Implementation of Remote Sensing Technology on the I-64 Bridge over US60

This thesis presents research on scheduling in an uncertain environment, which forms a part of the rolling stock life cycle logistics applied research and development program funded by Dutch railway industry companies. The focus therefore lies on scheduling of maintenance operations on rolling stock in the railway industry. The first chapter describes some of the history of the Dutch railways, focusing on the rolling stock used, and it introduces the context in which NedTrain, a major Dutch rolling stock maintenance company, operates. While maintenance of rolling stock is not a new problem, recent changes in the field are identified in this chapter which introduce new challenges: the first is the declining involvement of maintenance experts in the procurement of new rolling stock, the second is the on-going demand for increasing efficiency. Based on this discussion, the goal of this thesis is to devise a method with which schedules can be created based on a flexible process. The schedules resulting from this method are to be both flexible, meaning that they can be adapted easily, and robust, meaning that they are resilient to the effects of uncertain events. Lastly, our goal is to create the schedules in such a way that the effects of disturbances in one team have little or no effect on any other teams in the same workshop. Chapter 2 examines existing research in the context of the formulated research goals. It is shown that the well-known Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP) can be mapped to the problem of scheduling maintenance tasks on trains in the NedTrain workshops. The most important methods to solve the RCPSP are discussed, among which are many exact methods. Both the scale of the problem and the requirement of having a flexible schedule instead of a fixed time assignment for the tasks prohibit using these methods. Among the heuristic methods discussed, the Precedence Constraint Posting method turns out to be an especially good fit: it is able to solve large-sized problems very quickly, and it uses a Simple Temporal Network (STN) as a way of representing many different solutions to the original problem, offering a lot of flexibility. Based on the research discussed, research questions are formulated to answer the research goals. - The first question asks how to define criteria encapsulating the notion of flexibility as posed by our research goals, and how to measure the flexibility of a schedule. - The second question asks how we can make the best use of available flexibility to attain robustness. - The third question asks if there is also a way to extend the concept of temporal flexibility to include a form of sequential flexibility. - The last question asks how we can use our work on robustness to decouple schedules, ensuring that disturbances in the schedule for one agent have no impact on any other agents. The third chapter investigates criteria corresponding to our intuitive notion of flexibility in scheduling. The concept of interval schedules serves as a basis for this investigation: the idea is that each task in the schedule is assigned an interval from which its start time can be picked, and the length of all these intervals serves as a representation for the flexibility of the schedule. We show that flexibility measures in existing research lead to an over-estimation of the total available flexibility, because dependencies between tasks are not taken into account properly: simply adding the interval sizes for two dependent tasks causes over-estimation, because the picked time for one task can reduce the interval size for another task. Our first major contribution is an independence requirement for the creation of these intervals: we state that intervals should be constructed in such a way that any choice in one interval has no impact on the available choices in any of the other intervals. Our second major contribution is a method to actually construct such intervals, which results in a valid interval schedule for an \stn, allowing efficient schedule execution under dynamic circumstances. Additionally, we note that an interval schedule can also serve as a mechanism to decouple a schedule, giving a partial answer to the last research question. In the fourth chapter, we investigate how to make use of the available flexibility to ensure that schedules are robust. We show that having a maximal total amount of flexibility does not imply that the schedule is as robust as possible: maximization might lead to a very skewed distribution of flexibility over the schedule. Different ways of distributing flexibility over a schedule are proposed and analyzed in an experimental setting. From the experiments it can be clearly concluded that sacrificing some of the total flexibility to improve the distribution of flexibility can have a positive influence on the robustness of the schedule. We also propose a different maximization strategy: one which maximizes the minimum of the interval sizes for the schedule. This strategy is shown to work especially well for small delays. So far we only discussed strategies concerning temporal flexibility, i.e., those in which start times remain flexible instead of fixed. Chapter 5 introduces a novel representation of solutions for planning problems in which not all ordering decisions needed to avoid resource contention are made in advance. This is achieved by grouping tasks which need to be executed sequentially together, in such a way that either ordering of the tasks remains feasible during execution time. An analysis using simulation experiments shows that this technique results in higher robustness, at the cost of somewhat lower resource utilization. The proposed algorithm to construct such schedules offers limited control over the size of the grouped tasks. The experiments show a slightly counter-intuitive results: schedules with larger groups offer lower robustness than those with smaller groups. A plausible explanation is the fact that delays can occur at any place in a schedule. Having multiple smaller groups instead of a few very large ones increases the chance that such a delay can be compensated for using a task group.

Distributed Video Coding (DVC) is a new paradigm for video compression based on the information theoretical results of Slepian and Wolf (SW), and Wyner and Ziv (WZ). While conventional coding has a rigid complexity allocation as most of the complex tasks are performed at the encoder side, DVC enables a flexible complexity allocation between the encoder and the decoder. The most novel and interesting case is low complexity encoding and complex decoding, which is the opposite of conventional coding. While the latter is suitable for applications where the cost of the decoder is more critical than the encoder's one, DVC opens the door for a new range of applications where low complexity encoding is required and the decoder's complexity is not critical. This is interesting with the deployment of small and battery-powered multimedia mobile devices all around in our daily life. Further, since DVC operates as a reversed-complexity scheme when compared to conventional coding, DVC also enables the interesting scenario of low complexity encoding and decoding between two ends by transcoding between DVC and conventional coding. More specifically, low complexity encoding is possible by DVC at one end. Then, the resulting stream is decoded and conventionally re-encoded to enable low complexity decoding at the other end. Multiview video is attractive for a wide range of applications such as free viewpoint television, which is a system that allows viewing the scene from a viewpoint chosen by the viewer. Moreover, multiview can be beneficial for monitoring purposes in video surveillance. The increased use of multiview video systems is mainly due to the improvements in video technology and the reduced cost of cameras. While a multiview conventional codec will try to exploit the correlation among the different cameras at the encoder side, DVC allows for separate encoding of correlated video sources. Therefore, DVC requires no communication between the cameras in a multiview scenario. This is an advantage since communication is time consuming (i.e. more delay) and requires complex networking. Another appealing feature of DVC is the fact that it is based on a statistical framework. Moreover, DVC behaves as a natural joint source-channel coding solution. This results in an improved error resilience performance when compared to conventional coding. Further, DVC-based scalable codecs do not require a deterministic knowledge of the lower layers. In other words, the enhancement layers are completely independent from the base layer codec. This is called the codec-independent scalability feature, which offers a high flexibility in the way the various layers are distributed in a network. This thesis addresses the following topics: First, the theoretical foundations of DVC as well as the practical DVC scheme used in this research are presented. The potential applications for DVC are also outlined. DVC-based schemes use conventional coding to compress parts of the data, while the rest is compressed in a distributed fashion. Thus, different conventional codecs are studied in this research as they are compared in terms of compression efficiency for a rich set of sequences. This includes fine tuning the compression parameters such that the best performance is achieved for each codec. Further, DVC tools for improved Side Information (SI) and Error Concealment (EC) are introduced for monoview DVC using a partially decoded frame. The improved SI results in a significant gain in reconstruction quality for video with high activity and motion. This is done by re-estimating the erroneous motion vectors using the partially decoded frame to improve the SI quality. The latter is then used to enhance the reconstruction of the finally decoded frame. Further, the introduced spatio-temporal EC improves the quality of decoded video in the case of erroneously received packets, outperforming both spatial and temporal EC. Moreover, it also outperforms error-concealed conventional coding in different modes. Then, multiview DVC is studied in terms of SI generation, which differentiates it from the monoview case. More specifically, different multiview prediction techniques for SI generation are described and compared in terms of prediction quality, complexity and compression efficiency. Further, a technique for iterative multiview SI is introduced, where the final SI is used in an enhanced reconstruction process. The iterative SI outperforms the other SI generation techniques, especially for high motion video content. Finally, fusion techniques of temporal and inter-view side informations are introduced as well, which improves the performance of multiview DVC over monoview coding. DVC is also used to enable scalability for image and video coding. Since DVC is based on a statistical framework, the base and enhancement layers are completely independent, which is an interesting property called codec-independent scalability. Moreover, the introduced DVC scalable schemes show a good robustness to errors as the quality of decoded video steadily decreases with error rate increase. On the other hand, conventional coding exhibits a cliff effect as the performance drops dramatically after a certain error rate value. Further, the issue of privacy protection is addressed for DVC by transform domain scrambling, which is used to alter regions of interest in video such that the scene is still understood and privacy is preserved as well. The proposed scrambling techniques are shown to provide a good level of security without impairing the performance of the DVC scheme when compared to the one without scrambling. This is particularly attractive for video surveillance scenarios, which is one of the most promising applications for DVC. Finally, a practical DVC demonstrator built during this research is described, where the main requirements as well as the observed limitations are presented. Furthermore, it is defined in a setup being as close as possible to a complete real application scenario. This shows that it is actually possible to implement a complete end-to-end practical DVC system relying only on realistic assumptions. Even though DVC is inferior in terms of compression efficiency to the state of the art conventional coding for the moment, strengths of DVC reside in its good error resilience properties and the codec-independent scalability feature. Therefore, DVC offers promising possibilities for video compression with transmission over error-prone environments requirement as it significantly outperforms conventional coding in this case.

Despite the popularity of karate as a sport and its rise to Olympic status, evidence-based data to guide approaches to talent identification/development and training practices are lacking. Thus, the aims of this study were to assess in elite and novice karate practitioners: (i) general and karate-specific motor fitness characteristics that discriminate these two groups; (ii) the energetic demands of karate sparring; and (iii) decrements in performance following simulated karate sparring. Elite male national and international sparring competitors (black belt and above; N=12) were compared to a group of novice karate participants (green belt and lower; N=12). Between the groups, there were differences in punching power (P<0.05), punching speed (P<0.01), karate agility (P<0.05), seated lateral leg flexibility (P<0.01), sit and reach flexibility (P<0.05), static balance (P<0.01), Margaria-Kalamen power test (P<0.05), peak arm ergometer cadence (P<0.001), and Wingate peak power (P<0.05), with no differences in or Wingate mean power. Results from the discriminate analysis identified that general motor fitness and karate-specific tests discriminated karate sparring abilities with almost equal effectiveness, with the discriminant analysis stepwise method showing that punching speed and seated lateral leg flexibility have the best capacity to differentiate elite from novice practitioners. Measures of oxygen consumption during a three-minute bout of simulated sparring showed a similar average aerobic relative demand between groups (elite: 61% ; novice: 63% ; P=0.79; effect size = 0.08), while peak values for the elite group (68% ) were lower than the novice group (80% ; P=0.07; effect size = -0.88). Fatigue from simulated sparring resulted in elite and novice participants displaying decreases in punching speed and punching power, increases in punching response time to a stimulus, and increased blood lactate concentrations. While elite participants still performed better in these measures post sparring, the reductions in performance occurred at similar rates, except for a greater relative loss in punching speed in the elite group. Taken together, the data suggest that both general and karate-specific motor fitness characteristics related to peak anaerobic power, agility and flexibility can discriminate between elite and novice practitioners. Assessment of these qualities, together with an understanding of energy utilisation and fatigue decrements during sparring, may assist in (i) identifying and/or developing talent at early stages of karate participation, and (ii) designing training programs that focus on performance characteristics that best discriminate between elite and novice karate practitioners, to optimise karate sparring preparation for all standards of participant.

We present proof-of-concept measurement results from a simple indirect method that allows us to determine the acoustic radiation pressure acting on air coupled ultrasonic transducers in form of acoustic thrust. The simple and inexpensive method utilizes this acoustic thrust, acting on the ultrasonic transducer mounted on a clamped aluminum cantilever (850 × 20 × 2mm3). This approach is successful in air, because it exploits resonance amplification in return of a longer measurement time. By using a self-tuning circuit, the beam oscillates at its resonance frequency of approximately 2 Hz with a quality factor of 330. Modeling the system as spring-mass-dashpot system allows using the equations of forced damped oscillation to determine the acoustic thrust of various transducers based on only the measured beam displacement, obtained via e.g. strain gauges or a laser distance sensor. We used two commercially available ultrasonic transducers (MA40B8S and MA40S4S, both from MURATA, Japan) of different size and weight to test the setup. Excited with their specified maximum excitation voltages, acoustic thrust forces of up to 61 µN and 161 µN for the MA40S4S and the MA40B8S, respectively, are measured. Over a wide range these measurements are in good agreement with results from a digital high precision scale. Thus, our results show that the setup is able to measure small values of acoustic thrust in the μN-range. For future work, this approach can be used to compare different types of air-coupled ultrasonic transducers in terms of their efficiency, based on their generated acoustic thrust force.

Due to their numerous uses in manufacturing and modern society, Human Following robots have been studied and actively developed for many years. The robot needs to use a variety of methods, including robot control algorithm, human target detection, and obstacle avoidance. This project showcases a four-wheeled robot that follows people while equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to prevent collisions. The user is located by the robot using feedback from ultrasonic sensors. This robot can assist humans in carrying a variety of accessories, luggage, and highly sensitive chemicals in a number of different applications. Using ultrasonic sensors, an algorithm was created to track and position a human user while maintaining a constant distance from the robot. In the presence of numerous such obstacles, the IR sensors are used to uniquely identify the user. The most crucial element for an autonomous robot is communication between the robot and the user. There has been a noticeable increase in awareness of the use of these technologies. The creation of such robots is tangentially related to this research. Fully autonomous robots ought to be able to connect with the person controlling them in some way in addition to performing the tasks that are expected of them. Two IR sensors and an ultrasonic sensor are employed. Ultrasonic sensors are used to move the robot backward and IR sensors are used to follow a person or object.

This research was established to assess the precision of the infrared (IR) camera and thermometer in measuring different body regions of sheep. This study was undertaken in the animal farm at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The temperature was measured from the rectum using a digital thermometer. At the same time, the peripheral temperatures were measured from the ears, muzzle (MUZ), inner thigh (IT), inguinal region (ING), rectum, vulva, and five areas of the eyes, including nasal conjunctiva (NC), nasal limbus (NL), center cornea (CC), temporal limbus (TL), and temporal conjunctiva (TC) using IR thermometer and IR camera. The temperatures obtained from the IR thermometer were higher than those obtained from the digital thermometer. only NC temperature was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher than other eye regions, and rectal and vulva temperatures. IR thermal camera showed no significant differences in the eyes' NL, CC, TL, and TC regions compared to rectum and vulva temperatures using the digital thermometer. The muzzle temperature was significantly (P<0.05) lower than all other body parts. In addition, the inner thigh, inguinal region, and ear temperatures were significantly (P<0.05) higher than rectum and vulva temperatures. The rectum and vulva temperatures obtained from the IR thermometer were significantly higher (P<0.05) than thermal camera and digital thermometer temperatures. In conclusion, thermal cameras as a non-invasive and accurate method can be an alternative temperature measuring method.

Background: The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 “a pandemic” on March 11, 2020. An essential preventive and screening strategy adopted was temperature screening at various public places such as airports and hospitals with devices like handheld, noncontact infrared thermometers. Before this pandemic, the industrial thermometers have never been used in health-care settings. The study was conducted to compare temperature readings of these industrial-grade infrared noncontact handheld thermometers with a digital thermometer. Materials and Methods: Three Testo® industrial-grade infrared noncontact thermometer (IGNCT) and Dr. Trust digital thermometer were used on 117 individuals for recording temperature. The average of three readings was taken for each instrument by a single investigator. Results: Out of 117 individuals, 14 (11.9%) were febrile. The Pearson correlation values between the digital thermometers varied from 0.3 to 0.42. The reliability, as measured by the intraclass correlation, was poor (0.16-“0.4). The area under the curve for IGNCT devices varied from 76% to 84%. Conclusion: Industrial-grade infrared noncontact temperature (IGNCT) recording devices with its no-touch technique to measure temperature while maintaining distance may be useful in a pandemic situation. However, the higher the area under the curve, the better it is. In a large cohort, 20% will be misclassified, and in absolute terms, they may be translated into large numbers. Hence, there is a case for better devices having an area under the curve of nearly 100% for the screening of population. The role of IGNCT devices for the screening of individuals to identify cases of febrile illness is limited owing to its poor reliability and unacceptable area under the curve for screening large populations.

Falling snow has the visual property that it is simultaneously a set of discrete moving particles as well as a dynamic texture. To capture the dynamic texture properties of falling snow using particle systems can, however, require so many particles that it severely impacts rendering rates. Here we address this limitation by rendering the texture properties directly. We use a standard particle system to generate a relatively sparse set of falling snow flakes, and we then composite in a dynamic texture to fill in between the particles. The texture is generated using a novel image-based spectral synthesis method. The spectrum of the falling snow texture is defined by a dispersion relation in the image plane, derived from linear perspective. The dispersion relation relates image speed, image size, and particle depth. In the frequency domain, it relates the wavelength and speed of moving 2D image sinusoids. The parameters of this spectral snow can be varied both across the image and over time. This provides the flexibility to match the direction and speed parameters of the spectral snow to those of the falling particles. Camera motion can also be matched. Our method produces visually pleasing results at interactive rendering rates. We demonstrate our approach by adding snow effects to static and dynamic scenes. An extension for creating rain effects is also presented.

Health is characterized by the ability to continuously adapt in varying circumstances where multiple mechanisms of system flexibility are involved. Their ability to adapt can act as an indicator for maintenance or improvement of physiological function. The term ‘phenotypic flexibility` expresses the cumulative ability of overarching physiological processes (e.g. metabolism, inflammation, oxidation) to return to homeostatic levels after short-term perturbations. The EU NutriTech project aimed to demonstrate and validate that phenotypic flexibility is a sensitive biomarker of metabolic resilience and that it can serve as a measure of health. A key factor is determining the physiological relevance of specific changes in phenotypic flexibility in a healthy (sub)population, for example in response to a dietary intervention. Ideally, this is pursued by validation against established markers of health, but these do not exist. Alternatively, modifications in challenge responses can be correlated to established markers of disease or to long-term health outcomes (disease risk, longevity) in cohort studies for validation purposes which is not easy. Therefore, new data integration methodology was introduced based on network-biology with the objective to allow for validation of biomarkers across studies to enhance scientific evidence for effects of dietary interventions on identified markers of phenotypic flexibility. Network analysis enables integration and visualization of multi-layered experimental datasets and prior knowledge. Data from 4 human studies focusing on phenotypic flexibility were available in the phenotype database and used for a multi-study analysis providing a metabolic syndrome reference network. When this reference network is combined with the NutriTech human study data, the resulting visualization shows how the caloric restriction diet has impacted biomarkers of phenotypic flexibility related to metabolic syndrome. The NutriTech data integration pipeline offers a sustainable knowledge resource and toolbox for assessment of health effects of nutritional interventions. Acknowledgements : Financed by the European Commission in the 7th Framework Programme FP7, Grant agreement no: 289511

Baby weight and length measurement system has been designed based on ultrasonic and load cell sensors with data storage using MySQL database and website interface. This research aims to produce a baby weight and length measurement system with microcontroller NodeMCU ESP32. The system is designed with an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 and four half-bridge load cells of 50 kg. The ultrasonic sensor works on the piezoelectric and inverse piezoelectric principles, while load cell sensors work on strain gauge principles. An ultrasonic sensor measures body length, while a load cell sensor measures body weight. According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia’s regulations, this system also has an LCD 20×4 to display measurement and nutritional status assessment results. The experiment used four doll objects with different lengths and weights. This research shows that the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 used in this research has an average error of 0.494% in length measurement. The load cell sensor and HX711 ADC used in this research has an average error of 0.949% in weight measurement. The designed system automatically assesses the nutritional status and stores the measurement result and nutritional status in the database to be displayed on the website.

Human Identification Using Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors by Aron E. Suppes Dr. Evangelos Yfantis, Examination Committee Chair Professor of Computer Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas The objective of this thesis is to discuss the viability of using pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors as a biometric system for human identification. The human body emits infrared radiation, the distribution of which varies throughout the body, and depends upon the shape and composition of the particular body part. A PIR sensor utilizing a Fresnel lens will respond to this infrared radiation. When a human walks, the motion of the body's individual components form a characteristic gait that is likely to affect a PIR sensor field in a unique way. A statistical model, such as a Hidden Markov Model, could be used for the identification process. The model would consist of two phases; learning and testing. The learning phase would train the model on a particular feature or signature. The testing phase would take a signature as input and determine which of the trained models it matches with the highest probability.

Recently, the electronic field develop rapidly especially in creating robotic. Many competitions have conducted to compare technology, from hobbies until robotic industries are never bored to talk. Industrially, automotive robotic needed in order to make the work more efficient, then it save cost of a production. Automotive robotic used also in entering dangerous area, that there is unable to handle by human for safety reason.In this paper, there are two automotive robotic that created, which able to follow line and stop when it detects any obstruction at front side. This robotic designed by Microcontroller AT89551, ultrasonic sensor as obstruction detector and it also have four infrared and photodiode sensors as line detector which through by feet. Automotive robotic will run following designed line, if there is any obstruction then it will stop as long as those obstructions are there and it run again if the ultrasonic sensor do not detect obstruction anymore. By regulating PWM signal (Pulse Width Modulation) from microcontroller, then the automotive robotic can walk straightly, turn and will stop if there are any obstruction detected.From the experiment and test which performed, robot is able to pass the turn with 60 cm of diameter, while for movement fork it is only perform straightly and stopped, exactly if robot finding the obstruction it can stoped in the distance 40 cm. It shows that there is lack of sensor, which used in designing, then for particular fork, robotic is only able to stop and walk straightly. Keywords: Microcontroller AT89S51, Lines Follower, Obstruction Detector

The paper deals with biofuel drying process efficiency opportunities.Research was carried out with a special stand and performingexperiments. Experimental rig consists of an ultrasonic generator,ultrasonic transducer, a drying chamber and the humidity,temperature gauge. Tests were used for wood pellets. During theexperiment, they were irrigated with water, dried with hot air andadditionally exposed to different frequency ultrasonic vibrations.The tests results have showed that the convective drying processis combined with the ultrasonic vibrations, the drying time isreduced, which means a positive impact on the ultrasonic process.Studies have confirmed that the effectiveness of convectivedrying method combined with operating ultrasonic vibrationsincreases.

Nowadays, the labour market’s instability and flexibility has led to increased feelings of uncertainty, insecurity and precariousness in the workforce. With respect to psychological health, to date studies focused mainly on the consequences of the fear of losing the job as a whole (i.e. quantitative job insecurity), in comparison to the consequences of threat of losing valued job features (i.e. qualitative job insecurity). Understanding the psychological mechanisms that explain the process of stress experiences, deriving from qualitative job insecurity, may contribute to identify how to promote healthier workplaces. The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of precariousness of life in the relationship between qualitative job insecurity and mental distress, i.e. emotional exhaustion and psychological symptoms. Precariousness of life is a pervasive syndrome among temporary employees affecting their daily life. The Conservation Of Resources (COR) and dual labour market theories were used as theoretical framework to draw the research hypotheses. The sample was composed of 272 white and blue collar Italian temporary employees. The results of structural equation modelling revealed that qualitative job insecurity was positively and significantly related to emotional exhaustion and psychological symptoms. Furthermore, these relationships were mediated by precariousness of life: Goodness of fit indices of mediation model was satisfactory and indirect effects were significant, therefore supporting our hypotheses. This study provided additional evidence to the literature concerning job insecurity as it focused on temporary workers, examining the effect on mental health by qualitative job insecurity via precariousness of life. Practical implications were discussed.

Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) are small unmanned aircrafts which have a maximum size limit of 150 mm in any direction. They can be used for surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting, etc. To perform such missions, MAVs are required to hover. Hummingbirds, having excellent flight characteristics (such as hovering, ability to fly in any direction, ability to produce a reverse camber during upstroke for generating lift in both up-down strokes), have been chosen as the bio-inspiration for wing development. Wings are required to be light, strong and fatigue resistant, to be able to properly flap during flight. Therefore, wing-material becomes a crucial component. An optimization analysis, on the basis of density and fundamental frequency values obtained through Ansys, was done for selecting the wing material. Polypropylene (PP) was observed to have desired properties such as light weight, flexibility, strength, fatigue resistance, good heat and chemical resistance etc. Mixing Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) with PP can further increase the strength significantly, making it more suitable for large amplitude flapping. The PP-CNT composites were developed using solution casting method. The films were characterized mechanically (using UTM). The wings were characterized by their structural dynamic properties. The modal analysis of wings was done to obtain natural frequencies and mode shapes. The analysis was aimed to get the fundamental mode in the flapping range (8-15 Hz) of hummingbirds, as resonance increases efficiency. It was also done inside vacuum chamber to observe the effect of air on the natural frequency and modes. The Ansys results were compared with the experiments in vacuum for validation of experimental results. Damping coefficient of wings was also determined. In the end, bio-mimicking of hummingbird wing was also tried by doing some material and structural advancements in the wings.