IEC61499 Service Interface Function Blocks to Access Decentralized Peripherals with Profibus DP

Industrial Process Measurement and Control Systems (IPMCS) are used in most of the industrial sectors to achieve production improvement, process optimization and time and cost reduction. Integration, reuse, flexibility and optimization are demanded to adapt to a rapidly changing and competitive market. There is also a growing requirement that all software tools that support the different phases of the development process can be integrated as well. Thus, a consolidation of modeling methodologies for achieving this goal is needed. In this paper, a component-based model of the implementation (hardware and software) is proposed. In particular, the software architecture is defined to follow the software model of the IEC 61131-3 standard. The work presented here is related to how to create PLC automation projects from the application model. The different steps needed depend on the PLC programming tool. The paper analyses the different cases and the use of XML technologies to generate the automation projects for all the PLCs defined in the hardware architecture.

An architecture for metamorphic control of holonic manufacturing systems

Real time control of holonic manufacturing systems requires a radically different approach from that of traditional unit level regulatory control. Because they need to automatically adapt and reconfigure based on the ever changing requirements of the manufacturing system, control systems based on this approach are termed metamorphic control systems. The engineering of such software centric metamorphic control systems for dynamically reconfigurable distributed multi sensor based holonic systems is addressed. An integrated and uniform event driven control architecture is specified for various functional levels of metamorphic control system. This architecture utilizes the emerging International Electrotechnical Commission function block standard (IEC 1499) for industrial process measurement and control systems to specify the requisite behavior of distributed control software components (agents).

The IEC 61499 (function block) standard proposes an open architecture for distributed industrial-process measurement and control systems (IPMCS). The IEC 61499 defines the basic concepts and methodology for the design of modular reusable distributable systems, and paves the way for the new reconfigurable and flexible manufacturing. This paper presents the development of a software tool (IEC 61499 application generator) and its application to a closed loop control system, using an inverted pendulum as a testbed. The application generator enables the deployment of IEC 61499 applications to scan-based embedded controllers. The paper describes an approach to implement an event-based architecture on a scan-based industrial controller and its application to a closed loop control system

Computer facilities and microprocessor-based technology have been successfully used in the energy industry. For protection and equipment control, this technology has been used in SCADA, remote control and monitoring applications. Particular attention is paid to the cyber security sector for automation and control systems. Protective application of the equipment and control, SCADA, monitoring and remote control, uses the technology with microprocessor. Due to the great importance of the power supply process, there is no question of being left in a state of vulnerability and neglect. Security is not perfect and will never be. For this reason, there will always be security breaches and incidents. Also, for this reason, not only protection mechanisms are in place, but also mechanisms for rapid detection of incidents and which are able to react effectively to the isolation of problems and to ensuring security. Processes security for systems will continue to evolve in the future. By definition, there are no communication systems that are 100% safe. Attacks against critical industrial infrastructures marked an increase not only in terms of number but also of the level of complexity. The destruction of the industrial control system (ICS) and critical processes were interrupted. For many organizations, the security improvement in ICS systems is great. The extreme sensitivity to ensure the availability and performance of industrial processes has led to a more conservative and rigorous approach to how security measures are implemented. Cyber-attacks that could compromise the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of ICS systems may come from within systems or from outside ICS systems. Among the ICS system infection vectors from the perspective of the SANS Institute (2014) include: external threats (state attacks, hacking etc.), malware, exploiting tools, phishing, internal attacks, cyber security protocols, and industrial espionage. This chapter addresses the cyber security issues required for the protection, automation, control and communications systems of transformation stations as well as methods that could be used to prevent computer attacks that can have a significant impact on the availability of the system Electro-energetic effect with serious consequences on extended area interruptions.

The implementation of automated regulatory control has been around since the middle of the last century through analog means. It has allowed engineers to operate the plant more consistently by focusing on overall operations and settings instead of individual monitoring of local instruments (inside and outside of a control room). A similar approach is proposed for cyber security, where current border-protection designs have been inherited from information technology developments that lack consideration of the high-reliability, high consequence nature of industrial control systems. Instead of an independent development, however, an integrated approach is taken to develop a holistic understanding of performance. This performance takes shape inside a multiagent design, which provides a notional context to model highly decentralized and complex industrial process control systems, the nervous system of critical infrastructure. The resulting strategy will provide a framework for researching solutions to security and unrecognized interdependency concerns with industrial control systems.

This book presents a synthesis of recent works concerning reactive system design. The term `reactive system' has been introduced in order to avoid ambiguities often involved with the term `real-time system' which, while being best-known and suggestive, has been assigned so many different meanings that it is almost inevitably misunderstood. Industrial Process control system, transportation control and supervision systems, signal processing systems, etc. are examples of the systems we have in mind. Four programming languages are presented, which share the same underlying synchronous model: based on Robin Milner's pioneering works about synchronous process algebras, this model consists in considering that a program instantaneously reacts to events, or that the machine execution time is negligible with respect to the response delays of its environment. Using this abstract point of view, the time behavior of a system can be formalized in a very simple and elegant way. The languages presented are ESTEREL, a textual imperative language; ARGOS, a graphical language inspired by STATECHARTS; and LUSTRE and SIGNAL, two declarative languages. After a tutorial description of the languages, illustrated by various examples, a set of related tools is presented: compilers to sequential and distributed code, silicon compilers, verification tools.

The Industrie 4.0 initiative emphasizes the consistent digitalization and linking of all productive units, including the definition of industrial control systems. This work proposes a model-based approach to develop Industrial Process Measurement and Control Systems. It uses modern software technologies but software complexity is wrapped using the notation, syntax and semantics of the field. It is UML modeling tool independent, due to the definition of domain profiles. It is also PLC programming tool independent, as the software architecture is generated following the PLCopen XML standard.

Industrial Process Measurement and Control Systems are used in most of the industrial sectors to achieve production improvement, process optimization and time and cost reduction. Integration, reuse, flexibility and optimization are demanded to adapt to a rapidly changing and competitive market. In fact, standardization is a key goal to achieve these goals. The international standardization efforts have lead to the definition of the IEC 61131 standard. Part 3 of this standard defines a software model for defining automation projects as well as 5 programming languages. Nowadays, a major part of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) vendors follows this standard, although each programming tool adds particularities and stores the automation project in different manner. But, although they may use the same software model and the same programming languages, source code reuse is not available. This work presents an infrastructure that allows transferring source code from one PLC programming tool to any other transparently to the users. The proposal consists of a textual expression of the software model and the programming languages, as well as the mechanisms, based on XML technologies, to achieve tool interoperability.

This paper addresses a new approach for modeling of versatile controllers in industrial automation and process control systems such as pneumatic controllers. Some fractional order dynamical models are developed for pressure and pneumatic systems with bellows-nozzle-flapper configuration. In the light of fractional calculus, a fractional order derivative-derivative (FrDD) controller and integral-derivative (FrID) are remodeled. Numerical simulations illustrate the application of the obtained theoretical results in simple examples.

After investigating the conception and features of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and embedded system, in this paper the conception of a Quasi-PLC is proposed, which combine the advantages of PLC and embedded system. The architecture of Quasi-PLC and a Top-Down design method with collaboration design of software and hardware for Quasi-PLC embedded control system are researched then. Finally, setting the large-scale industrial valve control system as an example, the conception of Quasi-PLC and related technologies are used in industrial valve control system, and a satisfied application effect is obtained, which proves the rationality of the conception of Quasi-PLC and related technologies.

8 - Real-time fault-tolerant control systems

Real-Time Expert Intelligent Control System REICS

In the area of industrial process control and measurement systems (IPCMS), many applications are real-time and are specified in terms of function blocks-functional units with specific monitoring, measurement or control tasks. In order to guarantee that the application's requirements and time constraints are met, it is necessary to identify a suitable mapping between the function blocks and the physical devices. This paper proposes an allocation policy for function blocks in a real-time IPCMS which will not only guarantee that time constraints are met, but will also tend to minimize the response time of the applications being executed.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is of strategic importance in the new era of industrial big data, creating a brand-new industrial ecosystem. Considering the unknown parameters in the IIoT-based industrial process control systems, this paper combines the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) and the particle filtering (PF) algorithm into the AFSA-PF algorithm based on the self-organizing state space (SOSS) model. The AFSA-PF algorithm not only can estimates the system state but also can make the sampling distribution of the unknown parameter to move the true parameter distribution. Ultimately, the true values of the unknown parameters are identified. In this way, the system model can gradually approximate the actual IIoT-based industrial process control system.