Identifying tourists from public transport commuters

Aligned with sustainable development goals, the promotion of active and public transport commuting has gained ground in the last decade. However, literature empirically addressing the individual outcomes of different commuting modes remains scarce. AimThe core aim of this research was to assess and compare a literature-based set of travel, health, and welfare-related outcomes among three different groups of urban daily commuters: private motorized, public transport, and active commuters. MethodsThis cross-sectional study used a nationwide sample of n= 2370 urban daily commuters from all 17 regions of Spain. Participants, aged between 18 and 70, with an average of M= 33 years, were drawn from all 17 regions of Spain, and responded to an electronic survey on commuting issues. ResultsAs hypothesized, different groups of commuters had different psychosocial trip- and welfare-related outcomes. Indeed, most indicators, except for travel satisfaction, showed a favorable association with the sustainability value attributed to each commuting means. Particularly, active travelers had significantly lower commuting stress and Body Mass Index (BMI) values, and higher rates of life satisfaction and pro-environmental behavior in areas beyond transport, in stark contrast to private motorized users. Public transport users, although ‘in the middle’ in most aspects, report the highest commuter stress rates. ConclusionThe results of this research endorse the assumption that the commuting mode matters, but the relationship between transport sustainability and user outcomes cannot be understood as ‘totally linear’. These insights can be valuable for initiatives aimed at promoting shifts towards more sustainable –and active– transportation patterns among commuters, who constitute an interest group in current mobility planning and decision-making.

DOI: 10.1049/ic:20080016 ISBN: 978-962-442-297-9 Location: Hong Kong, China Conference date: 25-28 March 2008 Format: PDF Singapore Land Transport Authority of Singapore vision is to provide "A World Class Land Transport System". To achieve this objective, implementation of an effective safety management within the organisation is one of the major elements in fulfilling this pledge. This paper focused on this safety organisation's efforts for rapid transit system (RTS) and detailed their functional roles in safety management. The intention of this paper is to share our organisation's experience on the commitments of safety for RTS in Singapore. Inspec keywords: railway safety; rapid transit systems Subjects: Plant engineering, maintenance and safety; Transportation

Reclamation is part of spatial planning to make coastal areas more useful, as well as to increase land resources from an environmental, social and economic point of view. The development of the PIK (Pantai Indak Kapuk) 1 and 2 reclamation areas is a concept of a sustainable Independent City. The role of the community, government and private sector plays an important role in developing the region. It is also necessary to pay attention to the environmental impact caused by reclamation activities. This study uses qualitative and quantitative methods with a descriptive analysis approach by collecting data from review articles, questionnaires and using maps via satellite imagery. Through the participation of the role of the community which is divided into the general public, fishing communities, and affected communities explaining the interrelationships where the general public's perception of the most supporting parameters for independent cities is infrastructure and land use, then fishing communities have an impact on fish catches, as well as affected communities experiencing rejection resulting in a change in livelihood. The government's role in regulatory planning as a regional spatial plan includes planning processes, infrastructure, public services and a sustainable environment. The role of the private sector can be seen from the planning and development process which chooses to build supporting infrastructure such as tourist centers, shops, public transportation and other facilities. CSR programs by private parties or developers are one of the efforts to contribute positively to the environment and surrounding communities. Correlation of independent cities with land use from planning, development and development processes that reflect the commitment and role of the community, government and private sector seen in 1995, 2014, 2023 The concept of balance and independence in independent cities emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach in urban planning and management. PIK 1 & 2 reclamation areas based on independent cities based on the role of the community, government and private sector in regional development are the key to achieving sustainable development.

Modern transit systems are very complex and have high level of automation. The introduction of fully automated metro system has greatly reduced the dependency on human to drive the train and offered greater flexibility in the system operation. Prior to the implementation of each new automated metro system, extensive study has to be undertaken to ensure that the safety and reliability of the automated system will not be compromised.The paper describes Land Transport Authority (LTA)'s systems engineering process on safety and reliability for the design and construction of automated metro system projects in Singapore. The approach adopted has been proven to be successful through its implementation on several recent projects in achieving a high level of safety and reliability of automated metro systems.

Prelims

Although physicians' research productivity contributes to evidence-based practice and health-system learning, productivity is uneven, and little is known about individual-level traits linked with high output in Arab Gulf settings. This study examined physician characteristics associated with higher scientific publication productivity in Bahrain. Cross-sectional study of practicing physicians in Bahrain across primary and secondary healthcare and government/private sectors. Data included age, gender, years of experience, career level, sector and care setting, and lifetime number of peer-reviewed publications. High productivity was defined as ≥5 publications. Associations were examined using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression (SPSS v30.0). In total, 239 physicians were responded to the survey (mean age 37.58 ± 11.15 years; 66.5% female; 75.3% government sector; 71.1% secondary care). One in five (≈20%) reported ≥5 publications, while about one-third had none. In univariate analyses, higher productivity was associated with male gender, age ≥40 years, ≥15 years' experience, advanced career level, and secondary practice (all p ≤ 0.001). In multivariable modelling, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were produced for employment in secondary healthcare remained strongly associated with high productivity (OR 7.364, 95% CI 1.992, 27.225; p = 0.003). Employment in the private sector was associated with lower odds compared with government sector (OR 0.634, 95% CI 0.259, 1.553; p = 0.319). Female gender showed a trend toward lower odds compared to their male counterparts (OR 0.449, 95% CI 0.197, 1.024; p = 0.057). Research productivity among physicians in Bahrain is concentrated in a small, predominantly male, at advanced career stages and hospital-based doctors, suggesting structural and career-stage inequities in research engagement. An urgent need exists within the healthcare system for a more inclusive research culture that spans primary and secondary healthcare, government and private sectors, and male and female physicians alike.

HRMARS - Purpose: This study investigates the impact of industrial work practices to employer satisfaction towards higher education graduate domicile from Sabah, Malaysia perspective specifically working in public and private sectors. The research is intended to address concerns that graduates tend not to have what it takes in the workplace even when armed with sufficient academic knowledge. Design/methodology/approach: The research used a quantitative approach with a questionnaire instrument administered to 80 employers drawn from the private and government sector. Employer satisfaction was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression to determine the influence of work practices in industry. Findings: Industrial practices appear to be influential in determining employer satisfaction Findings. In the private sector, adaptability and instrumental skills were highlighted as important, while in the public sector formal qualifications and rule-based knowledge were preferred by employers. It was also discovered that the organization of work in manufacturing industries and employer sector is related to lower-level satisfaction. Research limitations/implications: The sampling was only 80 employers in Sabah which may influence generalizability. Cross-sectional data reflect perceptions at a single period, and other sectors (e.g., NGOs or multinational corporations) were excluded. Practical implications: Highlights the value of including structured industrial training within tertiary curricula and working towards stronger form of universities links with industry partners in order to prepare graduates more effectively for industry needs. Originality/value: This study adds to our knowledge on how industrial work practices impact employer satisfaction in both public and private sectors, highlighting sector-specific idiosyncrasies in graduates’ readiness for the workplace and employability.

Introduction India harbors over 40 million HBV carriers. HCWs are routinely exposed to HBV through patients. We studied the KAP of HCWs to HBV in Salem District, South India. Methodology: An observatory cum comparative study was conducted in 2021-22 on 278 HCWs employed in government and private sectors in suburban and rural settings. They took a pretested KAP questionnaire (from a similar study at Lao PDR), with regional modification. Option of anonymity was offered. HCWs other than those practicing allopathic medicine and doctors were eliminated. Six sigma tools were used to validate the study. Results Knowledge of HBV vaccination & PEP was high among HCWs in government sector (86.3%) compared to the private sectors (54.2%). Of the 54.2% in the private sector 65.7% worked in NABH accredited hospitals. Only 48.74% of the HCWs who had knowledge of vaccination in both sectors had completed 3 doses, 15.16% were partially vaccinated. There was a very low level of PEP practice with only 3.93% of all respondents having taken PEP following needle stick injury. Discussion Knowledge level was unsatisfactory among the HCWs in unorganized private sector. Among those with awareness about the infection and of HBV vaccination, less than half reported full vaccination. PEP practices were minimal. Government sector HCWs completed their vaccinations due to easier access. Conclusion Measures need to be taken to educate the unorganized private sector. HBV vaccinations could be provided as a mandatory part of the healthcare qualification structure. This can mitigate the occupational risk of HBV among HCWs and onward transmission to patients.

The COVID-19 pandemic has heavily hit international economy giving a particular setback to the tourism sector. Between March and May 2020, during the first lockdown, and between October and December of the same year, during the second lockdown, a questionnaire was administrated in Italy, Greece and Great Britain. Through the questionnaire, people’s feelings and expectations of their desire to take a vacation were collected regarding the period of constraint due to the new coronavirus and the possible end of the pandemic, or the first government approved travel openings. In particular, the question of how long it would take to decide on a holiday, the type and duration, after the period of constriction due to the coronavirus was over, was asked. Both surveys, in the two different lockdown periods, showed the potential desire of tourists to leave relatively quickly, and to take forms of domestic tourism, characterized by small and short-lived trips. The favorite destination being the seaside.

The tourism industry in Zimbabwe has experienced fluctuating trends in its growth since the dawn of the new millennium. The Ministry of Tourism and Hospitality Industry undertook a visitor exit survey in 2015/2016 period. The purpose of the study was to gather visitors’ views on Zimbabwe as a tourist destination in order to guide policy formulation on the sector. One of the objectives of the survey was to assess the visitor perceptions of Zimbabwe as a competitive tourist destination. Questionnaires were administered to departing visitors at the country’s three international airports and seven border posts during the period July 2015 until June 2016. The results of the survey indicated that 77% of visitors use road transport to enter into the country. The survey also showed that 18% of visitors to the country travelled by air. It is recommended that that the government accelerates the implementation of the open skies policy so as to attract more direct international airlines to fly into the country. It is also recommended that the government undertakes massive improvement of the road infrastructure in the country so as to encourage the geographical distribution of tourists within the country. It is finally recommended that the private sector and the national tourist organization, Zimbabwe Tourist Authority (ZTA) engage international tour operators and persuade them to develop and promote fly-drive tour packages to the country.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess and to compare the technical quality of removable partial dentures (RPDs) servicing both public and private sectors in relation to biomechanically acceptable principles. A convenience sample of work carried out in three commercial dental laboratories servicing both the private and government sectors was used to provide a descriptive study of the laboratory stage of fabrication of RPDs over a 3-month period. Prescription sheets, master casts and completed dentures of 114 cases were evaluated and procedural and design-related information data were captured for each case. The results were disappointing in that not one of the RPDs evaluated conformed to commonly accepted principles. Not one dentist prescribed the design of the denture. Only one cast was surveyed to determine the path of insertion and any undercuts for the placement of clasps, yet 119 clasps were placed. Although 81 rests were used (in only 25 of the dentures), only 11 of those rests were pre-prepared on the teeth. Only 8 of the 95 acrylic-based dentures had any rests, making the remainder entirely mucosa-borne and therefore potentially iatrogenic.The study suggests that principles of RPD design taught during undergraduate training are not being adequately practised in both private and public sectors; and if practised the RPDs are not designed, nor constructed to requirements guided by design principles. Further training of dental technicians and clinicians is clearly indicated, and consideration should be given to a system of clinical audit to identify and prevent the malpractice observed in this study. In addition, ethical and legal guidelines emphasising the roles of clinicians and technicians in the prescription and design of RPDs in South Africa should be developed; and the mandatory comprehensive completion of laboratory work authorisation forms by dental clinicians should be considered.

Private Sector-led Urban Development Projects. Management, Partnerships and Effects in the Netherlands and the UK

In this research paper, I have thoroughly described about the topic “The Impact of Digital Media on Private Sector Investment in Uttarakhand's Tourism Industry.” The study investigates the substantial influence of digital media on private sector investment in Uttarakhand's tourism industry, emphasizing the increasing significance of digital marketing, social media, and online platforms in investment decisions. The total investment in Uttarakhand's tourism industry increased from ₹1,200 crores to ₹4,000 crores between 2018 and 2022, indicating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25%. The survey results indicated that social media platforms have become an essential factor in investment decisions, with 70% of private sector participants reporting that they used social media to inform their investment decisions in 2022. The study also identified opportunities for digital media to further enhance private sector investment. 80% of participants believed that digital marketing would play a critical role in attracting visitors to Uttarakhand in the next two years. The increasing significance of digital media in investment decisions was underscored by the data collected through semi-structured interviews and surveys. Tourism businesses in Uttarakhand have significantly increased their use of digital media over the past five years. The study's results indicate that private sector investment in Uttarakhand's tourism industry has been significantly influenced by digital media. The industry's investment decisions are expected to continue to be influenced by the increasing significance of social media and digital marketing.

The aim of the PhD thesis is to evaluate the value propositions, motivations and opportunities of private sector electrification in Base of the Pyramid (BoP) marketplaces in India. The lack of access to modern forms of energy, known as energy poverty, can severely limit economic development. Globally, 1.2 billion people lack access to electricity, with 240 million of those residing in India. To highlight this issue, universal energy access has been explicitly included in the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. Many millions more experience unreliable electricity supply with lengthy outages each day, even though they may be officially considered to have electricity access.The private sector has had an increasing role in both global development and in electricity distribution. In response to market opportunities and driven by a strong sense of social responsibility, firms may engage in distributing electricity to BoP consumers in areas where there is limited or unreliable access. The role and motivation of the private sector in the electrification of Indian BoP markets remains relatively unexplored. The thesis contributes to the field by examining why firms act in this market; what opportunities exist; and how firms’ activities create Shared Value that benefits both the firm and the wider society. In doing so, the thesis provides a contemporary assessment of the market and identifies key issues for private sector engagement.The thesis has four research objectives. Research Objective 1 aims to understand how electrification creates value that contributes to poverty alleviation, and how this can translate to private sector value propositions. An analysis of global literature and development of a conceptual representation of value flows found that electrification technologies that enhance income-generation activities are likely to produce greater poverty-alleviating effects. Indeed, firms operating in the electrification sector may implement interactive business models, where firms create productive ecosystems that enhance the income-generating potential of energy. This can magnify the dynamic effects upon which Shared Value, including a firm’s competitiveness, is sustained.The subsequent research objectives then focus on the Indian context. Research Objective 2 aims to evaluate the motivations and actions of Indian companies’ engagement with the BoP. A taxonomical model was developed to clarify the overlapping concepts used to explain corporate actions and motivations. Using this model, the BoP actions of India’s Top 100 firms, as evident in publically available reports, was analysed. Surprisingly, less than half showed evidence of being actively engaged with the BoP, with only a handful of firms operating at a strategic level that would support the creation of Shared Value.Research Objective 3 then examines document data and the views of key institutional stakeholders to determine the interaction between India’s electrification paradigms and the opportunities for the private sector. The analysis showed that household levels of electrification have not kept pace with the strong push for village grid connections by the government. Poor reliability of the grid, and gaps in connectivity to non-census habitations represent opportunities for private sector off-grid solutions, although evidence showed limited uptake in two Indian states.Research Objective 4 evaluates the role of private sector off-grid operators in the electrification of India. This was undertaken via semi-structured interviews with ten exemplar firms in India, providing a validation of the concepts developed in the preceding objectives. Some firms clearly responded to BoP household needs by selling affordable solar-based substitutes, and exhibited low concerns about the impacts of grid connectivity in the future. Other firms’ value propositions included a cultivation of the dynamic effects of energy, consistent with interactive business models and strategic corporate approaches. These firms exhibited stronger concerns about future grid connectivity, and sought to embed their off-grid technologies as a risk mitigation strategy.Critical insights that emerge from this work include the following: • Creation of productive ecosystems around electricity access is important to produce dynamic effects that can translate to Shared Value, sustaining firm competitiveness and alleviating poverty. • Electrification of the BoP is a high risk and highly uncertain market proposition that requires a strong social mission from firms to operate and attract investment. • Despite the espousal of BoP opportunities, the majority of India’s large corporations do not engage in this market, and very few show evidence of a strategic approach. • The centrally-planned grid contributes significantly to the business risks of the private sector in BoP off-grid markets, even though business opportunities exist due to grid unreliability and lack of reach to all households.The thesis concludes by recommending several policy changes to strengthen the role of the private sector. This includes greater transparency, integration and planning of locations suitable for private sector electrification; and changes to Corporate Social Responsibility laws to allow more strategic Shared Value approaches to optimise electrification efforts for India’s BoP.

This article is concerned with the third sector (in particular, local development agencies, arts and culture organisations) in relation to opportunities, barriers, and challenges they face and their potential roles within the context of tourism planning and development. These organisations often perform a central role as keepers and nurturers of a region's identity and traditions, often supplementing the state and private sectors in cultural intervention in traditional sun and sea destinations. Thus, they potentially make a valuable contribution to sustainable tourism development. However, there is a lack of research exploring third sector organisations, and in particular their interface with tourism. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap in the literature. Based on qualitative research amongst leaders from the third sector, the tourism industry and cultural leaders in the Algarve, Portugal, it considers the interface between the third sector and tourism from two perspectives: that of the third sector leaders regarding the tourism industry; and, the tourism sector leaders regarding the third sector's potential role in tourism. Preliminary findings indicate that local third sector organisations should play a more active role in tourism, complementary to those played by the state and private sectors, their specific knowledge being perceived as an added value to the tourist experience. However, it is also evident that, as yet these organisations have no formally recognised role in tourism planning and development.