MIDDENDORF Howard University, Washington, DC

Federal, state, and local government agencies have joined forces in the ambitious and expensive task of improving the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay. Clean-up efforts will be devoted to three major problems: nutrient over enrichment, toxic substances, and the decline of submerged aquatic vegetation. Although the beneficiaries are ultimately human, criteria for judging the Bay's water quality have been primarily biological and physical. This paper addresses the question of the human values from the Bay. How do people use the Bay and how much are they willing to pay for the changes in water quality that improve their use? With a variety of methods and data sources, we estimate the annual aggregate willingness to pay for a moderate improvement in the Chesapeake Bay's water quality to be in the range of $10 to $100 million in 1984 dollars.

Conceptually, The National Map, coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS, 2001) is a virtually continuous database built by many participants to cover our country. This highly innovative vision is founded upon the collective participation of numerous Federal, state, and local government agencies as well as private industry organizations. This article describes how The National Map mission can only be accomplished through collaboration of many organizations and effective use of geographic information systems (GIS). The author outlines six fundamental GIS technologies that will be required: open, widely adopted data management framework; common content (data) models for essential information; comprehensive GIS tools for automation, management, analysis, and cartography; Web-based GIS data management and dissemination framework; use of accepted, well-known GIS methods; and application of practical working standards. One detailed illustration demonstrates the common base layers for The National Map.

Geographers are working in federal, state, and local government agencies in many diverse positions. Historically and presently, geographers have held key policy positions in government agencies. In recent years the employment base for geographers in government has been broadened. Geographers working in government generally must have a pragmattic outlook that enables them to do the tasks assigned regardless of how geographical those assignments may be.

Federal, state, and local government agencies are often tasked with managing conflicting legislative, administrative, and public demands. Without clear direction on how to manage these conflicting interests, a bureaucracy often struggles to determine an optimal outcome. The Elliott State Forest in southwestern Oregon exemplifies how these conflicting interests can become problematic. After endangered species concerns and increased litigation reduced the amount of revenue generated by the forest’s timber harvest programs, the State Land Board was forced to find a new way to meet its mandate to generate revenue for a Common School Trust Fund while protecting endangered species and supply public benefits through the forest. The Board ultimately decided to sell the forest to a private buyer, but disallowed competitive bidding in favor of a selection process that examines how potential buyers will supply public benefits. Without allowing competitive bidding, the Board may not meet its obligation to maximize revenue for the trust and is no longer supplying the same degree of public benefits for Oregonians. The Board’s decision was shaped by its conflicting mandates and public pressures but ultimately the boards chosen path remains one where its conflicting mandates remain problematic and at the center of ongoing discussion and debate.

Rebuilding after Katrina: A Population-Based Study of Labor and Human Rights in New Orleans

: In 2002 National Oceanographic Partnership Program funded a partnership of a university, federal, state and local government agencies, and a private non-profit corporation who share a common interest and concern about a body of water -- Puget Sound, Washington. Designated as the Puget Sound Marine Environmental Modeling (PSMEM) partnership, the objectives of the partnership were to conduct scientific research aimed at developing fundamental understanding of the Sound's working, as well as addressing practical questions raised by the regional community concerning management of the Sound and its resources. The partnership is a new kind of collaborative effort between academia, government and a private nonprofit organization -- one that capitalizes on existing strength of each and respects the different mandate that each organization carries.

During the wildfires in California in the 1970s, the Incident Command System (ICS) was developed to create a standardized approach for firefighters to use in order to conduct an efficient response effort. Over the last 44 years, this system evolved into an all-hazards system used all over the world to mitigate a myriad of incidents from hurricanes to terrorist attacks to oil spills. Although ICS was developed as a standard system, both internationally and within the United States, this system and the training on this system were not always implemented or conducted in the same manner. The size and scope of the response which followed the 2010 Macondo Well Blowout (Deepwater Horizon) reinforced the need for continual, standardized training in ICS. Public and private sector response organizations have all become engaged in this effort to standardize the training used to prepare responders to participate as members of an Incident Management Team. The National Incident Management System (NIMS) model for ICS is now recognized as this standard internationally. Changes in the regulatory landscape since the implementation of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 have served to increase NIMS ICS acceptance and utilization among federal, state and local government agencies, as well as U.S.-based private industry. Recently, response organizations from around the world have begun training in NIMS ICS. This global standardization will enhance the response posture of the entire response community. Examples of training and exercises conducted all over the world will illustrate the initialization of international standardization of ICS.

The Washington State Archives is, in fact, the Division of Archives and Records Management. As the archives of the State of Washington, the Division is responsible for assembling, preserving, arranging, describing, and making available for public use archival records from both state and local government agencies. The Division also is responsible for coordinating the review and approval of the disposition of public records and for assisting state and local agencies with records retention scheduling, as well as for other relevant facets of public records management. The Division's overall goal is to carry out these functions so that they complement each other to make the total public records system accessible, usable, and cost-effective.

The architecture of a computer communication system has evolved with advances in technology. Changes to satisfy telecommunication needs within the technical community have surfaced gradually through the efforts of international computer standards organizations, technical panels, and guidance committees. The design of a secure computer communications architecture to protect the integrity of information exchange is pursued by the aerospace industry, the commercial and financial sectors, and at all levels of government agencies. Banking institutions, the insurance and medical professions, goods and commodity exchanges, the airline industry, and local, state, and federal government agencies have all sought increased computer security and confidence in their computer communications. * Computer security techniques, defense methodologies, and security appliances are discussed and analyzed. These discussions will center on various computer and network security devices. With these devices, the foundations for a rigorous security policy can be created. Security policies are important in preventing compromises of network security and threats affecting secure computer communications. Vulnerabilities in computer networks are identified in terms of exploits. The deployment of scanning technologies can discover these exploits and their affects on the integrity of the information exchanged. These same technologies can assign risk factors and pose suggestions for corrective actions in the computer environment. A firewall system installation is deployed on the network of the enterprise to protect and secure a computer communications architecture. Intrusion detection techniques include signature identification of the intruder to locate and respond to network and host-based intruder attacks. Some of these same techniques will uncover the forensic evidence and explain how the computer or network system was compromised. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are another example of a security appliance. This network device employs security mechanisms such as tunneling, Internet protocol (IP) security protocols and cryptography. Insecure computer communications can have devastating consequences on national security, which would affect every aspect of daily life. To address the issue a secure computer communications architecture will be offered as an example to demonstrate the precautions that can be taken, display the benefits from a systems engineering viewpoint and present an economic feasibility with a view towards the future

This paper reports on a pilot project to map the aged care industry in the Bathurst region of Central West New South Wales. The purpose of the project is to inform the future efforts of government, community based providers (CBPs) and private agencies in the sustainable development of the aged care industry. Early data suggest that the fragmented industry structure of CBPs, funded through asynchronous, disjointed state and federal funding programs, will be unable to respond to the increased demand for aged care services during the next decade. Initial findings also suggest that market tensions between CBPs and commercial providers will increase as they engage in competitive tendering for federal and state funding, and directly compete for scarce labour in a tight regional labour market. This paper explores these issues through a case study of a regional city (Bathurst), a nearby regional town (Blayney) and a rural village (Wattle Flat). The study draws on: interviews with community based service providers, commercial providers, seniors‘ organisations, and local, state and federal government agencies; and, focus groups with seniors (aged 60+ years) in each of the localities.

Rangelands are expansive, unimproved lands located in arid or semi–arid regions, spanning a variety of landscapes including savannahs, high and low altitude deserts, mountain meadows, and tundra. Rangelands are generally unsuitable for crop production due to aridity, topography, and extreme temperatures. Rangelands support varying mixtures of native and nonnative grasses, grass–like plants, forbs, or shrubs which provide forage for free–ranging native and domestic animals (Stoddart, Smith and Box, 1975). There are more than 760 million acres of rangelands in the United States, including Alaska, comprising 33% of the nation’s total land base (USDA–USFS, 1989a). While exact determinations are unavailable, it is estimated that more than 50% of U.S. rangelands are privately owned, 43% are owned by the federal government, with the remainder owned by state and local governments (National Research Council, 1994). Approximately 262 million acres of U.S. rangelands are controlled by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and leased to private individuals for the purpose of land– extensive livestock grazing (CAST, 1996). Many more acres of rangelands in the 11 western states1 are controlled by state or local government agencies and leased for livestock grazing, with all these states having a high degree of intermingled public and private ownership of rangelands. Arid and semi–arid rangelands in the western United States are characterized by low and variable precipitation, high evaporative demand, nutrient poor soils, high spatial and temporal variability in plant production, and low net primary production (Havstad et al., 2007). These rangelands are often subject to desertification or invasion by shrubs and other woody plants as a result of drought, low resilience, and past management practices. Increased woody