How the Bad Guys Won

This study tested first whether 240 undergraduate students share high consensual agreement in their selection of faces and voices which fit criminal and non‐criminal ‘occupations’ second, whether there are significant relationships between trait impressions and voice characteristics for persons selected as exemplars of criminals and non‐criminals; and third, whether categorization of targets into ‘good guys’ and ‘bad guys’ influences recognition memory. Subjects' selections of exemplars of criminals and non‐criminals from video recordings of the face and voice, or face‐only, or voice‐only of 15 white men were done with high confidence in a significantly non‐random manner. Significant correlations were found between trait impressions and vocal characteristics in all three presentation modes which differentiated good guys from bad guys. Recognition memory for target voices was significantly inferior to the recognition of face and voice targets, and face‐only targets. Recognition confidence scores were significantly higher for good guys over bad guys, especially in the voice‐only condition. The results were discussed in terms of the probability that stereotyping of faces and voices can influence decision‐making in the legal process.

Urotensin in ESRD: Not so surprising

Gender dynamics are continually displayed in police departments. A prevailing masculinism favors an aggressive patrol style and emphasizes felony arrests. By contrast, the dominant reform model in policing, community policing, trumpets close and cooperative relations with citizens. Community policing is thus resisted by masculinist officers who would rather chase 'bad guys' than attend neighborhood meetings. The author illustrates these gendered dynamics with field data from observations of the Los Angeles Police Department, and suggests that masculinism in the state works not just to uphold patriarchy but to suppress efforts toward greater democracy.

Disputed discourse in the field of private security in media shapes the public opinion about research on security (Choi, 2021). The need for services provided by private security organizations is increasing, which is a fact that is widely acknowledged due to private security organisations' near-omnipresence. The growing security concerns, which include organised crime, terrorism, cyber security, and post-Covid-19 pandemic security barriers, have had an impact on the development of reliance on and use of private security services. However, despite the rise in growth, continuous expansion, and ever-increasing demand for private security services, narratives in the media do not portray the professionalism of the security industry, which is often regarded as a business (Cusomano & Kinsey, 2022). The study applied a narrative analysis research design, comprising investigations of recent media publications, state journals, and commentaries on the functions played by private security in the United Kingdom. Structured research of texts, articles, commentaries, and publications regarding private security in major press and media platforms, such as the Sun, Daily Mail, the Sunday Times, Daily Mirror, and Metro mostly report on the negative aspects of private security industry. The information propagated portrays the private security sector as lacking proper regulations. The management is perceived to be controlled by 'bad guys', who are used as a last resort for income generation and do not require high academic qualifications. They are mostly understood as bouncers or have guarding roles and are ranked lower on the profession scale due to the involvement of brawn rather than brain. The media's perception has far-reaching implications for public opinion and trust in the private security industry, which reduces enlistment in the field of security studies. The negative sentiments toward the sector also outnumber the significant progress made in standardizing security course outlines, ethics or codes of conduct among security personnel, and ensuring property protection and human safety. Keywords: investigation, information technology, private security, crime, detective, national security, surveillance, media, social media

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), in particular obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of these conditions is rapidly rising mainly due to the worldwide increase in obesity. Obesity contributes to the pathogenesis of SDB in multiple ways including altering upper airway anatomy and collapsibility, ventilatory control and increasing respiratory work load. There is also increasing evidence that OSA itself contributes to the development of obesity. Moreover, both OSA and obesity promote the activation of inflammatory pathways, which is likely a key mechanism in cardiovascular and metabolic disease processes. Early recognition of SDB is important as effective treatments are available. Public health measures to reduce the prevalence of obesity are urgently required to halt the increasing burden of SDB.

This article sheds light on the use of the words ‘nationalism’, ‘nationalist(s)’ and ‘nationalistic’in the news coverage of three Dutch newspapers about Macedonia during the breakup of Yugoslavia. A review of 280 newspaper articles shows that nationalism is often associated with extremism and violence, and is selectively linked to specific national groups and movements.Drawing upon the social-scientific term ‘banal nationalism’, this study argues that the selectiveuse of words associated with ‘nationalism’ constitutes both a rhetorical tool and an implicit formof moral judgement. More importantly, by focussing on this stereotype picture of nationalism,the media ensures that other nationalist phenomena, which do not fit this popular stereotype, are not discussed. Thus, a negative view of nationalist ideology leads to a ‘naturalization’ of thoseforms of nationalism that are deemed ‘non-extremist’. This paradox is explained both by the presence of ‘banal’ forms of nationalism in the West and the infamous ‘good guys - bad guys’distinction that crippled Dutch news coverage of the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Free radicals--the bad guys It is widely held (1) that free radicals are involved in the initiation and propagation of many and various illnesses, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis (MS). The list runs on, and even the process of ageing itself is believed to be driven by free radicals, also called reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). Now, the species classified as ROS or ROI are derived from molecular oxygen ([O.sub.2]) which obviously we need to breathe to stay alive. In the main, ROS are the superoxide radical anion ([O.sup.-*.sub.2]), its conjugate acid, the hydroperoxyl radical (HO[O.sup.*]), the hydroxyl radical (H[O.sup.*]), organic peroxyl radicals (RO[O.sup.*]), alkoxyl radicals (R[O.sup.*]) as bona fide free radical (unpaired electron) molecules, but also included on the list are molecular (especially, singlet) oxygen ([O.sub.2]), organic hydroperoxides, ROOH and hydrogen peroxide itself, [H.sub.2][O.sub.2]. It can be said that all oxygen free radicals are ROS/ROI but not all ROS/ROI are free radicals. As respired [O.sub.2] enters living cells it is metabolised e.g. by the mitochondria to [O.sup.-*.sub.2], which is not in itself strongly oxidising, but it provides a source of other ROS. To avoid living cells being overwhelmed by [O.sup.-*.sub.2], they contain the enzyme superoxide dismutase which catalyses the reaction [equation (I)]: 2[O.sup.-*.sub.2] + 2[H.sup.+] [right arrow] [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] + [O.sub.2] (1) Now [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] is not harmless in cells since it can provide a source of H[O.sup.*] radicals, particularly if there is free iron present, which promotes the Fenton Reaction [equation (2)]: [Fe.sup.2+] + [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] [right arrow] [Fe.sup.3+] + H[O.sup.*] + [sup.- ]OH (2) H[O.sup.*] radicals can attack sensitive molecules in cells, including membrane lipids, carbohydrates and proteins and, if they are formed in the cell nucleus, DNA bases too, potentially leading to strand-breaks and cell mutations. The attack of HO and other kinds of radicals on lipids can initiate the process known as lipid peroxidation, which is responsible for the rancidification of foodstuffs including meat. That our human meat does not become rancid while we remain alive is due to the fact that living cells contain antioxidants, in particular, catalase which is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen. Catalase is able to catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, and has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes--one catalase molecule can convert 40 million molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen per second. Glutathione peroxidise also catalyses the decomposition of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] by combining its reduction to water with the oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH), a thiol-containing tripeptide (glu-cys-gly) [equation (3)]: [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] + 2GSH [right arrow] GSSG + 2[H.sub.2]O (3) The product, oxidised glutathione (GSSG), contains a disulfide bridge, and can be converted back to GSH by glutathione reductase enzymes. It is now thought that peroxiredoxins may be even more important (2) in removing [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] from cells in animals, bacteria, and probably plants. There are at least three classes of these enzymes, but in the function of all of them a cys-SH group present on the peroxiredoxin is oxidised by [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] to a sulfenic acid, cys-SOH. The interception of ROS is not perfect and around 1% of respired [O.sub.2] ends-up as ROS. Over a year this amounts to 1.7 kg of ROS, since humans are fairly large animals and breathe substantial amounts of oxygen. To cope with what ROS remain, there are both intrinsic and extrinsic antioxidants present in cells, the latter being brought into the living organism and hence its cells by ingestion, i.e. in our food and in the form of deliberately taken dietary supplements. …

In this study we report two experiments that investigate the acquisition of affective reactions. In Experiment 1, unfamiliar melodies were played to Korsakoff's syndrome patients and alcoholic and nonalcoholic control subjects who were matched with them according to age and education. Following a retention interval of 5 min, subjects received a preference test on old and new melodies. Korsakoff's syndrome patients showed the same increase in preference for old melodies as a consequence of prior exposures as control subjects did, but their recognition of melodies was significantly impaired in comparison with controls. In Experiment 2, the same subjects saw photographs of two men. Fictional biographical information depicted one as a "good guy" and the other as a "bad guy." After a retention interval of approximately 20 days, Korsakoffs recalled virtually none of the biographical information; however, 78% preferred the good guy, and impression ratings were less favorable for the bad guy. Korsakoff patients developed preferences and impressions even though they did not have voluntary access to the information on which the preferences were based. However, their impression ratings were less extreme than those of controls. The pattern of results of the two studies is discussed in terms of Johnson's (1983) MEM model of memory.

The mere presence of weapons can increase aggression—called the “weapons effect.” Weapons are theorized to increase aggression by priming aggressive thoughts. This research tested the robustness of the weapons effect using two large representative samples of American adults (total N = 1,097). Participants saw photos of criminals, soldiers, police in military gear, or police in regular gear with guns. Experiment 2 also included a condition with photos of Olympians with guns used to shoot inanimate targets. The control group was police in plainclothes without guns. The accessibility of aggressive thoughts was measured using a word fragment task (e.g., KI_ _ can be completed as KILL or KISS). Photos of individuals with guns used to shoot human targets primed aggressive thoughts, regardless of whether a “good guy” (soldier, police) or “bad guy” (criminal) held the gun. Photos of Olympians with guns used to shoot inanimate targets did not prime aggressive thoughts.

In 2014, LEGO decided not to prolong its co-promotion with Shell due to an extensive global campaign initiated by Greenpeace. The campaign was a reaction to Shell's plans to drill in the Alaskan Arctic. Rather than initiating a factual campaign targeting Shell's activities in the Arctic, Greenpeace attacked LEGO on account of the policies of Shell by impugning LEGO's reputation as a socially and environmentally responsible enterprise. What is noteworthy in this case is that Greenpeace used narrative and fictionality as strategic communicative tools to achieve its goal.<br/><br/>Narrative and storytelling have received increasing attention in studies of organizational communication. In recent years, special interest has been shown toward organizational master narratives and counter-narratives. But hitherto only very little has been said on the role of fiction and fictionality as a rhetorical resource in the context of business and organizational communication. By means of a case study, this article examines how fictionality within a counter-narrative realm can merge the real and the fictive and thereby produce an effective campaign that highlights the possible and imagined rather than truth or untruth, avoiding discourses of proof or falsification.

The past three decades of public–private partnerships has altered urban development and city building in ways that have and will continue to shape the future. Historically, there has been a gap in academia between the theory and practice of successful public–private partnerships. While theoretical knowledge on the ‘how-tos’ of working with public officials is documented, there is very little written by developers on the actual practices they have used in redevelopment cases. Experts in the field, however, such as Lynne Sagalyn of Columbia University, state that even though each public–private partnership project is unique, the only way for the next generation to understand a partnership’s success, and therefore a project’s success, is by current developers documenting the ins and outs of their work. In today’s political and socio-economic climate, communities surrounding (re-)developments are quick to view real estate developers as the ‘bad guy’, having little care for what the local population needs to be successful in the 21st century. Recent trends also demonstrate that a community’s decision can make or break the future of a development project. Yet, this sentiment occurs during a time when all forms of development and city building are needed to act as a form of resilience against macro socio-economic issues, such as the affordable housing crisis. If developers were to document both the successes and failures in their past development projects, the next generation of real estate professionals would more efficiently gain knowledge about the benefits of working with the community, and how it leads to innovative, responsible developments. Moreover, documenting past and current public–private development projects does not only benefit the next generation, but is also an effective tool for current developers to learn from their past wins and losses. As the real estate industry has entered a new era full of technological and industrial advancements, it is more important to analyse past public–private partnerships and developments. As the functions, abilities, and goals of the public and private sectors, as well as the goals of the surrounding communities, continue to evolve, so too do the means of securing a successful public–private partnership. By comparing RXR Realty’s redevelopment of the Nassau Hub in Nassau County, New York to the former Lighthouse Project proposed for the same land, as well as aspects from other New York City development projects, this paper aims to analyse how the success of 21st-century public–private partnerships is not only the result of a shared vision between the public and private parties, but also requires transparency, compromise and co-creation.

Henry, April. The Girl Who Was Supposed to Die. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2013. Print.Imagine waking up in an unfamiliar place, with no memory of who you are or how you got there. What you do know: you have been kidnapped, someone is trying to kill you and your fingernails have been torn off. That is exactly the predicament Cady Scott finds herself in at the start of this story. As readers we follow her through her struggle to stay alive, uncover her true identity and solve the mystery of who wants her dead and why.A YALSA Teens Top 10 Finalist choice as well as a 2014 International Reading Association’s Young Adult Choice book, The Girl Who was Supposed to Die, is a riveting thriller involving murder and identity theft, as well as a subplot about biological warfare. April Henry crafts a page turner that has a cinematic feel to it as the plot is full of twists and turns and there is non-stop action.Similar to Henry’s, Girl, Stolen and The Night She Disappeared, the writing of The Girl Who was Supposed to Die is short and fast-paced yet intense. Henry’s stylistic short chapters and short sentences help to create an edgy and tension filled atmosphere that increases the sense of urgency so that we are never given a moment to let our attention span waiver. The very linear plot also helps to quicken the pace and your heartbeat. We are not bogged down with frivolous details, love triangles or character subplots. The bewildered first-person narrative voice gives the reader a sense of being there right along with the protagonist. One stalling point could be with the antagonists as the ‘bad guys’ aren’t very layered characters and their ‘evil’ plot is revealed a little too quickly. However, it somehow fits the novel’s pace and is hardly a reason not to give this one a read. Despite its fast pace, Harvey does a good job slowly unravelling the clues to the story in order for the reader and Cady to properly flush out the mystery. The pieces of the puzzle don't start coming together until near the very end and after such an adrenaline-inducing read, the reader is ready for the puzzle to be completed.Readers who enjoy a fast paced, suspenseful story will definitely be drawn to this book and the combination of the writing, short chapters, and fast pace will likely make this an excellent choice for reluctant readers.Recommended: 3 out of 4 starsReviewer: Samantha PenneySamantha Penney (Abbott) is a secondary school teacher at Inuksuk High School in Iqaluit, Nunavut. She has worked in the Canadian Arctic for the past 7 years and loves the unique yet diverse culture of the North. She is currently in the final stages of her M.Ed degree in Teacher Librarianship and is most happy when sharing her love of reading with others.

278CIVIL WAR HISTORY David Rintels's Andersonville is what most readers have come to expect in any portrayal of the most notorious Civil War prison. Stereotypical portraits of the "good guys" versus the "bad guys" dominate. Still, Rintels is a good dramatist, offering well-developed characterizations of a small band of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania soldiers and the Raiders' nemesis, "Limber Jim." (However, the latter pops up so often one almost wants him to go away.) Rintels paints a memorable portrait of deteriorating prison conditions that steadily sap the prisoners' mental and physical health. Yet, the "bloody shirt" portrayal is balanced somewhat by a more sympathetic treatment of Captain Wirz. My main criticism of the screenplay is Rintels's reliance on literary license and anachronisms. Illustrative is a memorable scene wherein Confederate Colonel O'Neal invites the near-death Union prisoners to take a Confederate loyalty oath and thereby obtain their releases. Rintels has the half-dead Massachusetts sergeant order his men to perform a contemptuous "about face." In fact, O'Neal did not appear until fall, when Andersonville was virtually empty, and a small number of fatalistic prisoners did, in fact, become "Galvanized Yankees." Similarly, though an attempt is made to be accurate, the final scene suggests that the prison is emptied at once in early September and its inmates freed. Rather, the hardiest endured another five months at various Southern prisons. And the capture and trial of the Raiders assumes greater importance in the screenplay than in more contemporary accounts. Yet, for all its faults, Rintels's screenplay brings to twentieth-century life the tortured story of Andersonville. Wayne Mahood Geneseo, New York We SawLincoln Shot: One HundredEyewitnessAccounts. Edited by Timothy S. Good. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995. Pp. viii, 215. $42.50, cloth; $17.95, paper.) Only the 1 963 John Kennedy assassination in Dallas compares in shock value in American memory to the fatal shooting of Abraham Lincoln by actor John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theatre during an April 14, 1865, performance of Our American Cousin. The Lincoln assassination has inspired a massive body of scholarship and still provokes lively debate over such topics of controversy as Booth's mental stability, co-conspirators, and motivation or whether or not the presence ofUlysses Grant in the presidential box would have averted the tragedy or only expanded it. For the thousand or more playgoers, it had to have been a moment of complete confusion followed by a slower realization of horror—the percussion of Booth's Deninger, a brief scuffle between Booth and Maj. Henry Rathbone, Booth's "Sic Semper Tyrannis " leap to the stage and escape from the theater, the sobs ofdespair as medics and military personnel attended to Lincoln book reviews279 and carried his unconscious body to the Petersen home, where he would breathe his last. Taking into account the inevitable "wannabes" who fabricated their narratives, nearly a tenth ofthe audience authored reminiscences ofthat night's events that are reprinted in Timothy S. Good's anthology We Saw Lincoln Shot. The first thirteen narratives, all composed within days of the event by close by-standers and such participants as Major Rathbone, Lincoln's attending physicians and military guard, and the assassin Booth himself, are documents of primary importance to our historical understanding ofthe event. A few ofthe later accounts add to the historical record names of those who helped carry the stricken Lincoln to his deathbed. The vast majority reprinted in the anthology add nothing to our understanding. One is a patently dishonest addition, an 1877 letter from Mary Todd Lincoln to Edward Baker, Jr., on the general topic of bereavement that makes no reference whatever to the assassination. In the mind of the reviewer after this brief read is the question of why this volume was published, why Good labored so mightily to bring forth a mouse. One possible apologia, not explored in the volume, is suggested by Good's notes that the 1877-1908 narratives tended to be less reliable than fresher accounts, with such embellishments as Booth's fractured leg now incorporated into the folklore of the event, and that accounts published from 1909 to 1954 tended to make the eyewitness the...

The rapid increase of cybercriminals on identity theft and data breaches due to weak authentication schemes, user’s poor password management experience, and attacks such as phishing and man-in-the-middle attacks firmly shifts the traditional way of authentication method (i.e., user name/passwords) to multifactor authentication security control. However, different organization starts implementing different ways of two-factor authentication (2FA) prevention mechanism which is the simplest form of multifactor authentication (MFA). This 2FA is mostly achieved by combining different factors such as what you know (i.e., PIN, password, etc.), what you have (i.e., one-time password (OTP), token, digital certificate, etc.) and what you are (i.e., fingerprint, iris, etc.) with traditional username and password. Even if an organization such as banking and e-commerce sectors started using this solution still multifactor authentication, not in impenetrable stage and multiple cases, has come out that highlights some of the weaknesses of these security measures. Bad guys will use a variety of attack methods such as social engineering (phishing), man-in-the-middle attacks (MITA), and breaching of weak credential to gain authentication access of a secure network infrastructure. The most effective methods for mitigating the risk of authentication process from being compromised by bad guys are to find out a solution that reduces the process of the user and builds the authentication process with strong cryptography which follows standards mainly by using digital certificates. In this survey study, we will briefly analyze different types of two-factor authentication based on their performance and we will suggest the best strong methods of multifactor authentication accordingly.Keywords2FAMFADigital certificateAuthenticationOTPMITMMutual authentication

Reviewed by: Schnappschüsse der Befreiung: Fotografien amerikanischer Soldaten im Frühjahr 1945 by Peter Pirker and Matthias Breit Jeffrey Luppes Peter Pirker and Matthias Breit, Schnappschüsse der Befreiung: Fotografien amerikanischer Soldaten im Frühjahr 1945. Innsbruck: Tyrolia Verlag, 2020. 303 pp. After fighting their way across France and Germany during the fall and winter of 1944, the members of the 103rd Infantry ("Cactus") Division of the United States Army found themselves in western Austria in the weeks immediately before and after Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender in the spring of 1945. This relatively unscathed alpine region in which the Cactus Division was positioned at war's end was both symbolically significant and strategically important: in 1940, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini met there at the Brenner Pass to forge their "Pact of Steel"; it was also there that the Western European front linked up with the Italian front as members of the Cactus Division joined arms with the American fighting forces coming from the south. The 103rd Infantry Division's war and its immediate aftermath were anything but uneventful, and fortunately, its soldiers documented their experiences—including combat, the surrender of Wehrmacht soldiers, the liberation of concentration camps, encounters with forced laborers and displaced persons, arrests of high-profile Nazi leaders like Hermann Göring and Wernher von Braun, and the occupation of this part of Austria—with a great many photographs. The photos of the Cactus Division are the subject of a new study by Austrian historian Peter Pirker and graphic designer Matthias Breit. According to Pirker and Breit, the photos—both official photographs by noted members of the US Signal Corps as well as unofficial and hitherto unpublished snapshots by untrained soldiers, some of whom requisitioned their cameras while fighting in Europe—provide insights into the liberation of Tyrol from the perspective of American soldiers, not the most common perspective on this topic. Moreover, they contend that the photos under [End Page 128] analysis offer to some extent counter-images ("Gegenbilder") to the canonized and symbolically important images, far better known, that tend to paint the local populations in a more favorable light. Indeed, the authors argue, the photos of American soldiers make a significant contribution to Austrian cultural memory by dispelling widespread myths around the defeat of National Socialism and restoration of peace in Austria (23). With a firm focus on shedding light on Austrian memory culture, Pirker and Breit's book is actually more about the American soldiers and their behavior in Austria than about Austrians and their perceptions of their postwar occupiers. Their approach is innovative and, ultimately, successful. The authors selected the objects of their analysis from the photographic archives of the US Signal Corps as well as the large collection assembled by the volunteer-run 103rd Infantry Division Association housed today at the University of Southern Mississippi. While the official photos of the Signal Corps were generally of higher quality, their motifs—as Pirker and Breit point out—were more consistent and predictable, essentially rendering them less interesting. In most cases, including in some images of actual combat, which were far less common in the snapshots taken by regular soldiers, the purpose of the photos was to make clear to all who the "good guys" and "bad guys" were in the war and to legitimize the Allied occupation. For that reason, the authors of this captivating new study consider the more mundane photos of the everyday soldiers, who were crazy about taking pictures ("geradezu versessen aufs Fotografieren," 11), to be more illuminating. A particular strength of the book is the authors' use of additional resources, such as biographies of the soldier photographers, servicemen's letters to relatives back home, regimental histories, and local newspaper articles about the soldiers' experiences to provide further context for the photographs. The unofficial photos are notable to Pirker and Breit for what they do not reveal: images of casualties and scenes of combat; fraternization with Austrian women; contacts with local populations; and African American soldiers, to name a few examples. Instead, the bulk of the informal photos show the soldiers' now-peaceful everyday lives in this beautiful setting: homesick comrades and friends behaving like tourists on...