Acrolepiopsis assectella . [Distribution map

Abstract. Hernawan E, Rosmiati M, Lastini T, Kandar M. 2024. Distribution and habitat mapping of key fauna species in other land use for biodiversity offset. Asian J For 9: 124-136. Despite their status as non-forest and non-conservation areas, other land use areas (APL), especially those adjacent to forests, are still habitats for wildlife, including key animals or essential ecosystems that are ecologically important for biological conservation as animal boundaries or as protectors of conservation areas. The existence of key animal habitats or essential ecosystems underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive biodiversity action plan (BAP) for APLs. The APLs are geographically dispersed nationwide to address diverse external needs beyond forestry. Some APLs are situated on Mount Tenggamus in Lampung Province, Sumatra Island, and on Mount Latimojong in South Sulawesi Province, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. This research aims to find out the distribution of key animals in other land uses as a basis for controlling land use for sustainability. The research method used is vegetation analysis based on elevation, presence of animals, and distribution mapping using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). The results showed that degraded and deforested ecosystems dominated both APLs. Some key species are confined to APLs, where their habitats have been fragmented by agricultural land use. This results in limited home ranges and the possibility of inbreeding, which will reduce the survivability of offspring. In addition, due to human pressure, including hunting, key animals in OLs are at risk of extinction. Immediate protection measures are essential to prevent this.

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to determine the percentage of reproductive disorders in dairy cows at The Northern Bandung Dairy Farmer Cooperative (KPSBU Lembang) based on body condition score (BCS) and season factor and determined the distribution map.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The object of this study was secondary data on dairy cows from 2019 to 2021 registered on the cooperative database. The parameters of this study were type, case percentage, risk factor, and distribution of reproductive disorders. The data were analyzed descriptively based on BCS and season factors.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The percentage results were presented in tables and figures after being processed using Microsoft Excel, while the distribution maps were processed using the QGIS application. The percentages of reproductive disorders in KPSBU Lembang in 2019–2021 respectively as follows: Retained placenta were 11.5%, 14.9%, and 14.4%; Dystocia were 11.5%, 12.6%, and 14.2%. Ovarian function disorders (follicular cyst and corpus luteum cyst) were 10.2%, 8.8%, and 9.9%; Endometritis was 9.3%, 9.5%, and 10.4%. Based on the distribution maps of reproductive disorders, it was known that all villages in Lembang District in 2021 had cows with reproductive disorders.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The reproductive disorders in dairy cows at KPSBU Lembang had retained placenta, dystocia, ovarian function disorder (follicular cyst and corpus luteum cyst), and endometritis. Dystocia and retained placenta are the highest cases in KPSBU Lembang during the dry and rainy seasons. Areas that had dairy cows with unideal BCS became the highest area of each type of reproductive disorder cases.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to determine the percentage of reproductive disorders in dairy cows at The Northern Bandung Dairy Farmer Cooperative (KPSBU Lembang) based on body condition score (BCS) and season factor and determined the distribution map.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The object of this study was secondary data on dairy cows from 2019 to 2021 registered on the cooperative database. The parameters of this study were type, case percentage, risk factor, and distribution of reproductive disorders. The data were analyzed descriptively based on BCS and season factors.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The percentage results were presented in tables and figures after being processed using Microsoft Excel, while the distribution maps were processed using the QGIS application. The percentages of reproductive disorders in KPSBU Lembang in 2019–2021 respectively as follows: Retained placenta were 11.5%, 14.9%, and 14.4%; Dystocia were 11.5%, 12.6%, and 14.2%. Ovarian function disorders (follicular cyst and corpus luteum cyst) were 10.2%, 8.8%, and 9.9%; Endometritis was 9.3%, 9.5%, and 10.4%. Based on the distribution maps of reproductive disorders, it was known that all villages in Lembang District in 2021 had cows with reproductive disorders.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The reproductive disorders in dairy cows at KPSBU Lembang had retained placenta, dystocia, ovarian function disorder (follicular cyst and corpus luteum cyst), and endometritis. Dystocia and retained placenta are the highest cases in KPSBU Lembang during the dry and rainy seasons. Areas that had dairy cows with unideal BCS became the highest area of each type of reproductive disorder cases.<strong></strong></p>

The localization of multiple interference sources in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) can be achieved using carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) information provided by GNSS receivers, such as those embedded in smartphones. However, in increasingly prevalent complex scenarios—such as the coexistence of multiple directional interferences, increased diversity and density of GNSS interference, and the presence of multiple low-power interference sources—conventional localization methods often fail to provide reliable results, thereby limiting their applicability in real-world environments. This paper presents a multi-interference sources localization method using object detection in GNSS C/N0 distribution maps. The proposed method first exploits the similarity between C/N0 data reported by GNSS receivers and image grayscale values to construct C/N0 distribution maps, thereby transforming the problem of multi-source GNSS interference localization into an object detection and localization task based on image processing techniques. Subsequently, an Oriented Squeeze-and-Excitation-based Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (OSF-RCNN) framework is proposed to process the C/N0 distribution maps. Building upon the Faster R-CNN framework, the proposed method integrates an Oriented RPN (Region Proposal Network) to regress the orientation angles of directional antennas, effectively addressing their rotational characteristics. Additionally, the Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) mechanism and the Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) are integrated at key stages of the network to improve sensitivity to small targets, thereby enhancing detection and localization performance for low-power interference sources. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately localizing multiple interference sources under the increasingly prevalent complex scenarios described above.

The resolution of complex multicomponent hyperspectral images with multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares is mainly performed by using a limited number of constraints on the pure constituent distribution maps, such as non‐negativity or local constraints. This work proposes a constraint that works with the spatial information of the whole image and has been given the name shape smoothness constraint. Contrary to local constraints, shape smoothness constraint imposes a global character on the distribution map pattern. It uses two‐dimensional P‐splines to enforce smoothness of the global spatial features of the distribution maps generated within the alternating least squares procedure. This allows revealing main pattern(s) in the spatial data leaving high‐frequency signals, corresponding to fine‐scale structures in the image. This approach has been successfully applied on several simulated examples where imposing shape smoothness resulted in the recovery of the correct pattern for the image objects, which in turn provided more accurate distribution maps and spectral profiles. It was also shown that when information about the smoothness of the pattern(s) of the image constituents holds, the constraint can be a flexible and robust alternative for the resolution of real hyperspectral imaging data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The article presents a description of the developed software module for creating maps of the probability distribution of encountering sea ice. The module allows to process collections of raster map files based on satellite data and obtain vector maps of the probability distribution of encountering sea ice. Source data is Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) maps provided in raster format without georeferencing, and National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) maps provided in GeoTIFF format with georeferencing. The module implements an algorithm that allows to calculate the probability of ice occurrence of a given concentration interval at each point (pixel) of a raster map, and then build polygonal vector maps in SHP-format based on the array of probabilities. The algorithm for constructing polygonal objects provides for a sequential enumeration of all horizontal adjacent pairs of elements of the array of probabilities, followed by determining the boundaries of the polygon. Detection of the first points of the polygon boundary allows to start a cyclic search for adjacent points that meet the boundary condition and creating a complete list of points of a closed polygon. Similarly, all other polygons are searched within the water area specified by the color mask. At the last stage, the lists of Cartesian coordinates of points are converted into geographical coordinates. Based on them, polygonal objects are formed in the SHP-file format. Polygon features define areas of probability of encountering ice that belong to the same interval, and include numeric attributes with values for the boundaries of the probability intervals. The generated vector maps allow further data analysis in GIS applications. The developed software was used to build maps of the probability distribution of encountering ice in the waters of the Far Eastern seas.

An optical heterodyne polarimeter operating with spatiotemporal carrier frequencies is presented for contour mapping of dynamic principal stress distributions in an epoxy photoelastic sample. Introducing of the spatiotemporad carrier frequencies causes the temporal and spatial resolutions to be fairly improved in the mapping of the stress distributions. The major functional scheme of the polarimeter is illustrated in Fig. 1. A circularly polarized beam of light transmitted by the loaded photoelastic sample turns into an elliptically polarized signal beam, which is photomixed with a local oscillator beam consisting of orthogonal linearly polarized two-frequency components. At every pixel of the arrayed photodetector, the elliptically polarized signal beam is decomposed into orthogonal linearly polarized components to be interfered, respectively, with the counterpart v1 and UT components of the local oscillator beam. Since both the z' and z'2' components are tilted in wavefront at different angles to the signal beam, the resultant photourrentgenerated at every pixel involves two beat-components at different spatiotemporal carrier frequencies. The two beat-components can be filtered in the spatiotemporal frequency domain to irovicle significant information for mapping the principal stress distribution. The combination of the spatial and temporal carrier frequencies is capable of broadening the bandwidths in the spatial and temporal frequency domain compared with.those using only the spatial or temporal carrier frequencies [1]. The spatial and temporal bandwidths of the present polarimeter are found to be both approximately three times as wide as those of the previously reported optical heterodyne polarimeters [2,3]. Experimental demonstration was carried out using a Mach-Zehnder type optical heterodyne interferometer. The temporal and spatial bandwidths of the MOS type arrayed photodetector were set at 1033 Hz and 10 mm1 ,respectively, and.the temporal and spatial bandwidths for filtering were set at 500 Hz and 5 mm1, respectively. Under these conditions, the temporal and spatial bandwidths were 1 ms and 0.1 mm for mapping of the stress distributions. A sample plate of epoxy with a circular hole of 1.5 mm in diameter was used for the experiment. The top and bottom ends of the plate were supported, and an increasing force was applied from the left to the hole. The contour mapped resuits of the spatiotemporal stress distributions ar shown in Fig. 2. The first trace is the azimuth x ofthe principal stress a, and the second and third traces are the magnitudes of the orthogonal principal stresses o and a, respectively. The spacing of two successive contours of the azimuth is 15°, and that of the magnitudes is 2.0 x iO N/rn2. The tensile and compressive stresses are indicated, respectively, by positive and negative signs. As can be seen froth the figure, o. is tensile at the left of the hole, whereas 0qiscompressive at the right of the hole. The gradients of the principal stresses increase with time.

A new distribution map is provided for Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker & Abbatiello. Arachnida: Acarida: Tetranychidae. Main host: polyphagous, but especially avocado (Persea spp.).

The present paper provides the detailed list of the specimens of Lycopodiaceae from the Guianas that we checked during the preparation of our paper published in 2020, as well as their distribution maps. A total of 603 specimens have been studied corresponding to 28 taxa in five genera (Lycopodiella, Lycopodium, Palhinhaea, Phlegmariurus, Pseudolycopodiella). An additional species, Phlegmariurus tenuicaulis, is added and the combination of Pseudolycopodiella meridionalis var. mesetarum, which was invalid in our previous paper, is here validated.

The spider genus Tayshaneta is revised based on results from a three gene phylogenetic analysis (Ledford et al. 2011) and a comprehensive morphological survey using scanning electron (SEM) and compound light microscopy. The morphology and relationships within Tayshaneta are discussed and five species-groups are supported by phylogenetic analyses: the anopica group, the coeca group, the myopica group, the microps group and the sandersi group. Short branch lengths within Tayshaneta contrast sharply with the remaining North American genera and are viewed as evidence for a relatively recent radiation of species. Variation in troglomorphic morphology is discussed and compared to patterns found in other Texas cave invertebrates. Several species previously known as single cave endemics have wider ranges than expected, suggesting that some caves are not isolated habitats but instead form part of interconnected karst networks. Distribution maps are compared with karst faunal regions (KFR’s) in Central Texas and the implications for the conservation and recovery of Tayshaneta species are discussed. Ten new species are described: Tayshaneta archambaulti sp. n., Tayshaneta emeraldae sp. n., Tayshaneta fawcetti sp. n., Tayshaneta grubbsi sp. n., Tayshaneta madla sp. n., Tayshaneta oconnorae sp. n., Tayshaneta sandersi sp. n., Tayshaneta sprousei sp. n., Tayshaneta vidrio sp. n. and Tayshaneta whitei sp. n. The males for three species, Tayshaneta anopica (Gertsch, 1974), Tayshaneta devia (Gertsch, 1974) and Tayshaneta microps (Gertsch, 1974) are described for the first time. Tayshaneta furtiva (Gertsch, 1974) and Tayshaneta uvaldea (Gertsch, 1974) are declared nomina dubia as the female holotypes are not diagnosable and efforts to locate specimens at the type localities were unsuccessful. All Tayshaneta species are thoroughly illustrated, diagnosed and keyed. Distribution maps are also provided highlighting areas of taxonomic ambiguity in need of additional sampling.

We propose a new method capable of precise Rhodamine B distribution mapping with two-photon fluorescence (TPF) microscopy. Both epi-detection TPF (E-TPF) and forward TPF (F-TPF) is used for TPF imaging.

ABSTRACTDifferent sources of information about biodiversity may lead to unrealistic or biased estimation of its components, with different patterns according to the scale of analysis. In this study, we analyse patterns of species richness at the local (average alpha) and regional (gamma) scales, and the relationship between them (Whittaker's beta), in central Mexico, using as a source of data for the species’ distributions: (1) museum specimen occurrence data for birds, and (2) distribution maps based on ecological niche models developed and refined by experts. We performed analyses at five spatial resolutions (1/32°−1/2°). Scale changes (grain and extent) affected significantly the estimates of average alpha, gamma, and beta. Use of raw occurrence data vs. distribution maps yielded contrasting results, with raw data underestimating alpha and overestimating beta, as functions of area. As regards species–area relationships, our results suggest a natural decomposition of factors into an area‐invariant component (related to alpha), and an area dependent factor (related to beta). Most of our results are maintained in a null model that randomizes occurrences without changing observed range‐size distributions. From this result we argue that average alpha and Whittaker's beta capture little information about the spatial covariation of species distribution patterns.

The database was established by conducting field surveys and water quality analysis of 877 water samples based on the national-scale various water sources, including 167 sampling sites from historically well-known hot springs, mineral waters, and spring waters (from August 2017 to June 2020). Spatial analysis using Kriging interpolation was performed to create a distribution map for 14 mineral components. The distribution maps were prepared with 50 m spatial resolution in raster type, and provided by Geo Bigdata Open Platform service of KIGAM. The spatial distribution of each mineral component showed some relationships with geological (lithology and fault) and regional characteristics, and could be used for drinking water and beverage industry (beverages, alcoholic beverages, teas, coffee, etc.) by providing the various information on the occurrence of natural Good-Water. We plan to continuously update information on Good-Water source to increase spatial resolution and secure its representativeness at each location.

Summary To visualise the fracture initiation characteristics in the multipass weld heat affected zone of YS = 460 N/mm2 class 30 mm thick TMCP high‐strength steel, the yield strength distribution map and CTOD toughness distribution map are drafted by computer on the basis of a series of HAZ simulation results. A comparison between these computationally estimated property distribution maps and the actual HAZ CTOD test results reveals the following: Fracture of the HAZ CTOD specimens is initiated from the peripheral part of a local hard zone (LHZ) which does not always correspond to the most brittle point on the crack front. The critical CTOD value derived from full‐thickness specimens is adequately represented by the local critical CTOD level at the fracture initiation point. Fracture initiation is due not only to local brittleness, but also to strength inhomogeneity in the HAZ.

A new distribution map is provided for Citrus chlorotic dwarf associated virus. Geminiviridae: Citlodavirus. Hosts: Citrus spp.

Researchers often communicate knowledge about biodiversity, especially information about where species are likely to be found, through maps. However, readers do not necessarily interpret such maps in the way the authors intend. We assessed undergraduate students' interpretations of mapped biodiversity data with a mixed-method approach: a survey instrument was developed using writing and focus groups, then delivered to students enrolled in introductory biology courses at the University of Florida in the United States. Surveyed participants (N = 195) were presented with sets of maps for the Palamedes Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio palamedes, with three data visualization methods: point occurrences, expert-assessed range, and correlative distribution model results (distributional models were shown at high and low resolutions). Map interpretations were assessed by asking participants to rate the likelihood of finding a Palamedes Swallowtail at various point on each map and how confident they were in the information the map presented. They were also asked which map type they would most likely use to find a Palamedes Swallowtail. For distributional model maps, the effect of resolution on interpretation was assessed by asking participants to rate the perceived accuracy of each map, as well as their confidence in the data being presented. Participants most trusted in data provided via point maps compared to range and distributional model maps, and trusted point maps most among the three map types. For distribution maps, participants felt more certain in data presented to them via higher-resolution maps and interpreted them as being more accurate. This preference was especially pronounced for participants studying Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields compared to their non-STEM peers. Our findings suggest biodiversity researchers need to carefully consider symbol choice and resolution when transmitting information about species distributions.