IMAT: Intelligent Mobile Agent

Internet access using mobile handheld devices has surpassed that of fixed Internet, but most web pages are designed for desktop browsers. Mobile devices have resource limitations. Consequently, web pages designed for desktop browsing cannot be well displayed on mobile devices. Thus, dynamically transforming web contents designed for desktops into contents which can be displayed in a mobile device is an important task. Various approaches of content adaptation have been proposed to achieve this goal, but no single content adaptation strategy has been found to be effective. On the other hand, e-learning contents have grown manifold over years. In this paper, we provide a framework for an e-learning content adaptation system that can be used with desktops and mobile devices seamlessly. We combine multiple content adaptation strategies to make e-learning contents appropriate for mobile devices. Among the various content adaptation strategies, the segmentation algorithm plays the most important role. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed scheme can be successfully utilized for content adaptation in mobile and handheld devices.

As the Internet of Things (IoT) era arrives, the proliferation of IoT devices exposed to the Internet presents a significant challenge to device security. Firmware is software that operates within Internet of Things (IoT) devices, directly governing their behaviors and functionalities. Consequently, the security of firmware is critical to shielding IoT devices from potential threats. In order to enable users to operate a device intuitively, firmware commonly provides a web interface. Consequently, this interface frequently serves as the primary attack goal in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, rendering them susceptible to numerous cyber-attacks. Unfortunately, web services have complex data interactions and implicit dependencies, and it is not easy to balance efficiency and accuracy during the analysis process, leading to heavy overhead. This paper proposes a lightweight vulnerability scanning approach, WFinder, designed explicitly for embedded firmware web services to perform vulnerability checks on backend binary files in firmware. WFinder uses static analysis to focus on identifying vulnerabilities in boundary binary files related to web services in firmware. Initially, the approach identifies boundary binary files and external data entry points based on front-end and back-end associativity features. Subsequently, rules are formulated to filter hazardous functions to narrow the analysis targets. Finally, the method generates sensitive call paths from the external data input points to the hazardous functions and conducts a lightweight taint analysis along these paths to uncover potential vulnerabilities. We implemented a prototype of WFinder and evaluated it on the firmware of ten devices from five well-known manufacturers. We discovered thirteen potential vulnerabilities, eight of which were confirmed by the CNVD, and assigned them CNVD identification numbers. Compared with the most advanced tool, SATC, WFinder was more efficient at discovering more bugs on the test set. These results indicate that WFinder is effective at detecting bugs in embedded web services.

Aims: This research aims to secure and support mobile devices and IoTs enabled in WLAN and 5G Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) infrastructures. Background: Currently, wireless network access gains increasing potential in today's networks. At the same time, such ongoing wireless network access also raises the risk of network attacks. The 5G technology is expected to empower people inter-communications by integrating wireless networking technologies in all kinds of networks. Additionally, the emerging 5G technologies put forward many new requirements for RF characteristics and techniques regarding bandwidth and power issues, in addition to supporting high connectivity capacity for the emerging IP-based IoT applications. Objective: The objective is to provide a hybrid architecture of the proposed framework for a 5G network with cloudlet computing. The purpose that we are focusing on it is to support and monitor wireless networks under attack. Methods: The solution is done through a hybrid architecture. In this architecture, the cloudlet and Wi-Fi access points (AP) are integrated for providing an integrated Wi-Fi-enabled cloudlet. On the other hand, we have specified a solution for detecting unauthorized APs by using authentication and authorization techniques for securing communications among endpoint devices such as IoT devices or mobile devices, cloudlet, and the main cloud. A framework of this architecture has been developed to face the issue of securing IoT devices and mobile wireless devices. Results: The traffic sniffing and traffic filtering of the endpoints are done. Therefore, the required actions that define the organization's policy are applied through the permitted access list. In addition to a wireless network location, the management components use more than one authorized attribute value to generate the authorized list, such as SSID, MAC, BSSID …etc. Finally, Traffic analysis provides the user to get reports, statistics, and analysis charts of secure endpoints activities. Conclusion: We are focusing on one of the critical security issues of wireless networks. Namely, the issue of unauthorized access becomes more critical due to getting access to a network without subscriber permission. Moreover, the proposed solution allows managing access control permissions to allow or block access to resources for the user of a mobile device.

With the growing capability of mobile devices, platforms, and wireless communication technologies, Web browsing on mobile devices is made possible and receives more and more attentions. However, environment of mobile device varies; traditionally, Web pages cannot be browsed if mobile user enters an environment where there is no connection to Internet, such as in a basement or countryside. Although Google Gears had been proposed to support offline Web browsing, there are still a lot of Web servers providing their services without support Google Gears. In this paper, we propose a middleware for mobile devices with properties including (1) enabling users to access the predefined Web information without network connection, (2) offline data stored on mobile device should be long-term storage, and (3) even a Web server doesn't support Google Gears, its Web pages still can be browsed offline.

One of the most important factors in digital games is the immersion of the players to enhance their experience in the virtual world created by games. This immersion can be achieved in different ways, such as graphics effects, realistic physics, artificial intelligence and even from user inputs. The Nintendo Wii controller, Sony Playstation Move controller and Microsoft Xbox Kinect, to name a few, present new forms of user interaction using the player's movements, which has led to new forms of gameplay, as well as great forms of feedback. In addition, mobile devices are providing new features, like accelerometers, touch screens, cameras and GPS, which allow new forms of interaction in games played on these devices. In response to this evolution, this paper presents a multi-platform architecture that supports a desktop game being controlled by mobile devices, using their built-in features such as vibration feedback, sound feedback, image feedback and unique inputs like location, voice recognition, camera and gestures in order to enhance player immersion during game play. Additionally, the architecture supports different types of user data input, such as gesture and motion, that can be utilized according to user preferences and desires. Moreover, with this architecture, the mobile screen device can be used to give players feedback, like visual effects, scores and statistics. These available schemes have proven to be very useful and attractive for players, giving them choices that best fit their preferences and abilities. This architecture can also be used in collaborative games, where each player uses his device to interact with games running both on mobile devices and desktop computers. In order to demonstrate our architecture's effectiveness, we have developed a desktop game and done a case study with a pilot group of users, where some usability factors were evaluated. Finally, using a mobile device for game data input and player feedback provides people who are resistant to complex game controllers the opportunity to enjoy playing games using the same device they are accustomed to using daily, thereby minimizing the time needed to learn what is usually necessary to start enjoying a game. This can, in many situations, lower the barrier encountered by experienced smartphone users who are novice game players, as demonstrated in our pilot usability tests, which found high fun factors in such players.

The growth of Web service formats over the Internet is increasing. These services should often be composed to achieve a user request. We propose in this paper a framework to cope with web service composition, from discovery to optimization. This framework, called SPOC, is composed of four successive phases: discovery, planning, quote execution and optimization. Only RFQ (Request for Quote) web services are treated in this first version of SPOC. The Discovery phase aims to search for web services in a repository. The Planning phase determines which services satisfy the user request. The Quote Execution phase involves processing a Request For Quote (RFQ) by calling web services. The last phase optimizes these results giving tradeoff compositions. As a proof-of-concept example, we applied SPOC to public competition processes in Public Markets.

With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, in addition to desktop computers, many users are accessing the internet from hand-held appliances, such as tablets, PDAs, and cellular phones. Many new computation paradigms, such as pervasive computing and ubiquitous computing, have been proposed to embrace this emerging portable computation framework. However, because of the difference in users’ speed in adopting new technologies, hand-held devices in use have miscellaneous hardware limitations, such as CPU speed, power, memory, bandwidth, and image resolutions. They also have various restrictions in software support, such as operating system, installed programs, real-time processing capability, and rendering functionality. These ad hoc limitations have become barriers in human-computer interaction. Most web contents, such as web pages and images, are mainly in the HTML format, which is designed for desktop computers. Without proper modification, most rendered web contents in hand-held devices encounter distorted or fragmented user interface, broken images, slow responses, etc. These ad hoc characteristics of hand-held devices have become a barrier in enhancing web availability. In this chapter, we illustrate how a semantics-based content adaptation framework could be utilized to fill up the computational gap between mobile devices and desktop computers. The transcoding mechanism of our framework, called Content Adaptation Proxy Server [CAPS], resides behind web servers. In CAPS, web pages and image files are transcoded according to: (1) RDF (Resource Description Framework) (Manola et al., 2004) of web content; and (2) semantics extracted from the CC/PP (Composite Capability Preferences Profiles) (Klyne et al., 2004) client device configuration. These semantic properties will be stored and interpreted inside the Jena Inference System (Carroll et al., 2004) as knowledge facts to obtain proper transcoding parameters for each particular device. Then web pages with proper layout modification and images with proper rendering parameters for each particular device will be constructed and delivered. This technology will recreate contents suitable for resource-limited devices to balance information loss and information availability. For the rest of this chapter, we will review related work in Section 2. In Section 3, we describe the design principle and system architecture of CAPS. Semantics extraction and knowledge base construction for the Jena Inference System are discussed in Sections 4 and 5.

In opportunistic networks the communication opportunities (contacts) are intermittent and there is no need to establish an end-to-end link between the communication nodes. The enormous growth of devices having access to the Internet, along the vast evolution of the Internet and the connectivity of objects and devices, has evolved as Internet of Things (IoT). There are different issues for these networks. One of them is the selection of IoT devices in order to carry out a task in opportunistic networks. In this work, we implement a Fuzzy-Based System for IoT device selection in opportunistic networks. For our system, we use four input parameters: IoT Device’s Number of Past Encounters (IDNPE), IoT Contact Duration (IDCD), IoT Device Storage (IDST) and IoT Device Remaining Energy (IDRE). The output parameter is IoT Device Selection Decision (IDSD). The simulation results show that the proposed system makes a proper selection decision of IoT devices in opportunistic networks. The IoT device selection is increased up to 15% and 27% by increasing IDNPE and IDRE, respectively.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are largely embedded devices which lack a sophisticated user interface, e.g., touch screen, keyboard, etc. As a consequence, traditional Pre-Shared Key (PSK) based authentication for mobile devices becomes difficult to apply. For example, according to our study on home automation devices which leverage smartphone for PSK input, the current process does not protect against active impersonating attack and also leaks the Wi-Fi password to eavesdroppers, i.e., currently these IoT devices can be exploited to enter into critical infrastructures, e.g., home networks. Motivated by this real-world security vulnerability, in this paper we propose a novel proximity-based mechanism for IoT device authentication, called Move2Auth, for the purpose of enhancing IoT device security. In Move2Auth, we require user to hold smartphone and perform one of two hand-gestures (moving towards and away, and rotating) in front of IoT device. By combining (1) large RSS-variation and (2) matching between RSS-trace and smartphone sensor-trace, Move2Auth can reliably detect proximity and authenticate IoT device accordingly. Based on our implementation on Samsung Galaxy smartphone and commodity Wi-Fi adapter, we prove Move2Auth can protect against powerful active attack, i.e., the false-positive rate is consistently lower than 0.5%.

Nurses Need Training and Policies to Address Barriers to Use of Mobile Devices and Apps for Direct Patient Care in Hospital Settings

Along with the recent advance in wireless networking and data processing technologies, demands for low latency communication (LLC) are increasing in a wide variety of future-driven autonomous applications such as a smart factory, self-driving cars, and so on. The fifth generation of cellular mobile communications (5G) will cover this need as one of three key capacities in their usage scenarios: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The 5G systems are composed of mobile devices and various internet of things (IoT) devices for sensing, acting, and information services; they configure diverse networking topologies such as direct mobile-to-mobile, also known as device-to-device (D2D). In the 5G D2D network systems, the network topologies are easily broken because of the mobile devices such as smartphones, IoT devices, and so on. Thus, for the highly flexible and extensible 5G D2D network systems, mobility support for the mobile devices is necessary. In this paper, we first explore the mobility issues in beyond 5G D2D. Since there are static and mobile elements in the 5G application domains such as the smart factory, overall mobility would lead to highly frequent topology reconfiguration or connectivity reconstruction. Thus, latency-related problems derived from topology changes and connectivity failures due to the mobility are addressed. To handle the problems, a fast connectivity construction scheme, denoted by LMK, is proposed with a deep neural network dealing with learning on radio signal information in order to achieve the LLC. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed framework can provide reliable connectivity for the MAC layer link with a low latency data transmission.

Web Services are today a well-accepted technology. Especially in the area of Cloud Computing, Web Services usually provide one of the building blocks of the used technology. Another driving technology nowadays are mobile devices. Nevertheless, there is not much research conducted yet in bringing these two important technologies together, e.g. with respect to providing Web Services on mobile devices. While there is already some technology that allows to deploy Web Services directly on mobile devices, it seems that there is still a lack of research about use-cases and/or scenarios that benefit from mobile Web Services. Therefore, this paper presents an approach that allows the evaluation of both, the technology for providing Web Service on mobile devices and mobile Web Services themselves.

In today`s world of science & technology mobile device especially Smartphones plays the role of “"Jinn" who fulfill demand of the user. Smartphone through its Internet facility allows users to access various internet based web services ubiquitously to fulfill his/her demand. Web Services can be of two types SOAP or Restful services. Many researchers have mentioned that SOAP based services are heavy to consume on mobile device despite the fact that most of the companies still uses SOAP services but answer to this challenge is Restful Web Services. Restful services also surfers from many problems like processing of work or accessing services on device due to mobile phone`s small screen size, low processing power, less memory storage capacity etc. That`s why the heavy processing work is shifted on Cloud and only client part will be on mobile device, this integration is called as Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). In MCC important point need to consider is to improve the performance of web services in terms of speed, memory usage and reducing latency. To resolve these issues, this paper has proposed MCC architecture. We have divided this paper is into two parts, in the first part; we did comparative analysis of Web Service consumption on mobile devices using cloud and various parameters used. In second part we have proposed architecture for mobile Web Services in Cloud which compress response data using Gzip and use of web caching to reduce overhead of repeated or previously accessed Web Service.

A common pattern in queries calling web services is that the output of one web service call is the input for another. The challenge addressed in this chapter is to develop methods to speed up such dependent calls by parallelization. We developed a system, WSMED, to provide a web service query service. WSMED automatically parallelizes the web service calls by starting separate query processes, each managing a parameterized sub-query, a plan function. The parallel plan is defined in terms of an operator, FF_APPLYP, to ship in parallel to other query processes the same plan function for different parameters. By using FF_APPLYP we first investigated ways to set up different process trees manually to find a best one. To automatically achieve the optimal process tree we modified FF_APPLYP to an operator AFF_APPLYP that adapts a parallel plan locally in each query process until an optimized performance is achieved. The query execution time obtained with AFF_APPLYP is shown to be close to the best process tree obtained with FF_APPLYP.

Today the term e-business is often used for describing attempts of using Internet for improving business efficiencies and introducing innovative new business models. Until recently, the major focus of e-business has been around replacing the traditional communication means such as telephone and fax by Internet-based electronic data interchange. The introduction of new standards such as XML (Extensible Markup Language), SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), and UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration) opened new opportunities for dynamically integrating business processes across corporate boundaries on demand. This architecture is called Web Services, and being pursued by major software vendors such as IBM and Microsoft. Web Services can also be considered as a new component-based, distributed computing architecture. This paper discusses the background of this new trend and explains the individual technologies including XML, SOAP, and UDDI that comprise the basis of Web Services.