Hybrid-enhanced secure strategy for encryption image and key management based on WDM/TDM-PON using hill group cipher

Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) or close to it (FTTx) networks are poised to become the next major success story for optical fiber communications. Future FTTx access networks unleash the economic potential and societal benefit by opening up the first/last mile bandwidth bottleneck between bandwidth-hungry end-users and high-speed backbone networks. Owing to their longevity, low attenuation, and huge bandwidth, passive optical networks (PONs) are widely deployed to realize cost-effective FTTx access networks. Fiber has been envisioned for delivering broadband services for over 30 years. However, many roadblocks related to component and installation costs have slowed down the progress toward FTTx since it was first proposed. Currently, FTTH is being installed in many countries, but it still represents only a fraction of all deployed broadband lines (Shumate [2008]). The two major state-of-the-art PON standards IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet PON (EPON) and ITU-T G.984 Gigabit PON (GPON) consist both of a single upstream wavelength channel and a separate single downstream wavelength channel, whereby both channels are operated using time division multiplexing (TDM). EPON and GPON are expected to coexist for the foreseeable future as they evolve into next-generation PONs (NG-PONs) (Effenberger et al . [2007], Kazovsky et al . [2007]). NG-PONs can be categorized into high-speed TDM PON, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) PON, and long-reach PON (LR-PON) (Lin [2008], Effenberger et al . [2009a]).

Broadband Passive Optical Access Networks

Fiber To The Home (FTTH) network based on the Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology is considered a technology option capable of spreading high-speed Internet. However, the high project cost may make its deployment unfeasible. Given this challenge, we use Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to propose an Optical Distribution Network (ODN) design in FTTH network. The ODN is a region that links the Central Office (CO) and the User Network (UN), that is, a strategic region that needs additional attention. In the literature so far is rare to find a technical-economic analysis of the ODN problem. Therefore, the novelty of this letter is to adapt the PSO, an efficient and fast strategy to be applied to multivariable functions, within an ODN design with technical and economic criteria. Using system-level simulations, we attest that the proposed algorithm achieves 12% cost reduction from the conventional way.

Future passive optical networks (PONs) are expected to support much larger capacity and much wider coverage. How to jointly address these two design requirements represents one of the most challenging aspects in today’s research on PONs. So far, most research efforts have been devoted to devising new architectural or technological solutions to support such stringent requirements. In particular, the technology to be used for transmission may have diverse multiplexing techniques, types of transceivers, modulation formats, and detection techniques. However, the question of which transmission technology is the most effective considering the trade-offs in terms of complexity, offered capacity, and reach is still open. In this paper, we aim at answering this question comparing the use of time division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and hybrid TDM/WDM techniques in PONs. To achieve this goal, we first categorize the main options for transmission technologies in PONs in three families: colored dense WDM (DWDM), tunable DWDM, and colorless DWDM. Then, we propose a new optimization scheme that selects the optimal transmission technology for different operational scenarios that are defined by varying the number of users, the distance to the users, and the traffic load. The choice of the passive optical components to be used at the remote node is also part of the optimization scheme given its significant impact on the choice of the transmission technology. As a result, we report and discuss which transmission technologies are the most suitable under different operational scenarios.

Chapter 2 - PON Architectures Review

Hybrid gigabit-passive optical network (GPON) is one of the hybrid optical networks, it integrates both Wave length Division Multiplexing (WDM) GPON and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) GPON into a single passive network, which lowers the energy consumption, networking expenditure and boosts the data rate. In this paper, Radio over Fiber Technique of 10 GB/s GPON network architecture is implemented and verified using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation of 2.4 GHz radio frequency. Single-mode fiber of length 50 km is used to propagate the radio signals. Commercial OptiSystem simulation software is used to simulate the model. In total, 32 and 64 users are supported through this model. Based on the response of the constellation diagram, received power, eye diagram, and optical signal-to-noise ratio, the system is analyzed.

There is a rapidly increasing data flow between sensors and on-board processors in avionic platforms. Electro-optic (EO) sensors are moving to hyperspectral and radar to phased array to enable precision targeting, wide field of view surveillance and navigation. These trends call for next generation optical network technology which has to provide increasing high speed data transmission under harsh conditions. Recent developments go beyond simple point-to-point fiber links towards establishing optical distribution networks to deal with the data traffic [1]. A flexible and potentially low-cost implementation is the passive optical network (PON) which scales easily to increasing needs simply by upgrading the peripheral units without need to change the fiber connections and infrastructure. PONs are well established in the commercial access market with the increasing push to fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies which has led to the development of a variety of low-cost devices for these networks. A key enabler in our development of an avionics PON is the reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) which combines amplification and modulation into a single device [2]. The RSOA is a non-resonant device, thus wideband with the potential for ruggedness, especially high temperature operation with small or no need for cooling. At higher data rates up to 20 Gbps a related device, the reflective electro-absorption modulator with integrated amplification (R-SOA-EAM) can be used instead. To complete the adaptation we replaced the laser, commonly used to provide optical input power in a PON architecture with another non-resonant device, the superluminescent LED (SLED). To create upgrade flexibility we utilized wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) which allows addition and subtraction of channels without changing hardware. Coarse WDM (CWDM) was chosen over Dense WDM (DWDM) for two reasons: the large channel width (20nm) of CWDM reduces cost by relaxing fabrication tolerance and renders the use of temperature control unnecessary, thereby increasing reliability. The concept and current state of development of our optical network is described in this paper.

Big data and artificial intelligence based early risk warning system of fire hazard for smart cities

This article is single-source introduction to the emerging concept of smart cities. It can be used for familiarizing researchers with the vast scope of research possible in this application domain. The smart is primarily concept, and there is still not clear and consistent definition among practitioners and academia. As simplistic explanation, smart is place where traditional networks and services are made more flexible, efficient, and sustainable with the use of information, digital, and telecommunication technologies to improve the city's operations for the benefit of its inhabitants. Smart cities are greener, safer, faster, and friendlier. The different components of smart include smart infrastructure, smart transportation, smart energy, smart health care, and smart technology. These components are what make the cities smart and efficient. Information and communication technology (ICT) are enabling keys for transforming traditional cities into smart cities. Two closely related emerging technology frameworks, the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data (BD), make smart cities efficient and responsive. The technology has matured enough to allow smart cities to emerge. However, there is much needed in terms of physical infrastructure, smart city, the digital technologies translate into better public services for inhabitants and better use of resources while reducing environmental impacts. One of the formal definitions of the smart is the following: connecting the physical infrastructure, the information-technology infrastructure, the social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city [4]. Another formal and comprehensive definition is a smart sustainable is an innovative that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operations and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects [12]. A broad overview of various components needed in smart is depicted in Figure 1. Any combination of various smart components can make cities smart. A need not have all the components to be labeled as smart. The number of smart components depends on the cost and available technology.

A smart city has changed the city landscape with the assistance of ICT, and sensor-enabled internet of things (IoT) devices. The development of a ubiquitous connected source environment is to be complicated and global to improve service performance delivery, cost-effectiveness, and using all capabilities of technology resources. For gaining those benefits in the smart city, it is necessary to design a capable ICT architecture. The ICT architecture in the smart city must provide the facility to organize all technology resources, the produced data, network communication orchestration, and services in the large scale of smart cities. In today’s smart cities, three main different ICT architecture proposals are available, Centralized, Decentralized-to-Centralized, and Distributed-to-Centralized. Centralized ICT architectures are designed based on Cloud technologies. The Decentralized-to-Centralized and Distributed-to-Centralized ICT architectures are using the multiple facilities from the joined benefits of edge to Cloud technologies orchestration. In this paper, we first describe these three ICT architectures in smart cities. Besides, we present our proposed Decentralized-to-Centralized and Distributed-to-Centralized ICT architectures in smart cities. Second, we show how our ICT architecture can be beneficial for Large-Scale ICT management through different use case studies. Finally, we describe the advantages of our ICT architecture and discuss challenges.

The smart city development has been growing over years, with the concept highly debated in all over countries. The concept of smart city gives attention to every country around the world as to provide their community a better quality of life. The smart city concept has been drawing people into it globally for the past decades. The explosive growth of information, communication and technologies (ICTs) has led to integrating applications and systems to produce a better outcome. IOT (Internet of Thing) has become a centre attraction in establishing a smart city as it can send data in real-time and provide data regularly throughout the day. Thus, this paper presents the development of the architecture of smart city in Malaysia by utilizing Internet of Things (IOTs). In this paper, the relationships between IOTs and smart city elements are reviewed and compared. Then, the comparison of smart city components between Putrajaya, Dubai and Brisbane are established. The comparison is based on infrastructure, environment, IOTs and culture. Finally, the architecture for smart city is formed.

Currently, cities are being reconstructed to smart cities that use an information and communication technology (ICT) framework alongside the internet of things (IoT) technology to increase efficiency and also share information with the public, helping to improve the quality of government services citizens' welfare. This large, diverse set of information called big data is obtained by ICT and IoT technologies from smart cities. This information does not have any meaning of its own but a high potential to make use of smart city services. Therefore, the information collected is mined and processed through use of big data analytic techniques. The environmental footprints in smart cities can be monitored and controlled with the help of ICT. Big data analytic techniques help enhance the functionalities of smart cities and the 4G and 5G network provides strong connectivity for professional devices.

Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies in the past decade have matured both in the hardware and software aspects for large-scale deployment. Alongst IoT, the Smart Cities Concept is also taking shape. Pilot projects and implementations in multiple cities are trying to find out the feasibility and applicability of Smart City Information and Communications Technology (ICT). IoT assets along with the legacy assets are essential for Smart City ICT implementations. With the evolution of Smart Cities and concentration of people in the cities, it becomes necessary to be ready for future Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Recovery (HADR) operations. But the huge void in heterogeneous IoT and legacy technologies create a big hurdle in establishing and handling the HADR operations. This aim of this PhD is to investigate the interoperability aspects amongst the various IoT technologies and Smart City concepts. The goal is to create a framework and an architecture for allowing the interoperable operation of ICT assets in a Smart City environment. This framework would enable rapid deployment of HADR relevant technology assets on the ground allowing multiple HADR agencies to seamlessly communicate while having shared Situational Awareness (SA) and complementing each others capabilities.

According to United Nations estimates, about 70% of the world’s population will live in urban areas by 2050. (https://www.un.org) Smart sustainable cities technologies and approaches, including those based on information and communications technology (ICT) solutions and Internet of things (IoT), are already helping people to overcome multiple challenges of urban development and to progress towards achieving global objectives for cities, particularly Sustainable Development Goal 11 ‘Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’ (The first United Smart Cities SMART CITY LAB opened in Vienna, supporting co-creation of solutions for smart sustainable cities worldwide 2018, [1]). The Smart Cities Mission (SCM), launched in 2015, by the Government of India, aims at building up sustainable and inclusive cities that provide core infrastructure, a clean and sustainable environment and a decent quality of life to its citizens. The strategic components of the Mission are city improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment) and city extension (greenfield development) with smart solutions applied in service delivery and governance (SDG India Index & Dashboard 2019–2020, [2]). There are several urbanization models that incorporate digital technologies to address some of the urbanization and sustainability challenges: Digital cities feature the integration of digital technology into the city’s core infrastructure systems; intelligent cities rely on the digital city infrastructure to build intelligent buildings, transportation systems, schools, enterprises, public spaces, public services, etc., and to integrate them into intelligent urban systems; and smart cities—deploy intelligent urban systems at the service of socio-economic development and improving urban quality of life (Estevez et al, Smart sustainable cities, reconnaissance study 2016, [3]) So, here, we are trying to deal with systems of systems in physical ecosystems powered by various ICT and digital technologies. Meanwhile, the existing technological approaches tend to latch onto the most hyped technology of the year and produce many silo-ed solutions for smart cities which, although elevates technology innovation, fails to engage its citizens. Therefore, a design intervention is needed to help bridge this and make technologies work for humans, the citizens and the primary stakeholder. This interpretation paper is an inquisition into the role of design and designers, to bring the right kind of approach when it comes to sustainable smart city design. The paper first lays down the high-level role and responsibilities of designers and its various other key stakeholders in crafting a smart city. Then, it talks about the right kind of methodologies that designers bring at all levels of sustainable smart city design—from working with official bodies in co-creation and collaboration mode to the end-users—the citizens—to understand their wants, needs and desires. The paper then details out a case study of a smart campus where the aforementioned methods are applied in order to come up with the most effective designs for the smart city that meet the official bodies’ KPI requirements and at the same time, delivers best-in-class experiences to citizens.

An amazing utilization of internet of things (IoT)-based smart technologies has been observed in recent years. Internet of things (IoT) became smarter and autonomous, leading the way by interconnecting and interacting with the environment. Existing technologies such as big data, AI, and cloud computing have been supported by IoT but with some limitations. Blockchain is the better solution to access and share data with the decentralized system. IoT spreads its applications in healthcare, industrial internet of things, supply chain management, traffic management, etc., out of which smart cities take special attention in recent days by integrating with IoT to create a sustainable ecosystem by using information and communication technology (ICT). Smart cities can offer various smart applications for boosting the life prominence of society. These characteristics of blockchain are beneficial to the creation of smart cities. In this regard, the authors have conducted a systematic review of articles. This study highlights the integration of blockchain with IoT.