Implementation of a method for the identification and quantification of phytosterols in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by gas chromatography

Poor storage conditions of foodstuffs are responsible for their deterioration on many microorganism species with substantial quantitative and qualitative losses. During storage, formulating essential oil of some antifungal plants' based on cassava starch and corncob biochar efficacy was evaluated on fungi associated with peanut seeds (Arachis hypogaea L.). Two hundred peanut seeds were dispersed in plastic bottles; 5 g of essential oil formulation starch-based (3 and 7 µl/g) were sprinkled on the seeds. Biochar pieces were added to the seeds in the bottles for biochar-based essential oils. Laboratory conditions were used to store both treatment and non-treatment seeds for 70 days. Infection rates of fungal infections were estimated at 10, 20, 40, 60, and 70 days of storage. From the results obtained, five fungal genera were isolated from peanut seeds, including four species of Aspergillus, Cercospora sp, Fusarium sp, Phomopsis sp and Rhizopus stolonifer, with seed infection percentages ranging from 4 to 62%. The antifungal activity of starch-based formulations revealed that at a concentration of 3 µl/g, Cymbopogon citratus essential oil is the most effective antifungal agent, 13% infection for 70 days resulted storage of peanut seeds. After 70 days of storage, at a dose of 7 µl/g, C. sempervirens essential oil had the best antifungal efficacy with 23.50% of infected seeds for the biochar-based formulation. As a result of these findings, starch and biochar can be used to formulate essential oils for the conservation of peanut seeds. Moreover, Cymbopogon citratus essential oil formulated with starch is the most effective.

The data is on biofortification (delivery of micronutrients via micronutrient-dense crops) and this can be achieved through plant breeding and offers a cost-effective and sustainable approach to fighting micronutrient malnutrition. The present study was conducted to facilitate the initiation of a breeding programme to improve the concentration of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds. The experiment was conducted with 64 diverse Peanut genotypes in eight different environments at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India to assess the genetic variation for Fe and Zn concentrations in peanut seeds and their heritability and correlations with other traits. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes and environments for Fe, Zn, protein and oil concentration in seeds and their heritability was high, thus indicating the possibility of improving them through breeding. As seen in other plants, a significant positive association between concentrations of Fe and Zn was observed. Trade-offs between pod yield and Fe and Zn concentrations were not observed and the same was also true for oil content. Besides being high yielding, genotypes ICGV 06099 and ICGV 06040 had stable performance for Fe and Zn concentrations across environments. These are the ideal choices for use as parents in a breeding programme and in developing mapping populations. Experiment location on Google Map

Peanuts (Arachis hypogea L.) are important substrates for the growth and subsequent aflatoxin production by different members of Aspergillus. The aims of the current study were to identify the toxigenic fungi associated with peanut and to study the effect of ozone gaseous (O3) on fungal spoilage and aflatoxin concentration in peanuts. Peanut samples were collected from three Egyptian governorates i.e. Sharkia, Cairo and Ismailia during winter season of 2007. Peanut samples were exposed to O3 at doses of 20 ppm for 5 min, 40 ppm for 10 min and 50 ppm for 5 min. Total fungal counts were estimated in ozonated and non-ozonated peanuts shells and seeds using tow different media and aflatoxin concentration was determined in the ozone treated and non-treated peanuts. The results indicated that all the shell and seed samples were infected with fungi and the samples from Sharkia were the most infected while contained the highest total fungal counts followed by the samples collected from Cairo governorate. Aspergillus flavus was isolated from all seed samples but did not isolated from peanut shells. Exposure to O3 gaseous was effective to reduce total fungal counts in a dose dependent manner and succeeded to eliminate A. flavus in seed samples. All seed samples were contaminated with aflatoxin and O3 at 40 ppm for 10 min succeeded to degrade aflatoxin in peanut seeds to reach the maximum level set in the Egyptian standards regulation.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProtein and amino acid changes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds infected with Aspergillus oryzaeJohn P. Cherry, Larry R. Beuchat, and Clyde T. YoungCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1976, 24, 1, 79–85Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1976https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60203a047RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views80Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

This study aims to determine the effect of adding organic fertilizer to the ex-eruption of Mount Merapi by using an indicator plant of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Gajah variety in order to land rehabilitation. The treatment used was the addition of volcanic ash and organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer used comes from chicken manure. The selection of chicThis study aims to determine the effect of adding organic fertilizer to the ex-eruption of Mount Merapi by using an indicator plant of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Gajah variety in order to land rehabilitation. The treatment used was the addition of volcanic ash and organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer used comes from chicken manure. The selection of chicken manure as organic fertilizer uses the principle of sustainability, where in the research area there are many chicken farmers so that the presence of chicken manure is easy and cheap to obtain. The design of this study was based on 1 block completely randomized 2 factorial design which was repeated 3 times. With the addition of volcanic ash and chicken manure, 10 tons/ha, 20 tons/ha and 30 tons/ha, respectively. Plant parameters observed were: (1) plant height, (2) fresh weight and dry weight of roots, (3) Shoots' fresh and dry weight, (4) fresh weight and dry weight of pods, (5) Seeds' fresh weight and dry weight, (6) number of seeds and pods/plant, and (7) N uptake and root nodule number. The findings indicated that chicken manure increased plant height from 1 to 5 weeks after planting. The application of 30 tons/ha of chicken manure has raised the height of plants. The addition of chicken manure tends to enhance the peanut seeds' dry weight.ken manure as organic fertilizer uses the principle of sustainability, where in the research area there are many chicken farmers so that the presence of chicken manure is easy and cheap to obtain. The design of this study was based on 1 block completely randomized 2 factorial design which was repeated 3 times. With the addition of volcanic ash and chicken manure, 10 tons/ha, 20 tons/ha and 30 tons/ha, respectively. Plant parameters observed were: plant height (cm); fresh and dry weight of shoots (g/plant); fresh weight and dry weight of roots (g/plant); number of pods/plant; fresh weight and dry weight of pods (g/plant); number of seeds/plant, fresh weight and dry weight of seeds (g/plant); N uptake; and number of root nodules. The results showed that chicken manure tended to increase plant height at the age of 1 WAP to 5 WAP. Treatment of 30 tons/ha of chicken manure will increase plant height. The addition of chicken manure also tends to increase the dry weight of peanut seeds.

Due to conflicting results of previous studies, experiments were conducted to study the effect of rate and time of application of N on the yield of fruit and on seed grade, percent N and oil content of Spanish peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Rates and times of application of N had no significant effect on yield, grade or percent N in seed of Starr peanuts grown on three different soil types. Application of 134.4 kg of N/ha to Fuquay soil 6 weeks after planting decreased oil content in the seed. When the same rate of N was split into two applications (1/2 at planting and 1/2 at 6 weeks), the oil content was significantly higher than when all the N was applied 6 weeks after planting. On Tifton soil, split applications of N (1/2 at 6 weeks and 1/2 at 12 weeks) tend to reduce the oil content of seeds as the N rates increased. The 134.4 kg/ha rate of N applied by this method produced a significantly lower oil content than where all the N was applied at planting or 6 weeks after planting.

The peanut plant can resist fungal attacks by producing stilbene-derived phytoalexins. Once understood, such a natural phytoalexin-based mechanism of peanut resistance could be potentially manipulated to obtain fungal-resistant peanut breeding lines. Several simple stilbenoid phytoalexins from peanuts have been reported. However, more complex stilbenoid derivatives such as those that have been reported from other sources and considered important factors in plant defense have not been found in peanuts. The purpose of this research was to isolate and characterize further new oligomeric peanut stilbenoids that may act as phytoalexins. Two new prenylated stilbene dimers named arahypin-6 (3) and arahypin-7 (4) have been isolated from wounded peanut seeds challenged by an Aspergillus caelatus strain. The structures of these new putative phytoalexins were determined by analysis of NMR, MS, and UV spectroscopic data. Together with other known peanut stilbenoids that were also produced in the challenged seeds, these new compounds may play a defensive role against invasive fungi.

An important agronomic factor affecting peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant growth, pod yield, and seed grade is seed placement. A tractormounted device was designed and constructed to aid in performing field experiments to accurately evaluate seed placement on plant growth and yield. Peanut seed were spaced in three alternative diamond‐shaped configurations. Although some hand labor was required, seed placement was precise because the human element of spacing seed in the soil was eliminated. The amount of labor required for precise seed placement was less tedious and labor productivity was doubled.

Preservation of gene resources and the maintenance of breeder seed is an integral part of cultivar improvement programs. Unfortunately, seed of the cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., generally die within 2 years of storage under ambient conditions, yet an optimal preparation and storage environment for maintaining viability of peanut seed has not been established. Studies were initiated in 1966 with 1965 crop seed to annually examine the effects of four storage temperatures, three moisture contents of the seed at the time of storage, and a fumigant (paradichlorobenzene) on the germination of seed of five genotypes representing three market types of peanuts. The results indicate that shelled peanut seed, which contain no more than 6% moisture, can be stored for at least 10 years without an appreciable loss in germination when held in sealed containers at temperatures slightly above freezing (2 to 5 C) without paradichlorobenzene. The mean loss in germination was 3, 6, and 10% for Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia type seed, respectively. Storage at a controlled temperature of 17 to 20 C kept the seed from deteriorating appreciably for a 4‐year period, after which time seed viability rapidly diminished. Seed which had a high moisture content (8 to 11% when stored) had a shorter lifespan, while lower moisture content (2 to 6%) improved longevity. Paradichlorobenzene had an adverse effect on longevity of seed, especially when stored in sealed containers at storage temperatures sufficiently low to retard sublimation. The viability of Spanish seed decreased at a slightly faster rate than Virginia or Valencia seed under these storage conditions.

Seed testing is important for determining seed quality. Seed testing must be easy, quick, and accurate. This study aimed to develop a rapid method for assessing peanut seed quality using Urine Sugar Analysis Paper (USAP). USAP is commonly used for detecting human urinary glucose and is currently being developed for evaluating seed quality. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 investigated the most effective seed-cutting size (whole, halved, and seeds cut into six pieces) and soaking periods (0, 3, 6, and 9 hours) based on glucose and protein leakage, as well as specific gravity of the soaking water. The optimal method identified in Experiment 1 was then used to test all five seed lots in USAP Experiment 2, which aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of seed quality testing using the USAP method at various levels of seed viability. Experiment 3 investigated the correlation between USAP test results and other viability and vigor test parameters, including germination percentage, first count germination, speed of germination, and electrical conductivity. The results of experiments indicated that cutting seeds into six pieces and 6 6-hour soaking period was the most optimal. Experiment 3 showed that USAP testing correlated with viability and vigor testing across various peanut varieties. Protein and density testing using USAP were negatively correlated with germination percentage, first count germination, and germination speed parameters, but positively correlated with electrical conductivity. However, glucose leakage was not detectable using USAP.

Onset of eosinophilic esophagitis during a clinical trial program of oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy

Ground samples of raw and roasted peanuts were packed in glass liners and introduced into the heated injection port of a gas chromatograph where the volatiles were vaporized in situ. Chromatograms from ground peanuts are qualitatively similar to those from expressed oil samples. Fourteen compounds were tentatively identified.

A study to determine the best alternative substrate paper for testing seed viability in rolled paper method was conducted with 2 experiments. The first experiment studied the physical characteristic of six substrate papers, straw, filter, stencil, CD, HVS and Samson related to seed germination. The second experiment was conducted to identify the best alternative substrate for testing germination of different seeds. High and low viability of rice, maize, peanut, yardlong bean, chick pea and leafy vegetable seeds were tested with the substrate papers arranged in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. The first experiment showed that CD and Stencil papers had good physical characters for germination substrate. Water absorption of CD and stencil papers were 28.1g and 24.4g per medium unit, lower than Straw paper (46.51 g/medium unit) but significantly higher than the international standard of filter paper (20.7g/medium unit). In rolled paper test, no significant difference of water holding ability among the papers. Water lost during the 7 day testing were less than 2 g/medium unit for all of the papers. All of the papers including stencil and CD papers were homogenous with low coefficient of variation, less than 5%. The second experiment showed that different data of germination percentages and dry weight of normal seedlings were obtained from the diferrent subtrate papers. As compared to the common substrate straw paper, the stencil paper produced the most similar data, 100% and 91.7% similarities of germination percentage and dry weight of normal seedlings, respectively, whereas the other papers performed 37.5 - 91.6% and 29.1 - 66.7%. Key words: Substrate paper, physical characteristic, seed viability testing.

The carbonate reservoirs are a major source of oil and gas throughout the world. The biggest reserves of oil in the world in the middle-east are primarily carbonate reservoirs. Carbonate reservoirs usually have good reservoir quality and are prolific producers. Carbonates have a highly heterogeneous grain structure as compared to sandstones. The sandstones house all the fluids in the intergranular spaces whereas the carbonated have most of their fluids in the intragranular pore spaces. The path of transport of fluids in the carbonates is through the intergranular pore space. There are different kinds of intragranular porosities in carbonates and all of them interact in a different manner with intergranular porosity. So, we can easily see that it is much easier to characterize and model flow in sandstones as compared to carbonates due to the relatively homogeneous pore structure in sandstones as compared with carbonates. The general definition of a homogeneous porosity and permeability is applicable to sandstones but not to carbonates. Therefore, the simple lab tests for permeability and porosity will give erroneous results in case of carbonates. At any particular place in a carbonate sample, there are pore spaces of different length scales and different connectivity interacting with each other. These type of heterogeneities can't be captured by simple lab tests run on core samples. Therefore, we have tested computational methods based on transient methodology on a carbonate pore network obtained from a carbonate core Micro-CT scan sample. This method has also been validated on a synthetic sandstone model.

In this second of two University of Texas roundtables, four highly successful veterans of the U.S. energy industry, with considerable experience running both public and private companies, discuss recent developments in this rapidly evolving industry. Among the most remarkable—and a major focus of this discussion—is the dramatic expansion of the output and productivity of the Permian Basin of West Texas, and the role of private equity in accomplishing it.Although the Permian has been a major source of oil and gas since 1920, the combination of massive horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has contributed to a tripling of production volumes from about 800,000 barrels per day to 2.5 million during the past ten years. In fact, the productivity gains are said to be so great that, even with the huge run‐up in the cost of acquiring acreage (to as high as $40,000 per acre), today's producers are projecting annual operating returns of 20% even if oil prices fail to rise above their current level of about $50 a barrel.What's more, there appears to have been a fairly clear division of labor between private and public companies in this recent development of the Permian. With most of the high‐priced acreage now being acquired by larger public companies, the primary role of private equity has been to identify and make good on opportunities to increase the productivity and value of smaller operations that can then be sold to public companies—companies that have the size and access to capital to benefit from the economies of scale produced by combining them with their other operations.Thanks to their earlier position in the value chain, investments by private equity groups have generally not only produced higher payoffs, on average, but involved larger operating and financial risks. And this difference in risk profile is reflected in a notable difference in hedging practices between public and private equity‐controlled companies. This difference was summed up as follows by a private equity partner who has also run several public oil and gas companies:To a much greater extent in private equity than in public companies, we think of our projects and companies as delivering value that is largely independent of changes in oil prices. Hedging is our way of saying we don't want to take oil price risk if we don't have to. We do not count on price increases to make our required returns. The returns come from operating the company successfully without the help of commodity prices.