Imposition and Transmission of QPSK Communication Through LabVIEW Using USRP

Shaped offset quadrature phase shift keying (SOQPSK) modulation scheme and its application in optical wavelength-division multiplexed (DWDM) transmission

New expressions for the average probability of packet error in case of intermediate Nakagami (1960) fading channels are derived. The correlation among bits within the packet is assumed to obey the first order Markovian process. Both non-coherent frequency shift keying (NCFSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes are addressed. The average probability of packet error is used to obtain an expression for the modified throughput for the non-persistent carrier sense multiple access (NPCSMA) protocol. The different fading parameters affecting the modified throughput expression such as the average signal to noise ratio (SNR), fading margin and correlation factor among bits of the same packet are also analyzed.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is an important digital signal modulation method, which has the advantages of high spectrum efficiency and strong anti-interference. Coherent laser communication has the advantages of high speed, large capacity, light and small equipment as well as high sensitivity. In order to better introduce the QPSK modulation method into the space downlink coherent laser communication system, we give a bit error rate (BER) of QPSK modulation model with laser linewidth suitable for space downlink coherent laser communication system with QPSK modulation under atmospheric turbulence. Based on the model, we simulate and analyze the effects of atmospheric wind speed, zenith angle, gain of Erbium doped optical fiber amplifier (EDFA) and communication rate on the linewidth tolerance of space downlink coherent laser communication system with QPSK modulation. The results show that the linewidth tolerance of the system increases when the zenith angle decreases or the gain of EDFA increases or the wind speed decreases. And the effects of zenith angle, gain of EDFA and communication rate on the linewidth tolerance of the space downlink coherent laser communication system with QPSK modulation are large. The effect of wind speed on the linewidth tolerance of space downlink coherent laser communication system with QPSK modulation is smaller. And the larger the wind speed is, the smaller the effect of increasing wind speed on the linewidth tolerance. For the communication rate, the linewidth tolerance increases and then decreases with the increase of the communication rate. This work can be a reference for the design of space downlink coherent laser communication system with QPSK modulation.

Transmitting images over an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA) system poses a significant challenge. The process entails sending a substantial amount of data, which consumes a significant amount of bandwidth. Consequently, compressing the transmitted image becomes essential to reduce the required bandwidth. The aim of this paper is to examine and analyse the wireless transmission of a compressed image via Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT‐OFDMA). A comparison is made with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT‐OFDMA), across various subcarrier mapping schemes (localized and inter‐leaved), and different modulation schemes (16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)) using vehicular A, Stanford University Interim (SUI3), and uniform channel models. To evaluate the performance of the system, the minimum Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (SNR) necessary to recover the transmitted compressed image is calculated. This work considers nine standard compression techniques. The results are carried out using the MATLAB simulator. According to the simulation results, the minimum SNR required to recover the transmitted compressed image was found to be 19 dB. This result was achieved when using Discrete Cosine Transform‐Loaclized‐Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (DCT‐LOFDMA) with QPSK modulation and set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) compression method over the SUI3 channel model. Moreover, it was observed that the DCT‐LOFDMA and DFT‐IOFDMA systems attained equal SNR while utilizing the SPIHT_3D compression technique and QPSK modulation on the SUI3 channel model. Overall, the results suggest that the performance of DCT‐based localized OFDMA is somewhat superior to DFT‐based localized OFDMA, particularly when utilizing the SUI3 channel model and the QPSK modulation scheme. Therefore, it is feasible to transmit and receive a compressed image effectively over an OFDMA system with DCT.

Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) is one of the most popular modulation schemes in coherent optical communication systems for data rates in excess of 40 Gbps because of its high spectral efficiency. This paper proposes a simple method of implementing a QPSK modulator in integrated optic (IO) domain. The QPSK modulator is realized using standard IO components, such as Y-branches and electro-optic modulators (EOMs). Design optimization of EOM is carried out considering the fabrication constraints, miniaturization aspects, and simplicity. Also, the interdependency between electrode length, operating voltage, and electrode gap of an EOM has been captured in the form of a family of curves. These plots enable designing of EOMs for custom requirements. An innovative approach has been adopted in demonstrating the operation of IO QPSK modulator in terms of phase data extracted from beam propagation model. The results obtained by this approach have been verified using the conventional interferometric approach. The operation of the proposed IO QPSK modulator is experimentally demonstrated. The design of IO QPSK modulator is taken up as a part of a broader scheme that aims at generation of QPSK modulated microwave signal based on optical heterodyning.

The demand for a high bit rate data transmission in space applications has been rapidly increasing especially where one deals with Earth observing missions. In a multi-carrier operation, the problem of interference between carrier spectra appears. Several modulation techniques for digital transmission have recently been investigated for the purpose of achieving narrow signal spectra with power concentrated within a given bandwidth. While designing a communication system, particularly a satellite communication system, special attention is needed to use the primary resources namely, the transmitted power and channel bandwidth. Space communication links are both bandwidth- and power-limited. The quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation scheme is best suited for satellite communication since bandwidth and power required is optimum. In this paper, some observations on QPSK spectral spikes and the methods to eliminate them as well as pulse shaping circuits to improve spectrum bandwidth are presented.

Performance Analysis of Different Phase Shift Keying Modulation Schemes in Aeronautical Channels

We demonstrate a compact silicon quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulator consisting of two nested Mach-Zehnder interferometers with a size of 4.5-mm 2 . The V 11 · L of the modulator is 1.4 V · cm with an insertion loss of 8 dB. In addition, 64-Gb/s QPSK modulation is achieved with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 24.4% and bit error rate (BER) of 2.1 × 10 -5 at the received optical power of -10 dBm after the device and an EVM of 31.7% and BER of 8.4 × 10 -4 at the received optical power of 0 dBm after 10-km single-mode fiber transmission. The estimated power consumption is 7.1 pJ/bit for the 64-Gb/s QPSK modulation.

Harmonic generation and utilization are significant topics in nonlinear science. Although the progress in the microwave region has been expedited by the development of time-modulated metasurfaces, one major issue of these devices is the strong entanglement of multiple harmonics, leading to criticism of their use in frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) applications. Previous studies have attempted to overcome this limitation, but they suffer from designing complexity or insufficient controlling capability. Here a new space-time-coding metasurface (STCM) is proposed to independently and precisely synthesize not only the phases but also the amplitudes of various harmonics. This promising feature is successfully demonstrated in wireless space- and frequency-division multiplexing experiments, where modulated and unmodulated signals are simultaneously transmitted via different harmonics using a shared STCM. To illustrate the advantages, binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes are respectively implemented. Behind the intriguing functionality, the mechanism of the space-time coding strategy and the analytical designing method are elaborated, which are validated numerically and experimentally. It is believed that the achievements can potentially propel the time-vary metasurfaces in the next-generation wireless applications.

Bit error rate (BER), which indicates the reliability of communicate channel, is one of the most important values in all kinds of communication system, including intra-body communication (IBC). In order to know more about IBC channel, this paper presents a new method of BER estimation for galvanic-type IBC using experimental eye-diagram and jitter characteristics. To lay the foundation for our methodology, the fundamental relationships between eye-diagram, jitter and BER are first reviewed. Then experiments based on human lower arm IBC are carried out using quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation scheme and 500 KHz carries frequency. In our IBC experiments, the symbol rate is from 10 Ksps to 100 Ksps, with two transmitted power settings, 0 dBm and -5 dBm. Finally, the BER results were obtained after calculation by experimental data through the relationships among eye-diagram, jitter and BER. These results are then compared with theoretical values and they show good agreement, especially when SNR is between 6 dB to 11 dB. Additionally, these results demonstrate assuming the noise of galvanic-type IBC channel as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) in previous study is applicable.

The average bit error rate (ABER) performance of low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) free-space optical communication system with K-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase shift keying (PSK) modulation schemes is investigated over the composite Málaga fading channel with atmospheric attenuation and pointing errors considered. The probability density function and cumulative distribution function regarding the aggregated channel model are derived with the help of the generalized Gauss-Laguerre quadrature rule, the analytical ABER expressions for both QAM and PSK OFDM systems are then obtained. On the basis of them, the ABER performance is analyzed with different turbulence strengths, weather conditions, normalized beam width, normalized jitter, and specifically, different values of Málaga distribution parameter ρ. Monte Carlo simulation is offered to confirm the correctness of the proposed ABER models. Moreover, LDPC codes are added into the simulation to enhance system performance. The result shows that, for the same turbulence, weather, and pointing error conditions, whether the LDPC codes are taken into account or not, the ABER performance of 16-QAM OFDM system is better than that of 16-PSK OFDM system over the Málaga fading channel, and the ABER result decreases with higher ρ for both modulation schemes. Furthermore, the LDPC coding can significantly improve the system performance over this aggregated fading channel for these two modulation schemes, and a lower LDPC code rate can obtain a better ABER performance. This work is beneficial for free-space optical system design.

In the paper, a concept of Additive Fuzzy Noise (AFN) channel is introduced. The theoretical equations are derived for Bit Error Rate (BER) and Symbol Error Rate (SER) with some digital modulation scheme in AFN channel. Following modulation are considered: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), Pulse Amplitude Modulation (4PAM), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). Fuzzy approach to these modulations is presented. The BER and SER values are calculated using possibility theory. The results obtained by fuzzy noise simulation are compared with conventional approach, where probability models are used.KeywordsFuzzy modelnoisemodulationBPSKBFSKQPSKQAMsymbolerror ratepossibility

Telecommunications through an electrically conductive medium require the use of carrier bands with very‐low and ultralow frequencies to establish radiofrequency links in harsh environments. Recent advances in atomic magnetometers operating at very‐low frequencies have facilitated the reception of digitally modulated signals. We demonstrate the transmission and reception of quadrature phase‐shift keying (QPSK) signals using a multi‐resonant loop antenna and atomic magnetometer, respectively. We report the measured error vector magnitude according to the symbol rate for QPSK modulation and analyze the bandwidth of a receiver based on the atomic magnetometer. The multi‐resonant loop antenna noticeably enhances the bandwidth by over 70% compared with a single‐loop antenna. QPSK modulation for a carrier frequency of 20 kHz and symbol rate of 150 symbols per second verifies the feasibility of demodulation, and the measured error vector magnitude and signal‐to‐noise ratio are 7.29% and 30.9 dB, respectively.

Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) has been widely implemented and developed in high-speed optical communication systems. The low error rate detection at high access rate is one of the considerable issues in practical engineering application. Balanced detection based on fiber Mach-Zehnder delay interferometer (MZDI) is the typical optical DPSK signal detecting method. It requires that the free spectrum range (FSR) of the MZDI equals the reciprocal of symbol period of the DPSK signal. For the reasons of ambient temperature variation and nonlinear phase noise, a dynamic frequency offset always exists between the FSR and the reciprocal of symbol period. That may introduce some optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) costs and fault detections. Therefore, it is significant to inhibit the frequency offset on DPSK detection. In this paper, firstly, we discuss the effects of frequency offset on DPSK detection, and realize the conclusion that frequency offset is virtually equivalent to an additional phase difference between adjacent symbols. Secondly, through simulation, we analyze the feasibility of DPSK detection in the presence of a definite range of frequency offset, and present the quantitative computation of effective coverage, duty cycle, and optimal sampling time of symbol interference. Some issues which should be considered in practical implementation are also discussed. Finally, according to the relationship among phase difference, temperature and voltage, we propose a phase difference compensation scheme which can automatically adjust the voltage for optimal detections, and dynamically track the changing of ambient temperature and nonlinear phase noise. Furthermore, we ascertain the performance of the voltage requested for implementing the scheme. The scheme can be also developed to quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) and differential QPSK (DQPSK) modulation situations.

We report an optimized hardware scheme for carrier frequency and phase recovery algorithms based on Mth-order power schemes for flexible intradyne coherent receivers. The phase recovery is based on the traditional Viterbi & Viterbi algorithm with a feedforward architecture, which requires an Mth-order power nonlinear operation. The output of such operation is also used in the differential phase-based approach for frequency offset estimation by means of a feedback loop. Hence, by using a single Mth-order operation, the reported architecture saves approximately half of the hardware resources for quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) in the frequency recovery stage compared with fully independent phase and frequency algorithms. The evaluation of the accuracy of the proposed method is performed with digital signal processing in real-time using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for differential QPSK and 8PSK modulation formats. No significant performance penalty is observed when compared with an implementation featuring independent algorithms.