Image Based Relational Database Watermarking: A Survey

Digital data such as text, relational database, audio, video and software are intellectual property of creators/ writers/owners. The database services have become easily available and economical since the booming of internet. However, their outsourcing through the internet accompanies multiple threats like copying, modifying as well as unauthorized distribution. Relational Database has a wide-spread use in many real-life applications, hence, it is essential to maintain integrity and provide copyright protection. To counter the threats, watermarking techniques have been playing a vital role since the last decade. As a security measure, Relational Database Watermarking is becoming more popular and strengthened day-by-day. This is also one of the upcoming areas of interest among researchers of the Database Security. A technique earlier used for Image Watermarking is applied to watermark Relational Databases. In Image Watermarking technique, a pixel or a pair of pixels must satisfy certain characteristics. Usually, database watermarking techniques concentrate on hiding a watermark in database. Extraction and matching of hidden watermark with original watermark confirms ownership of database. This paper demonstrates the use of image watermarking technique for relational databases. Here we align some properties of attributes of database by changing some bit(s) in attribute value. Using secret key, we have ensured that values of two attributes of a tuples satisfy some bit-similarity property and to do so, we slightly alter values of attributes. Detection of such characteristic in a database using secret key can be done easily to verify the presence of a watermark.

본 논문에서는 원본 이미지에 저작권자의 저작권 정보를 삽입함으로써 저작권을 보호하고 차후 불법적인 도용을 방지하기 위해, 숫자와 로고로 구성된 워터마크 생성, 삽입 및 검출, 검증 시스템을 설계 및 구현한다. 본 시스템은 콘텐츠의 특성과 저작권자의 요구에 따라 워터마크를 숫자 또는 로고로 선택해서 구성할 수 있으며, 저작권 보호에 대한 전문지식이 없는 일반관리자도 용이하게 이용할 수 있는 사용자 인터페이스를 갖추도록 설계하였다. 이러한 디지털 이미지 워터마킹의 적용을 통한 소유권 및 저작권 보호는 궁극적으로 문화콘텐츠 등의 콘텐츠 제작 의뢰자로 하여금 제작 의지를 강화하여 제작 의뢰 건수를 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 【In this paper, we design and implement watermarking system which create, insert and detect watermark comprised of number or logo to protect copyright and to prevent illegal plagiarism through inserting copyrighting information of owner into the original image. In the proposed system, the number or logo as watermark is selectively inserted according to characteristics of the original contents or requirement of copyrighter. The system also has convenient user interface which general administrator who hasn't expert knowledge for the protection of copyright uses easily. Ownership and copyright protection using digital watermarking technology intensifies creating volition of clients who want to create contents such as cultural contents, Thus, we can expect increasing requests for creating contents such as cultural contents.】

Digital watermarking has been widely studied as a method of protecting the intellectual property rights of digital images, which are high value-added contents. Recently, studies implementing these techniques with neural networks have been conducted. This paper also proposes a neural network to perform a robust, invisible blind watermarking for digital images. It is a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based scheme that consists of pre-processing networks for both host image and watermark, a watermark embedding network, an attack simulation for training, and a watermark extraction network to extract watermark whenever necessary. It has three peculiarities for the application aspect: The first is the host image resolution’s adaptability. This is to apply the proposed method to any resolution of the host image and is performed by composing the network without using any resolution-dependent layer or component. The second peculiarity is the adaptability of the watermark information. This is to provide usability of any user-defined watermark data. It is conducted by using random binary data as the watermark and is changed each iteration during training. The last peculiarity is the controllability of the trade-off relationship between watermark invisibility and robustness against attacks, which provides applicability for different applications requiring different invisibility and robustness. For this, a strength scaling factor for watermark information is applied. Besides, it has the following structural or in-training peculiarities. First, the proposed network is as simple as the most profound path consists of only 13 CNN layers, which is through the pre-processing network, embedding network, and extraction network. The second is that it maintains the host’s resolution by increasing the resolution of a watermark in the watermark pre-processing network, which is to increases the invisibility of the watermark. Also, the average pooling is used in the watermark pre-processing network to properly combine the binary value of the watermark data with the host image, and it also increases the invisibility of the watermark. Finally, as the loss function, the extractor uses mean absolute error (MAE), while the embedding network uses mean square error (MSE). Because the extracted watermark information consists of binary values, the MAE between the extracted watermark and the original one is more suitable for balanced training between the embedder and the extractor. The proposed network’s performance is confirmed through training and evaluation that the proposed method has high invisibility for the watermark (WM) and high robustness against various pixel-value change attacks and geometric attacks. Each of the three peculiarities of this scheme is shown to work well with the experimental results. Besides, it is exhibited that the proposed scheme shows good performance compared to the previous methods.

Digital watermarking technology has been introduced in the past few years, not only to ensure the ownership of digital media, but also to ensure the integrity of those digital media. Reversible watermarking (which is also called invertible watermarking, or erasable watermarking) enables one to recover the original data after the contents have been authenticated. Such reversibility is highly desired in some sensitive database applications, e.g., in military and medical data. Permanent distortion is one of the main drawbacks of the entire irreversible relational database (RDB) watermarking schemes. In this article, we introduce a novel blind reversible watermarking method that ensures ownership protection in the field of RDB watermarking, whereas previous techniques have been mainly concerned with introducing permanent errors into the actual data, our approach ensures 100% recovery of the original database relation after the watermark has been detected and authenticated. In the proposed method, we utilize a reversible data embedding technique called prediction-error expansion on integers to achieve reversibility. The watermark detection can be completed successfully even when 70% of watermarked relation tuples are deleted. The experimental result shows that the blindness and robustness of this approach can withstand several kinds of database attacks.

a watermarking scheme for Grayscale image isproposed based on a family of the chaotic maps and discretecosine transform. Jacobian Elliptic mapis employed to encrypt ofwatermarked logo. Piecewise nonlinear chaotic map is also usedto determine the location of DCT coefficients for the watermarkembedding. The purpose of this algorithm is to improve theshortcoming of watermarking such as small key space and lowsecurity. Therefore the size of key space for initial conditions andcontrol parameters is computed about and this keyspace is large enough to resist the attacks. Toevaluate therobustness and effectiveness of proposed method, several attacksare applied to the

Ownership control, integrity, and tamper-proofing of relational data are essential concerns that must be addressed as the communication (network) system grows. Over the past several years, a plethora of potential solutions has been proposed to address these issues (including cryptography, steganography, digital signatures, watermarks, and many others). Digital watermarking (comparatively new) is a technology that aids in the resolution of issues such as data theft, authenticity, and copyright claims. This paper’s primary contributions are as follows: 1) Examine evolutionary algorithm-based watermarking in relational databases that provide optimize data encoding space in search space which provides high robustness and imperceptibility. 2) Examine contemporary database watermarking strategies based on evolutionary algorithms for high embedding capacity and watermark bit insertion. 3) Malicious agent tracing through cluster-based (mainly fuzzy c-mean clustering algorithm or based on a hash function) or multiple watermarking approaches over shared or collaborative networks. This article focuses on watermarking numeric relational databases for authentication and integrity. Also provide a brief overview of the development of relational database watermarking and emergence, its characteristics and application, and the popular research methods currently in use. In addition, gist on various possible attacks. At last, this paper suggests directions for further research in these areas. Researchers can use the findings of this study to build secure watermarking methods for databases.

Proof-of-Learning (PoL) attests training effort but remains vulnerable to tolerance-based spoofing, while model watermarking (WM) protects ownership without verifying how a model was trained. We present SecurePoL, a dual-layer framework that couples immutable PoL logs with three watermarking strategies: feature-based triggers, sparse parameter perturbations, and a non-intrusive auxiliary head, so that verification succeeds only when both the training trajectory and the watermark are consistent. This design forces an attacker to satisfy trajectory consistency and watermark integrity at the same time, rather than bypassing each mechanism in isolation. On CIFAR-10 with ResNet-20, SecurePoL raises the cost of blindfold Top-<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> and infinitesimal-update attacks while preserving task utility: accuracy changes are 0.00, −0.03, and −0.58 percentage points for the three strategies, with runtime overheads between 0.6% and 17.3% and proof logs below 12 MB. These results, together with an analysis of hyperparameter sweeps and attacker models, indicate that integrating PoL with watermarking is a practical path toward secure, auditable, and tamper-evident ML training.

A blind reversible method for watermarking relational databases based on a time-stamping protocol

Proving ownership rights on outsourced databases is a vital issue. This paper proposed an improved algorithm for database watermarking. In the experiment, we embed an image watermark into numerical attributes in a relational database. It refers to image elements as 2-dimension matrix elements and tries to embed medium size image in small scale relation. By applying this method we can obtain upper Correction Factor for image. Furthermore at the phase of embedding watermark, this algorithm is capable of minimizing data variation method which assures the minimum modification to original database without decreasing imperceptibility. In extracting process majority voting method is employed to get retrieve the correct watermark. To improve this process, recovering step is added to the extracting process. This step tries to recover extracted image and guess missing elements value, so the watermark can be detected even in a small subset of a watermarked database. Detecting the watermark neither requires the original database nor the watermark.

Information security is one of the most important methods of protecting the confidentiality and privacy of internet users. The greater the volume of data, the more the need to increase the security methods for protecting data from intruders. This task can be challenging for researchers in terms of managing enormous data and maintaining their safety and effectiveness. Protection of digital content is a major issue in maintaining the privacy and secrecy of data. Toward this end, digital watermarking is based on the concept of information security through the insertion and detection of an embedded watermark in an efficient manner. Recent methodologies in the research on digital watermarking result in data distortion after embedding the watermark. This scenario can reduce the efficiency of detecting watermarks as well as violate data confidentiality. This study adapts a robust reversible histogram shifting (HS) technique for textual data in relational databases. Furthermore, the study presents a digital watermarking scheme intended for document copyright protection and proof of ownership. The major advantage of the proposed watermarking scheme is that it can protect digital data and preserve data quality. To the best of our knowledge, this research methodology is promising for use in the HS expansion model for watermarking data on non-numeric databases. In addition, the results showed that despite exposing the database to an insertion attacks at 50% and 75% of the watermark, the proposed algorithm can recover more than half of the embedded watermark in all addition and alteration attacks cases. As a result, the watermark information can be retained and restored completely.

Watermarking implies embedding of data in a manner thatit is easily accessible by a user that’s authenticated rather than other users, bearing in mind that the underlying data may experience some changes as a result of such data embedding. Reversible watermarking has been developed in advance of watermarking, whereby both of data quality and data recovery are guaranteed. For long time, the watermarking scheme to meet image, audio and video data type security was considered ever popular, but at the same time, since last several years ago relational database watermarking was really in mind and under study, even various watermarking approaches have been suggested. Nonetheless, these techniques yet are not sturdy enough against malignant attacks that can result in false insertion, modification or elimination leading to data performance and quality deterioration. So, and with aim of advancing and improving existing watermarking techniques, a new robust and reversible relational database watermarking method is suggested by which better outcomes were achieved.KeywordsWatermarkingDatabase integrityRelational databaseReversible watermarkingRRW

Due to the rise in many industrial environment applications involving distributed networked collaborative intelligent measurement systems, intelligent monitoring and multi-sensor information exchange of private information, digital image information security and hidden image authentication, tampering detection, correction, and automatic intelligent self-recovery have become critical concerns. Towards that end, there is a need for more secure, efficient, and robust-to-unauthorized-tampering digital image watermarking, information hiding and authentication schemes. In our prior work, we introduced non-blind watermarking schemes where the carrier and watermark images are available at the receiver's end. We also proposed a double-blind scheme where both the carrier and the watermark images are not available at the receiver's end, but at the expense of possible lower pixel tampering, authentication and automatic intelligent self-correction ability. This paper proposes a blind wavelet-based, high capacity, secure digital watermarking and information hiding scheme with higher tampering localization and authentication that nullifies the need to have the carrier image available at the receiving end. The proposed scheme also increases robustness to image authentication and automatic self-recovery and correction compared to our prior double-blind scheme. The scheme is high capacity and sustains hiding secret hidden and watermarking images of the same full size as an arbitrary-sized carrier image. One of the benefits of the blind watermarking scheme is that it allows usage of varying and arbitrary carrier images that are unknown and unavailable anywhere, including the receiver's end. This is to prevent hackers' recognition of a familiar carrier image and their potential unauthorized tampering. Here, in this paper, two grayscale images are inserted in a colored carrier image. Here the watermark image is used for authentication and tamper localization. The second image is used as ownership or encoded secret hidden message image. The Arnolds Transform is used to introduce added security to a hidden image. The proposed scheme uses an embedded correction matrices mechanism for the extracted hidden information self-recovery from various tampering and digital attacks by unauthorized hackers.

The technique used to hide copyright information (watermark) into the digital audio signal is termed as audio watermarking. Audio watermarking is an excellent approach to provide a solution to mitigate challenges that occur from easy copying and distribution of audio files that are being downloaded or uploaded through the web. The audio watermarking algorithms proposed earlier were implemented by image or binary logo or a unique pattern as watermark. To tackle the difficulty of online musical piracy, unethical attempt to alter purposefully copyrighted audio data and unauthorized distribution and tampering of audio files an efficient audio watermarking method is suggested here. In this method the copyright information (watermark) which is an audio signal of shorter length is imperceptibly added into the original audio signal with greater duration. Here two audio watermarking methods using DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) and then with DWT-SVD (Discrete Wavelet Transform — singular value decomposition) methods are proposed with audio signal encrypted with secure hash algorithm as watermark. A comparative study on performance evaluation of both DCT and DWT-SVD methods are made in terms of PSNR (Peak-Signal to Noise Ratio) and MSE (Mean Square Error). The results show that transparency is best for each methods and DWT-SVD method is more efficient against signal attacks. The elementary notion of this document is to provide a beneficial and satisfactory method for secure audio file transmission by providing copyright protection.

Secure reversible watermarking schemes are essential for image authentication and tamper detection in medical, military and government applications. In this paper, a secure reversible color image watermarking scheme has been proposed considering the merits of three individual tools namely Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Lagrange Interpolation Polynomial (LIP) and Weighted Matrix (WM). The proposed reversible scheme has been designed to address the issues related to image authentication and tamper detection. Here, LBP operator is employed to generate Tamper Detection Code (TDC), LIP and WM are used to embed watermark within the sub-sampled images. Authentication is accomplished by utilizing an Authentication Code (AC), which is generated from binary string of watermark logo using a Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-512). Repeated entry-wise-multiplication operations have been performed with each sub-sampled image block to increase the payload without affecting visual quality of the watermarked image significantly. Some standard NIST recommended steganalysis and attacks are conducted to evaluate its robustness and imperceptibility. It is observed that the developed scheme is secure and robust against several attacks as well as can detect tampered regions. Experimental results are compared with the state-of-the-art schemes to present the merits of our scheme.

Recover the tampered image based on VQ indexing