How elastic is your preposition?

The aim of the thesis was to test empirically Grodzinsky's account of agrammatism. Grodzinsky's account is based on Chomsky's Government and Binding theory and it claims that the comprehension deficit in agrammatism is due to the deletion of 'trace' present in passive and relative clauses. English and Hebrew speaking patients were tested. The experiment exploited a special feature of the Hebrew language in which it is possible to construct passive sentences without trace. In addition to passive and obJect relative clause sentences, other sentence types were also used. The results did not support the trace deletion hypothesis of Grodzinsky. An alternative version of his hypothesis, according to which sentences that require coindexation between two elements in the sentence are difficult for agrommatic aphasics did obtain support. The results also suggested that reversible sentences are particularly difficult for agrammatic patients. Grodzinsky's account also claimed that in agrammatism governed prepositions are impaired and ungoverned prepositions are preserved. In order to test this part of the theory an indepth case study of a Hebrew speaking agrammatic patient who never used prepositions in her spontaneous speech was carried out. The study tested the hypotheses of Grodzinsky and Friederici and it concluded that Grodzinsky's hypothesis according to which governed prepositions are impaired and ungoverned prepositions are preserved is not supported by the evidence. Meaningful prepositions as Friederici suggested, were more likely to be produced in certain tasks. Although this also cannot explain the total omission of prepositions of this patient. In addition to the preposition case study, the patient's ability to deal with the Hebrew verb system was investigated. Both the preposition and the verb study suggested that in agrammatism it is not the principles of Universal Grammar that are violated but the particular features of individual languages.

In this study the researcher takes the students of semester 6 at the Faculty of Arts who study English as a foreign language at the University of Shendi as a sample to carry out this study. The study attempts to investigate and identify the problems facing them in using the confused prepositions (between, among, beside, besides, by, and with), to identify this problem, and to suggest suitable remedial procedures. A test was given to 33 students who represent the whole class of semester 6 at the faculty of Arts. The test results were analyzed by using (SPSS). The results revealed by the test affirmed that most of students failed to pass the test, while the others scores were very weak.Considering the findings of the study, and in order to participate in solving this problem, the researcher recommends and suggests the following: * Confused prepositions should be given more attention when teaching parts of the speech. * Prepositions and their activities should be taught as a part of studying writing, as prepositions have a big impact on meaning. * Motivating students and raise their awareness about confused prepositions. * Curriculum should include enough courses about prepositions. ةصلاخ فزعحهن ةعك ذش ةعياجب ةزهجلاا ةغهنا ىضق بادا ةهكب سداضنا صارذنا مصفنا بلاط ذخأب ثحابنا واق ةصارذنا ذه ف ةبصاي لىهح حازحقا و ةزهجلاا ةغهنا ف زجنا فوزح واذخحصا ف ىههجاىج حنا تابىعصنا ي ققححناو . دذعن اححيا ءاطعإب ثحابنا واق 33 سداضنا صارذنا مصفنا بلاط مك ىه و ةصارذناب عنا بلاطنا ي ابناط . واظ ةطصاىب اححيلاا ف بلاطنا ءادأب ةصاخنا تاابنا مهحج ىج SPSS) ) ئاصحلإا . ةزهجلاا ةغهنا ف زجنا تاودا واذخحصا ف ذذشنا ىهفعض بلاطناب صاخنا اححيلاا ي ةصهخحضنا جئاحنا ثحبثأ . ةهكشنا ذه مح ف ثحابنا ي ةهاضي و ةصارذنا ي ةصهخحضنا جئاحنا هع اءاب و ناحنا ىحنا هع تاصىحنا ىها ثاك : عنا ف اصابحنا مثج حنا كهج ةصاخ و زجنا فوزح شرذحب واحهلاا اهحهأب بلاطنا يذن عىنا عفر و ولاكنا ءازجا شرذحن ةفاك تابرذج و تارزقي ةزهجلاا ةغهنا تارزقي ضج Key concepts: (Preposition, between, among, by, with, beside, besides, confused)

There are cu rren t two methods of the regionalizat ion of deb ris f low danger de2 gree, the one is direct index method th rough analyzing deb ris f low featu res, such as den sity, scale, act ivity f requency, etc, and the o ther one is indirect index method th rough analyzing some elemen tary background featu res. The indirect index method is u sed in the reservo ir area of Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu w ater2pow er engineering. The regionalizat ion of danger de2 gree is accomp lished th rough analyzing elemen tary facto rs, such as landfo rm , p recip itat ion, st ratum layer, geo logic st ructu re, atmo sphere temperatu re, earthquake in ten sity, etc. L andfo rm is the mo st main facto r, p recip itat ion is the second main facto r.

This work undertakes a study of Hausa Interference on English Language Teaching: The Case of Some Selected Schools in Bauchi State. For many years, there have been expressed concerns about the problems faced by most of Hausa native students in learning English as a second language. The problems of teaching English language are not recent issues but, have existed since the introduction of the subject in the school curriculum. However, Hausa affects the usage of English in terms of phonology, which has to do with sound (e.g. /p, v/ which is replaced by /f/ & /b/ in Hausa) morphology, is the word formation process, grammar, semantics and syntax. Therefore, the focus of this study is to investigate how the use of prepositions in Hausa and how they affect the use of English. A preposition is a word that expresses the relationship of one word with another. But people tend to misuse the use of these prepositions. This is because of the influence of mother tongue interference (Hausa) when speaking English as a second language. This study investigated the errors committed by Hausa native students on the use of prepositions, by use of questionnaire and test in some selected Bauchi State secondary schools, Nigeria.

This work deals with the synchronical description of prepositional case constructions with the semantic component of the surface in Serbian and Slovenian. The examples used for analysis are excerpted from the novel Besnilo, by Borislav Pekic, written in Serbian and its translation into Slovenian, Steklina. The aim of contrasting the prepositional case constructions subsystem of these two languages is the identification of similarities and differences in the expression of semantic features within the prepositional case constructions with a spatial meaning on the paradigmatical level, while the translation equivalents are being analyzed on the syntagmatic level.

716LANGUAGE, VOLUME 54, NUMBER 3 (1978) Part 5 need not concern us long. Three of the chapters—'Sociolinguistics', 'Language education', and 'Mass media and literacy in Ethiopia'—appeared in a previous collection (Bender et al. 1976); a fourth, containing both 'Languages of Northern Eritrea' and 'Languages of the Maji area' was omitted from that volume for reasons of economy. 'Hamer speech situations' alone is concerned solely with a non-Semitic language. It is interesting in its own right, but unrelated to the purely linguistic work in the rest of this volume. The great value of this book lies in the vast amount of material it contains, especially that which is new or virtually inaccessible. But why were previously published and easily accessible articles also included? If the intention was to provide representative coverage,then the obvious gaps(e.g. Somali)arereprehensible, and a real attempt should have been made to achieve some similarity and consistency in the presentation. Yet one should not be too critical. A 700-page volume on these languages is both unexpected and welcome. REFERENCES Bender, M. Lionel. 1971. The languages of Ethiopia: a new lexicostatistic classification and some problems of diffusion. AL 13.165-288. ------, et al. (eds.) 1976. Language in Ethiopia. London: Oxford University Press. Ehret, Christopher. 1971. Southern Nilotic history: linguistic approaches to the past. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. The Mogogodo: a forgotten Cushitic people. JAL 2.29^43. Heine, Bernd. 1975. Notes on the Yaaku language. Afrika und Übersee 58.27-61, 119-38. Moreno, M. M. 1940. Manuale di Sidamo. Milan: Mondadori. Palmer, F. R. 1970. Cushitic. Current trends in linguistics, 6: Linguistics in South West Asia and North Africa, ed. by T. A. Sebeok, 571-85. The Hague: Mouton. •-----. 1977. Review of Zaborski 1975. BSOAS 40.198-202. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1973. Bemerkungen zum Language Survey of Ethiopia. ZDMG 123.117-28. Tucker, A. N. 1967. Fringe Cushitic: an experiment in typological comparison. BSOAS 30.655-80. Zaborski, Andrzej. 1975. Studies in Hamito-Semitic, 1: the verb in Cushitic. (Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego, 397; Prace jçzykoznawcze, zeszyt 48.) Warszawa/Kraków : Uniwersytet Jagiellonski. [Received 21 July 1977.] Studies in the semantic structure of Hindi: synonymous nouns and adjectives with karanä. Volume 1. By Kali Charan Bahl. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1974. Pp. cxiv, 409. Rs. 100. Reviewed by Michael C. Shapiro, University of Washington The work here reviewed was clearly written with both lexicographic and theoretical goals in mind. It is intended, first of all, to serve as the initial installment of a reference dictionary of Hindi conjunct verbal constructions. This dictionary represents a considerable departure from Hindi lexicographic tradition, as it arranges items in ' synonymous ' groups and provides information on the semantic REVIEWS717 and syntactic properties of the forms listed. The work is also designed to provide a theoretical introduction to the study of Hindi conjunct verbs. This introduction consists of a critique of past approaches to the study of conjuncts, statements concerning Bahl's beliefs on the correct analysis of conjuncts, and expressions of his low opinion of the current state of Hindi lexicography. Hindi conjunct verbs are sequences consisting of either a nominal or adjectival element, followed immediately by a verb, frequently honä 'to be ' or kar(d)nä 'to do ', but often others.1 The nominal (N) or adjectival (A) constituent is sometimes linked by a postposition (PP) to other constituents of the sentence in which the conjunct is used. The substitution of one PP for another may be correlated with a semantic change. For example, the expression X ki carcä karnä ' to make mention of X', using the PP ki, can be distinguished from X se carcä karnä 'to mention to X', using se. Single N's or A's, as well as sequences of N -I- PP + A/N, can be followed by many different verbal elements. For example, N + par 'on, upon' + nazar 'vision, glance, line of sight' can occur with any of the verbs jänä, paRnä, dalnä, rahnä, dauRnä, rakhnä, jamänä, märnä, thaharnä, tiknä and honä; each sequence, according to B, has a distinct meaning. Many Hindi conjuncts are close paraphrases of non-conjunct expressions...

This research is entitled Profiling Properties of the Verbs Bring, Mail, Rob and Steal in the News of Washington Post and Pittsburg-Gazette. The purpose of this research is to discuss the profiling properties of these verbs in the sentence-level construction which enables the writer to find out what kind of participant roles that are obligatorily profiled and not in that construction. The research is done by collecting some data containing ditransitive verbs in the news of Washington Post and Pittsburg-Gazette and even a single transitive verb in Pittsburg-Gazette, posted by the Corpus of Contemporary American English in 2006, 2014 and 2015. The result that can be taken from this research shows that (1) the direct object sometimes cannot be represented by inanimate in particular construction, (2) the direct object cannot be represented by any pronouns, except in the prepositional construction, and (3) the prepositional phrases, in some cases, are optionally profiled. Finally, profiling and not profiling participant roles may have something to do with what we called semantic restriction. Keywords: lexical profiling, constructional profiling, argument roles, ditransitive verb, inanimate, pronoun

This study was aimed at finding out: (1) the types of grammatical errors in narrative writing made by eleventh-grade students of one private Islamic senior high school Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia and (2) the most frequent type of grammatical errors in narrative writing made by eleventh-grade students of private Islamic senior high school Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia. This study was a descriptive qualitative research. The data were collected from narrative writing written by the 32 eleventh grade students. In this study, grammatical items analyzed were covering noun, pronoun, verb, conjunction, adjective, adverb and preposition. In analyzing students’ errors, some procedures of error analysis were applied. They were identification, description, and explanation. The frequencies of errors were calculated in percentages. Based on the result of the analysis, there were 621 grammatical errors found in students’ narrative writing. Errors in using verb became the most frequent type of errors with 308 errors (49.59%), followed by errors in pronoun with 136 errors (21.90%), in adjective with 87 errors (14.00%), in preposition with 61 errors (9.82%), in noun with 13 errors (2.09%), in conjunction with 10 errors (1.61%) and the last errors in adverb with 6 errors (0.96%).

PART ONE: THE PROBLEM OF ECONOMIC DISLOCATION: AN OVERVIEW New Approaches to Industrial Development and Community Renewal - William Foote Whyte Problems of Industrial Plant Shutdowns - David Moberg Options for Reindustrialization - Staughton Lynd Brownfield Versus Greenfield Approaches Problems of Economic Deterioration - Bennett Harrison and Barry Bluestone Absentee Ownership, Industrial Decline, and Organizational Renewal - Christopher Meek and Warner Woodworth PART TWO: REVITALIZATION THROUGH LABOR-MANAGEMENT COOPERATION The Emergence of Community Labor-Management Cooperation - Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld Achieving Labor-Management Joint Action - Warner Woodworth Labor-Management Committee Outcomes - Christopher Meek The Jamestown Case Labor-Management Structures in the Large City - Robert W Ahern PART THREE: FORMS OF COMMUNITY-WORKER OWNERSHIP The Potential of Employee Ownership - William Foote Whyte and Joseph Blasi Worker-Community colaboration and Ownership - Christopher Meek and Warner Woodworth Saving Jobs Through Worker Buyouts - Warner Woodworth PART FOUR: PROSPECTS FOR REVITALIZATION: BARRIERS AND RESOURCES Policy Strategies for Labor-Management Cooperation - Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld Financing Employee Ownership - Corey Rosen Labor Policy and the Changing Role of Government - Joseph Blasi Theory and practice of Community Economic Reindustrialization - Warner Woodworth, Christopher Meek, and William Foote Whyte

Going Back to the Headwaters: Examining Latina/o Educational Attainment and Achievement Th rough a Framework of Hope

HERNIA OF STOMACH THROUGH THE DIAPHRAGM INTO THE THORAX

On Prepositions in Non-Fiction Style

Prepositional Variation Observed in the Adjective Effective

Discourse frequency and the collapse of the adposition vs. affix distinction in Lakota

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