IC-CGAN: Imbalanced class-conditional generative adversarial network with weighted loss function

The identification of plant leaf diseases is crucial in precision agriculture, playing a pivotal role in advancing the modernization of agriculture. Timely detection and diagnosis of leaf diseases for preventive measures significantly contribute to enhancing both the quantity and quality of agricultural products, thereby fostering the in-depth development of precision agriculture. However, despite the rapid development of research on plant leaf disease identification, it still faces challenges such as insufficient agricultural datasets and the problem of deep learning-based disease identification models having numerous training parameters and insufficient accuracy. This paper proposes a plant leaf disease identification method based on improved SinGAN and improved ResNet34 to address the aforementioned issues. Firstly, an improved SinGAN called Reconstruction-Based Single Image Generation Network (ReSinGN) is proposed for image enhancement. This network accelerates model training speed by using an autoencoder to replace the GAN in the SinGAN and incorporates a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) into the autoencoder to more accurately capture important features and structural information in the images. Random pixel Shuffling are introduced in ReSinGN to enable the model to learn richer data representations, further enhancing the quality of generated images. Secondly, an improved ResNet34 is proposed for plant leaf disease identification. This involves adding CBAM modules to the ResNet34 to alleviate the limitations of parameter sharing, replacing the ReLU activation function with LeakyReLU activation function to address the problem of neuron death, and utilizing transfer learning-based training methods to accelerate network training speed. This paper takes tomato leaf diseases as the experimental subject, and the experimental results demonstrate that: (1) ReSinGN generates high-quality images at least 44.6 times faster in training speed compared to SinGAN. (2) The Tenengrad score of images generated by the ReSinGN model is 67.3, which is improved by 30.2 compared to the SinGAN, resulting in clearer images. (3) ReSinGN model with random pixel Shuffling outperforms SinGAN in both image clarity and distortion, achieving the optimal balance between image clarity and distortion. (4) The improved ResNet34 achieved an average recognition accuracy, recognition precision, recognition accuracy (redundant as it's similar to precision), recall, and F1 score of 98.57, 96.57, 98.68, 97.7, and 98.17%, respectively, for tomato leaf disease identification. Compared to the original ResNet34, this represents enhancements of 3.65, 4.66, 0.88, 4.1, and 2.47%, respectively.

Agriculture field has a high impact on our life. Agriculture is the most important sector of our Economy. Proper management leads to a profit in agricultural products. Farmers do not expertise in leaf disease, so they produce less production. Plant leaf diseases detection is the important because profit and loss are depending on production. CNN is the solution for leaf disease detection and classification. Main aim of this research is to detect the apple, grape, corn, potato and tomato plants leaf diseases. Plant leaf diseases are monitoring of large fields of crops disease detection, and thus automatically detected some feature of diseases as per that provide medical treatment. Proposed Deep CNN model has been compared with popular transfer learning approach such as VGG16. Plant leaf disease detection has wide range of applications available in various fields such as Biological Research and in Agriculture Institute. Plant leaf disease detection is the one of the required research topics as it may prove benefits in monitoring large fields of crops, and thus automatically detect the symptoms of diseases as soon as they appear on plant leaves. Key Words: Diseases, CNN, Deep Learning

In recent years, plant leaf diseases has become a widespread problem for which an accurate research and rapid application of deep learning in plant disease classification is required, tomato is also one of the most important plants and seeds which are used worldwide for cooking in either dried or fresh form, tomato are a great source of protein that offer many health benefits, but there are a lot of diseases associated with tomato leaf which hinder its production. Thus, an accurate classification of tomato leaf diseases is needed to solve the problem in the early stage. A deep learning approach is proposed to identify and classify leaf disease by using public dataset of leaf image and CNN model with the open source library TensorFlow. In this project, we proposed a method to classify tomato leaf disease and to find and describe the efficient network architecture (hyper parameters and optimization methods). Moreover, after applying each architecture separately, we compared their obtained results to find out the best architecture configuration for classifying tomato leaf diseases and their results. Furthermore, to satisfy the classification requirements, the model was trained using CNN architecture check if we could get faster training times, higher accuracy and easier retraining. Deep learning is a branch of artificial intelligence. In recent years, with the advantages of automatic learning and feature extraction, it has been widely concerned by academic and industrial circles. It has been widely used in image and video processing, voice processing, and natural language processing. At the same time, it has also become a research hotspot in the field of agricultural plant protection, such as plant disease recognition. The application of deep learning in plant disease recognition can avoid the disadvantages caused by artificial selection of disease spot features, make plant disease feature extraction more objective, and improve the research efficiency and technology transformation speed. This review provides the research progress of deep learning technology in the field of crop leaf disease identification in recent years. In this project, we present the current trends and challenges for the detection of plant leaf disease using deep learning and advanced imaging techniques. We hope that this project will be a valuable resource for researchers who study the detection of plant diseases. At the same time, we also discussed some of the current challenges and problems that need to be resolved.

A novel hierarchical framework for plant leaf disease detection using residual vision transformer

Agriculture is critical to our economic well-being. A wide range of illnesses may have a significant impact on the yield. Detection of plant diseases at an early stage is critical to avoiding significant harm. Farmers will benefit more from automated systems that check aberrant signs in the development of plants. An automated approach for the prediction and categorization of plant leaf diseases is investigated in this research. Additionally, a look at several methods for diagnosing plant leaf diseases is covered in-depth. The suggested system would use image processing and segmentation techniques methods to detect leaf diseases in pulses, fruits and vegetable plants. An enhanced CNN model was constructed and used. An enhanced CNN model is constructed and trained on a dataset of 20,600 photo. In order to increase system prediction accuracy and the categorization of genuine positive samples, optimization is carried out. This model induced 93.18 percent more accurate predictions may be made for 3 different species with twelve distinct illnesses using the approach now under consideration.

Using deep learning-based tools in the field of agriculture for the automatic detection of plant leaf diseases has been in place for many years. However, optimizing their use in the specific background of the agriculture field, in the presence of other leaves and the soil, is still an open challenge. This work presents a deep learning model based on YOLOv6s that incorporates (1) Gaussian error linear unit in the backbone, (2) efficient channel attention in the basic RepBlock, and (3) SCYLLA-Intersection Over Union (SIOU) loss function to improve the detection accuracy of the base model in real-field background conditions. Experiments were carried out on a self-collected dataset containing 3305 real-field images of cotton, wheat, and mango (healthy and diseased) leaves. The results show that the proposed model outperformed many state-of-the-art and recent models, including the base YOLOv6s, in terms of detection accuracy. It was also found that this improvement was achieved without any significant increase in the computational cost. Hence, the proposed model stood out as an effective technique to detect plant leaf diseases in real-field conditions without any increased computational burden.

This composition bargains with the Tomato leaf infection discovery and classification utilizing different strategies like Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Regions with CNN (R-CNN), Fast R-CNN and Faster R-CNN. The main issue in the agricultural sector is leaf diseases, which have an impact on crop yield and financial gain. Early detection of leaf diseases in plants is essential to prevent losses to the agricultural sector. There are several tomato leaf diseases that affect the crop's leaves, including the Mosaic virus, Early Blight, Healthy, Septoria leaf, and Bacterial spot. Using deep learning algorithms and image processing methods, we can identify the diseases in tomato leaves using developing deep learning approaches. The implementation procedures in our proposed work involves data collection, pre-processing, training, feature extraction, testing, and classification utilising the Visual Geometry Group (VGG 16) to identify damaged or healthy leaves. VGG 16 is incorporated to categorise the leaves as healthy or diseased based on the data and Regression's boundary box method is adopted. Therefore, using Faster RCNN, a model is created to identify and categorise diseases from every image of a tomato leaf that is used as an input, providing a forecast with a considerably greater degree of accuracy. We obtain an accuracy of approximately 98% after fitting the collected features into the neural network over 20 iterations.

In the current agricultural landscape, a significant portion of tomato plants suffer from leaf diseases, posing a major challenge to manual detection due to the task's extensive scope. Existing detection algorithms struggle to balance speed with accuracy, especially when identifying small-scale leaf diseases across diverse settings. Addressing this need, this study presents FCHF-DETR (Faster-Cascaded-attention-High-feature-fusion-Focaler Detection-Transformer), an innovative, high-precision, and lightweight detection algorithm based on RT-DETR-R18 (Real-Time-Detection-Transformer-ResNet18). The algorithm was developed using a carefully curated dataset of 3147 RGB images, showcasing tomato leaf diseases across a range of scenes and resolutions. FasterNet replaces ResNet18 in the algorithm's backbone network, aimed at reducing the model's size and improving memory efficiency. Additionally, replacing the conventional AIFI (Attention-based Intra-scale Feature Interaction) module with Cascaded Group Attention and the original CCFM (CNN-based Cross-scale Feature-fusion Module) module with HSFPN (High-Level Screening-feature Fusion Pyramid Networks) in the Efficient Hybrid Encoder significantly enhanced detection accuracy without greatly affecting efficiency. To tackle the challenge of identifying challenging samples, the Focaler-CIoU loss function was incorporated, refining the model's performance throughout the dataset. Empirical results show that FCHF-DETR achieved 96.4% Precision, 96.7% Recall, 89.1% mAP (Mean Average Precision) 50-95 and 97.2% mAP50 on the test set, with a reduction of 9.2G in FLOPs (floating point of operations) and 3.6M in parameters. These findings clearly demonstrate that the proposed method improves detection accuracy and reduces computational complexity, addressing the dual challenges of precision and efficiency in tomato leaf disease detection.

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economic growth of a country as it is one of the main means of subsistence. Recently, technological methods have been designed for the identification of plants and detection of their diseases in order to meet the new challenges facing farmers and their learning needs. This chapter provides an overview of various methods and techniques for feature extraction, segmentation and the classification of patterns of captured leaves in order to identify plant leaf diseases and the estimation of their severity. This chapter analyzes various automatic grading systems and parameters used in estimating the severity of different plant diseases and discusses a variety those plant diseases. The chapter also discusses the use of a radial basis function (RBF) kernel-based support vector machine (SVM) learning algorithm for the detection of these diseases, which include rust; tikka; powdery and downy mildew; late blight and early blight in groundnut, apple, potato and tomato plants. An analysis is made of the factors that stress plants; for example, water, pests and soil in green house plants. Leaf blast, brown spot and sheath rot detected in rice plants are discussed using a cluster validation algorithm. The chapter also deals with the assessment of severity of foliar diseases found in soybean plants (using segmentation), rice blast disease (using an SVM) and single disease severity level of plasmopara viticola in grape leaves (using a k-means clustering algorithm). The existing gaps in the technology for precision agriculture are discussed, and the requirements and demands to be met by agriculturists are presented. The whole impetus of this chapter is to motivate researchers to focus and develop efficient machine learning and classification techniques for leaf identification and disease detection to meet the new challenges in the field of agriculture.

A country's inventive growth is dependent on the agricultural sector. Agriculture, the foundation of all nations, offers food and raw resources. Agriculture is hugely important to humans as a food source. As a result, plant diseases detection has become a major concern. Traditional methods for identifying plant disease are available. However, agriculture professionals or plant pathologists have traditionally employed empty eye inspection to detect leaf disease. This approach of detecting plant leaf disease traditionally can be subjective, time-consuming, as well as expensive, and requires a lot of people and a lot of information about plant diseases. It is also possible to detect plant leaf diseases using an experimentally evaluated software solution. Currently, machine learning and deep learning are using in recent years. The agriculture sector is also not a exception for machine learning. In this paper, we applied "Convnets" for plant disease detection and classification. We collected a PlantViallge dataset from Kaggle. It contains images of 15 different classes of plant leaves of three different plants potato, pepper, tomato. We divided the dataset into three datasets and applied Convnets on three datasets. We achieved an accuracy of 98.3%,98.5%,95% for potato plant disease detection, pepper plant disease detection, tomato plant disease detection. Experimental results have shown that our model achieved a good accuracy rate for plant leaf disease detection and classification.

Sicknesses in plants cause real creation and financial misfortunes and in addition diminishment in both quality and amount of agrarian items. Early data on leaf well being and sickness discovery can encourage the control of illnesses through legitimate administration techniques. This paper presents a method for early detection of leaf diseases in plants based on some important features extracted from its leaf images. This proposed system consists of a device called Beagle bone black; it is interfaced with a digital camera or web camera which is used to detect the diseases in leaves. In the proposed system, images of leaves are captured and compared with image healthy leaves images which are in database that are pre-stored in the device. After image processing, if the plants are found infected, this device automatically turns on the valves, through which medicine supply is enabled or disabled automatically to the plant area through a sprinkler or drip irrigation method. In addition to this, soil moisture and temperature sensors are used to avoid the spreading of diseases due to change in climatic conditions. If the values of moisture/temperature exceed the predefined range, the Beagle bone Black enables auto-medicining to the plants. Information regarding the plants and valve operations are intimated to farmer through GSM.

HighlightsA feature pyramid network with Scaling Feature Fusion and Enhanced Expansion Feature module is constructed to overcome the shortcomings of feature pyramids for small target detection.Noise addition, cropping, and other data augmentation methods for expanding data sets.Multi-channel Denoising Feature Fusion is constructed in the detection module to solve the inconsistencies inside the feature pyramid.Combine with YOLOv5's Backbone to complete the feature anchor box selection and detection can quickly and accurately complete the grape leaf disease detection.ABSTRACT.Grape leaf diseases all over the world cannot be ignored; it is one of the important causes of agricultural economic damage. In order to control the cost of manual detection of grape diseases and to overcome the impact on detection accuracy due to the large variation of target scales during automatic detection of grape leaves, the feature pyramid method is commonly used to solve this problem, but it may destroy the feature consistency of grape leaves at different scales. In addition, in practical applications, the commonly used methods are difficult to improve the detection accuracy of multi-scale grape leaves while ensuring detection. In this paper, we apply the improved YOLOv5 algorithm, which is used to detect the images of grapevine powdery mildew, grape mosaic virus disease, and grape downy mildew, as well as the images of healthy grape leaves. The proposed algorithm is based on the improved feature pyramid network SE-FPN, which added Scaling Feature Fusion (SFF) to enhance feature map information and Enhanced Expansion Feature (EEF) to improve multi-scale accuracy prediction. And replacing the original Path Aggregation Network (PANet) detection module with the Multi-channel Denoising Feature Fusion (MDFF) network improves the scale invariance of features and reduces the inference cost. By experimentally comparing the original YOLOv5 network and the YOLOv5 network with other improved methods applied, considering the following metrics: mean Average Precision (mAP), accuracy, recall, and mean target detection loss, mean classification loss, and runtime of the validation set, the results conclude that the improved model proposed in this paper performs the best, which increases the accuracy by 5.96% and the recall by 4.69% compared to the original YOLOv5 model. The algorithm provides good technical support for real-time detection and control of grapevine diseases. Keywords: Detection module, Disease identification, Feature pyramid network, Grape leaf disease, YOLO.

In the comparison paper we have compared the results of various papers implemented using machine learning algorithms. As compared to previous researcher’s results, this result has more accuracy and results in terms of percentage. Nowadays, Plant disease detection is important for ensuring agricultural productivity and quality in both traditional manual methods and machine learning approaches are used for this motive, however they fluctuate substantially in terms of process, accuracy, performance, and scalability. The detection of diseases in pomegranate plant leaves is a critical step in ensuring crop health and yield. Traditionally, manual checking methods have been employed for disease identification, relying heavily on the expertise of agricultural professionals and visual inspection. While these methods are low-cost and accessible, they are time-consuming, subjective, and prone to human error, particularly in large-scale farming operations. In contrast, machine learning-based methods offer a modern and efficient alternative. Leveraging advanced algorithms, these techniques can analyze large datasets of leaf images to detect and classify diseases with high accuracy. Popular approaches include convolutional neural networks (CNNs), transfer learning models, and hybrid systems that integrate feature extraction with classification. These methods not only enhance the precision and speed of disease detection but also reduce dependency on expert intervention. This comparative study explores the strengths and limitations of both traditional manual checking and machine learning-based approaches for pomegranate leaf disease detection. It examines critical factors such as accuracy, scalability, cost, and ease of implementation. The study highlights how machine learning has the ability to revolutionize agricultural practices by providing dependable, automated, and scalable solutions. But, challenges include the want for document training datasets, computational assets, and domain-precise information in machine studying stay.

Early diagnosis of abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) signals can provide useful information for the prevention and detection of arrhythmia diseases. Due to the similarities in Normal beat (N) and Supraventricular Premature Beat (S) categories and imbalance of ECG categories, arrhythmia classification cannot achieve satisfactory classification results under the inter-patient assessment paradigm. In this paper, a multi-path parallel deep convolutional neural network was proposed for arrhythmia classification. Furthermore, a global average RR interval was introduced to address the issue of similarities between N vs. S categories, and a weighted loss function was developed to solve the imbalance problem using the dynamically adjusted weights based on the proportion of each class in the input batch. The MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset was used to validate the classification performances of the proposed method. Experimental results under the intra-patient evaluation paradigm and inter-patient evaluation paradigm showed that the proposed method could achieve better classification results than other methods. Among them, the accuracy, average sensitivity, average precision, and average specificity under the intra-patient paradigm were 98.73%, 94.89%, 89.38%, and 98.24%, respectively. The accuracy, average sensitivity, average precision, and average specificity under the inter-patient paradigm were 91.22%, 89.91%, 68.23%, and 95.23%, respectively.

A reliable and accurate diagnosis and identification system is required to prevent and manage tea leaf diseases. Tea leaf diseases are detected manually, increasing time and affecting yield quality and productivity. This study aims to present an artificial intelligence-based solution to the problem of tea leaf disease detection by training the fastest single-stage object detection model, YOLOv7, on the diseased tea leaf dataset collected from four prominent tea gardens in Bangladesh. 4000 digital images of five types of leaf diseases are collected from these tea gardens, generating a manually annotated, data-augmented leaf disease image dataset. This study incorporates data augmentation approaches to solve the issue of insufficient sample sizes. The detection and identification results for the YOLOv7 approach are validated by prominent statistical metrics like detection accuracy, precision, recall, mAP value, and F1-score, which resulted in 97.3%, 96.7%, 96.4%, 98.2%, and 0.965, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that YOLOv7 for tea leaf diseases in natural scene images is superior to existing target detection and identification networks, including CNN, Deep CNN, DNN, AX-Retina Net, improved DCNN, YOLOv5, and Multi-objective image segmentation. Hence, this study is expected to minimize the workload of entomologists and aid in the rapid identification and detection of tea leaf diseases, thus minimizing economic losses.