Implementation of Pixel Based Adaptive Segmenter method for tracking and counting vehicles in visual surveillance

Vehicle counting and traffic volume estimation on traffic videos are challenging tasks for traffic monitoring and management. Most previous methods are based on a process of vehicle detection and tracking or a process of time-spatial image (TSI)-based background subtraction, which suffer from occlusion and small size of vehicles. To overcome these difficulties, a time-spatial-based structure is proposed for vehicle counting and traffic volume estimation, without relying on tracking and TSI-based background subtraction. This structure has three main parts. First, a TSI-based density map generation model is proposed for generating density maps for TSIs, which makes it possible to automatically generate TSI training samples. Second, the time-spatial multiscale net (TM-Net) is proposed for estimating density map of TSI; with the stacked multiscale modules and the spatial attention module, the proposed TM-Net can partly overcome the difficulties brought from occlusion, small size, and deformation. Finally, a vehicle counting and traffic volume estimation model is designed for counting and volume estimation on the results of TM-Net. Experiments performed on the public UA-DETRAC data set show that the proposed TM-Net-based vehicle counting method outperforms the tested representative counting methods, and the proposed framework also can estimate traffic volume efficiently.

Towards improving quality of video-based vehicle counting method for traffic flow estimation

Vehicle growth in Indonesia is not supported by the number of the road. This fact has caused traffic congestion easily occurred, especially in big cities. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is one of the solutions for this problem. In ITS, vehicle tracking and counting is a challenging issue for traffic surveillance. In this paper, Bhattacharyya distance-based tracking and vehicle counting is proposed. We propose a vehicle tracking method and vehicle counting system. We use Adaptive Background Learning with Hole Filling Algorithm to separate background and foreground in a frame. We detect objects in foreground region using contour of each object. Each detected object tracked using Bhattacharyya distance. Each tracked object is counted when the tracked object passed a predefined counting line. The proposed algorithm is evaluated by comparing tracking estimates with ground truth. We use precision and recall as metric to evaluate our tracking estimates with ground truth. Our vehicle counting result also evaluated by comparing to ground truth. Our tracking result have 96% recall in all experiment scenarios. Also, we have 1.3% and 7.4% error rate in our counting result compared to ground truth.

Vehicle Tracking and Counting through Image Processing is an efficient system for real-time vehicle detection, classification, and counting using the powerful combination of YOLO and OpenCV. The System uses the application of machine learning in the domain of image processing for vehicle tracking and counting. OpenCV in this system is used to process the video feed or images and provide real-time visualization of the vehicles for detection. The system uses advanced computer vision techniques such as contour detection, image segmentation, and feature extraction to accurately locate and recognize individual vehicles in a scene. The detected vehicles are classified into various categories, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, and bicycles (Two & four wheelers) using the trained YOLO model. In addition to detection and classification the count of vehicles is also noted down. The primary objective of this system is to track the vehicles, distinguish and count them. This system can be used in – Traffic Signal Management and Parking Lot Monitoring. Keywords: - YOLO, OpenCV, Python, CVAT

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189145.].

In this paper we propose multiple cameras using real time tracking for surveillance and security system. It is extensively used in the research field of computer vision applications, like that video surveillance, authentication systems, robotics, pre-stage of MPEG4 image compression and user inter faces by gestures. The key components of tracking for surveillance system are extracting the feature, background subtraction and identification of extracted object. Video surveillance, object detection and tracking have drawn a successful increased interest in recent years. A object tracking can be understood as the problem of finding the path (i.e. trajectory) and it can be defined as a procedure to identify the different positions of the object in each frame of a video. Based on the previous work on single detection using single stationary camera, we extend the concept to enable the tracking of multiple object detection under multiple camera and also maintain a security based system by multiple camera to track person in indoor environment, to identify by my proposal system which consist of multiple camera to monitor a person. Present study mainly aims to provide security and detect the moving object in real time video sequences and live video streaming. Based on a robust algorithm for human body detection and tracking in videos created with support of multiple cameras.

We propose a vehicle tracking algorithm that takes a new occlusion reasoning approach. We consider two different types of occlusions: explicit occlusion and implicit occlusion. We also propose a traffic flow extraction method with the velocity and trajectory of the moving vehicles. The proposed vehicle tracking system is composed of three parts: vehicle segmentation, vehicle tracking, and traffic parameter extraction. The vehicle segmentation part separates moving vehicles from their background. We employ the adaptive background approach, which does not update the background of moving objects. We also design a 2D token-based algorithm for vehicle tracking using Kalman filtering that has a modest amount of computational complexity. The traffic parameter extraction part estimates the traffic parameters, such as the vehicle count and the average speed. It also extracts the traffic flows. Finally, we have evaluated the proposed algorithm with some MPEG-7 test sequences.

Vehicle counting is a process to estimate traffic density on roads to assess the traffic conditions for intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Real-time traffic management systems have become popular recently due to the availability of high end cameras and technology. The present traffic management systems focus on speed detection, signal jumping, zebra crossing but not on traffic density estimation. Proposed video-based vehicle counting and tracking method using a video captured on CCTV and handheld mobile cameras. The system can be used in smart cities to create smart traffic light signals, in which duration of each signal depends on real time vehicle density in a particular lane of road. Vehicle counting is performed in two steps: the captured video is sent to You Only Look Once (YOLO) based deep learning framework to detect, count and classify the vehicles. Multi vehicular tracking is adopted using Deep SORTalgorithm to track the vehicles in video frames. Model was trained for six different classes, using Google Colaboratory. Datasets of vehicles specifically pertaining to Indian roads environment is considered for implementation. The performance of the model was analyzed, proposed model has tested and obtained an average counting accuracy of 86.56% while the average precision is 93.85%. The model can be implemented for ascertaining the traffic density on roads and this provides knowledge for infrastructural development to authorities. It can also be an integral part of smart city projects to develop intelligent and smart traffic surveillance system.

The main goal of this study is to extract traffic statistics throughout the day, week and season based on video surveillance. For our propose, we focus on traffic analysis that is related to vehicle counting. We provide the following process chain: objects detection and tracking, trajectories extraction, detection of entry/exit zones and vehicle counting. Experiments show that the information obtained is reliable and gives effective vehicles counting that are compared to previously published results obtained on a public data set. Additional comparisons are done with ground truth for a private data set.

Traffic analysis using computer vision techniques is attracting more attention for the development of intelligent transportation systems. Consequently, counting traffic volume based on the CCTV system is one of the main applications. However, this issue is still a challenging task, especially in the case of complex areas that involve many vehicle movements. This study performs an investigation of how to improve video-based vehicle counting for traffic analysis. Specifically, we propose a comprehensive framework with multiple classes and movements for vehicle counting. In particular, we first adopt state-of-the-art deep learning methods for vehicle detection and tracking. Then, an appropriate trajectory approach for monitoring the movements of vehicles using distinguished regions tracking is presented in order to improve the performance of the counting. Regarding the experiment, we collect and pre-process the CCTV data at a complex intersection to evaluate our proposed framework. In particular, the implementation indicates the promising results of our proposed method, which achieve accuracy around 80% to 98% for different movements for a very complex scenario with only a single view of the camera.

Deep learning models have been used in the field of object detection and object counting. The problem statement dealt with in this paper aims to achieve the objectives of traffic and crowd management. The Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) model is used in conjunction with a line of counting approach to count the objects of interest in a video captured using surveillance cameras. The proposed model has been used for analyzing traffic surveillance videos to make intelligent traffic decisions to prioritize traffic signals based on the traffic densities. As a sub case of traffic management, a Tesseract OCR model is used to capture the license plate of vehicles violating any traffic regulations. For crowd management, surveillance videos are analyzed to obtain the crowd statistics to handle crowd management in cases of emergencies and huge public gatherings for safety and security.

Automatic data labeling by neural networks for the counting of objects in videos

Vehicle counting in traffic videos plays an essential role in traffic sur- veillance system. It can provide some important traffic information such as con- gestion level and statistical analysis of traffic flow. In this paper, a novel vehicle counting strategy, which is based on foreground detection algorithm in videos, is proposed. Two advantages are contributed by our method. First, it is cost-saving as no additional hardware devices are required. Second, the influence to perfor- mance caused by weather variations is eliminated by the use of foreground detec- tion technique. Finally, We compare our method with the state-of-the-art methods, and the experimental results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on complex real world traffic videos.

This paper proposes an automatic vehicles counting, classification and tracking for identifying Traffic flows in an intersection which is a fundamental task for video surveillance in urban traffic management. In intelligent transportation systems (ITS), especially in field of urban traffic management, intersections monitoring is one of the critical and challenging tasks. Where, objects have different characteristics such as varying velocities, stop and go. Therefore it is necessary to use a hybrid scheme of adaptive background mixture model to learn background model faster and more accurately, instead of using single rate of adaptation, which is not adequate. The main focus of this paper is to analyze activities at intersection in number of traffic zones for counting and classifying vehicles and then tracking to extract traffic flows which assists in regulating traffic lights for using in smart cameras. Traffic zones definition in intersection video, based on trajectories clustering; greatly reduce the time and volume of computations. Smart camera's fundamental purpose is to efficiently reduce the transmission rate and also analyze an intersection scene and report statics and information of interest which is not an image. Ground-truth experiments with urban traffic sequences show that our proposed algorithm is very promising relative to results using other techniques.

The real-time video surveillance system has become an integral part of transportation system. For a transportation system, it also prevents accident along with various challenging issues on highways. Various machine learning- and artificial intelligence-based techniques are evolving with numerous advancement to handle such issues through smart surveillance system. In literature, various researchers have contributes numerous methods for vehicle detection and tracking. These methods are efficient and time consuming. This paper work has focused on the study of various methods, publicly available datasets, and recent AI- and ML-based techniques which may be suitable for future perspectives. This study focuses on various metrics such as speed measure, vehicle counting, feature extraction, detecting driver behavior, traffic flow prediction, surveillance, etc. This paper also demonstrates for existing research for the deep learning-, ML- and AI-based methodologies to resolve more complex problems.KeywordsDeep learningArtificial neural networkMachine learningTransportation systemsHighways management