Improved distributed regional location management scheme for mobile IP

In this paper, we present a comparison of IP routing in mobile environments. We consider four protocols: mobile IP, mobile IP with paging support, mobile IP regional registration and mobile IP regional registration with paging support. The comparison is done by mathematical modeling and simulation. The comparative metric is signaling costs which are measured by a composition of registration and paging messages. The comparison considers several system parameters such as the number of base stations in the paging area, cell perimeter and mobile node velocity.

RSVP is considered the Integrated Services (IntServ) standard in providing QoS guarantees while Mobile IP is the standardized IETF proposal to facilitate terminal mobility in wireless IP networks. Since the former provides QoS guarantees and the later offers IP mobility, one would think that simply superimposing the two technologies would yield an optimum solution. This however is evidently not the case since RSVP was initially designed with static nodes in mind. This paper attempts to highlight the key issues involved with such an interaction by providing a testbed to quantitatively analyse how RSVP and MIPv6 hosts would likely to interact under different congestion scenarios. This paper also evaluates the potential effects and/or advantages of applying Mobile IPv6 enhancements such as Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and Fast Handovers. As speculated, simply deploying default RSVP over MIPv6 does not yield an optimum result. More importantly, we show that in high congestion scenarios the IP-in-IP encapsulation introduced by HMIPv6 creates additional end-to-end packet delay and a slightly higher packet loss than MIPv6; thereby degrading the Mean Opinion Score (MOS). Based on our findings, MIPv6 with Fast Handovers (FMIPv6) operates best with RSVP due to minimal loss of packets during handoffs in addition to a smaller IP header when compared to HMIPv6. Finally we summarise the basic requirements needed to achieve an optimum QoS solution

To provide ubiquitous services and the same real-time services as those available on the wired networks for mobile users, this paper proposes an efficient and intelligent QoS-aware mobility scheme, coined dynamic point forwarding scheme under mobility scenario in future all-IP wireless networks. Considering dynamic channel characteristics and user mobility in wireless networks, the proposed scheme takes advantage of both the point forwarding scheme in mobility management and dynamic RSVP (DRSVP) in QoS guarantee. Moreover, in order to overcome deficiencies in conventional point forwarding scheme, we develop a new decision criterion for performing forwarding chain update, which achieves a better trade-off between network resource consumed by routing path and signaling load for forwarding chain updates. Based on the performance analyses, our proposed scheme can substantially reduce more resource reservation than the conventional pointer forwarding scheme, thus it can achieve efficient resource utilization and guarantee QoS requirements of multimedia applications in the future wireless all-IP networks.

The tremendous demands from social market are pushing the booming development of mobile communications faster than ever before, leading to plenty of new advanced techniques emerging. With the converging of mobile and wireless communications with Internet services, the boundary between mobile personal telecommunications and wireless computer networks is disappearing. Wireless networks of the next generation need the support of all the advances on new architectures, standards, and protocols. Mobility management is an important issue in the area of mobile communications, which can be best solved at the network layer. One of the key features of the next generation wireless networks is all-IP infrastructure. This paper discusses the mobility management schemes for the next generation mobile networks through extending IP's functions with mobility support. A global hierarchical framework model for the mobility management of wireless networks is presented, in which the mobility management is divided into two complementary tasks: macro mobility and micro mobility. As the macro mobility solution, a basic principle of Mobile IP is introduced, together with the optimal schemes and the advances in IPv6. The disadvantages of the Mobile IP on solving the micro mobility problem are analyzed, on the basis of which three main proposals are discussed as the micro mobility solutions for mobile communications, including Hierarchical Mobile IP (HMIP), Cellular IP, and Handoff-Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure (HAWAII). A unified model is also described in which the different micro mobility solutions can coexist simultaneously in mobile networks.

Paging Mobile Internet Protocol can reduce signaling cost and power consumption in Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) significantly by utilizing the idle state of the Mobile Node. Paging Mobile IP, however, still use the same registration method as Mobile IP. Registration takes long delay if Mobile Node roams far way from its Home Agent. Therefore, Paging Mobile IP still has poor performance in terms of handoff latency and number of lost packets. In this research, we propose to combine Paging Mobile IP with regional registration and multicasting to improve its performance. Gateway Foreign Agent is introduced in the visited domain to handle regional registration and paging process. We apply multicasting to send packets from Gateway Foreign Agent to Mobile Node so that the Mobile Node can receive packets as soon as it moves to new cell. Two methods are proposed. The first method uses Network Layer information for movement detection and construction of multicast group while the second method utilizes Link Layer information for the same purposes. We simulate our proposed methods by using Borland Delphi 7 and compare their performance to Mobile IP, Paging Mobile IP, Paging Mobile IP Post Registration, and Paging Mobile IP Regional Registration in terms of handoff latency, number of lost packets, signaling cost, and data hop. Simulation results in all scenarios show that our proposed methods perform much better than original Paging Mobile IP Protocol. Proposed Method 1 has the best performance in terms of handoff latency and number of lost packets among all protocols that use Network Layer information for movement detection. Furthermore, Proposed Method 2 also performs better than Paging Mobile IP Post Registration in most scenarios.

Low-latency handoff inter-WLAN IP mobility with broadband network control

This paper proposes to extend Mobile IP with adaptive individual paging. Paging reduces the signaling cost of Mobile IP making it more adapted to wireless cellular IP networks. By reducing the number of location updates to be sent per mobile host, paging also minimizes power consumption of the mobile devices. In the proposed extension, each mobile host computes dynamically its optimal location area size according to its traffic and mobility parameters. The optimal size is the size that provides the best paging versus location update cost tradeoff and, as a result, minimizes the signaling load in the network. We compare, by simulation, the performance of the proposed scheme with that of Mobile IP [11], a paging scheme that uses fixed size location areas and Hierarchical Mobile IP [5]. We show that our extension provides a significant gain compared to Mobile IP and the fixed size paging scheme and performs as well and sometimes better than Hierarchical Mobile IP. We also show that the integration of adaptive individual paging within Hierarchical Mobile IP outperforms all schemes.

This paper presents a novel approach towards realizing a unified mobility and session management platform for next generation mobile networks at the core network level. In particular, this framework enables a common platform for interworking between universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), CDMA2000 technology, and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Within the proposed interworking architecture, the IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is used as a universal coupling mediator for real-time session negotiation and management over a mobile IP (MIP) based IP mobility management framework. Despite numerous architectural challenges on how IMS and MIP may contribute for session management and IP mobility, the proposed framework achieves this with minimal changes to the existing standards. The paper concludes by presenting simulation results obtained for validating this model using an OPNET based model.

Mobility management has become crucial in highly dynamic environments. As mobility traffic grows, handover rates between cells and different technologies increase. Handover has been studied extensively in order to enhance mobile users' perceived services. Mobile IP (MIP) is a standard protocol that handles handover efficiently in conventional networking. Recently, as Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm steps in, its impact on mobile networks has been studied, and it indeed benefits mobility management. To exploit the advantages of SDN and MIP, a merge of them is needed, which requires the modification of MIP. In this paper, we study a modified version of MIP protocol in a hierarchical architecture, taking into consideration metrics such as delay, packet loss, and throughput. We show that a hierarchical setting betters handling handover between heterogeneous networks. Our algorithm's performance shows improvement in decreasing total delay if the hierarchical architecture is applied compared to a distributed architecture.

In networks supporting Mobile IP (MIP), the address configuration of a Mobile Node (MN) is an important part of the handoff process, which is based on the detection of movement between different subnetworks. The movement detection in wireless IP network is usually performed by means of Router Advertisement (RA) messages which are sent with a fixed and constant period. The higher is the rate of these messages, the lower the handoff delay is and the higher is the bandwidth occupation on the wireless medium. To trade off these values, we propose a method to decrease the bandwidth occupation of movement detection messages while confining part of the L3 handoff setup latency under acceptable values, for instance 15 ms ÷ 40 ms. The benefit on the bandwidth occupation with respect to the constant rate technique is between 25% ÷ 40%, depending on the interval of advertisement messages. Our technique is based on the windowing of the RA messages trains, each window being placed at the predicted time instants of handoff arrivals.

Mobile IP is an IETF RFC that supports transparent host migration on the Internet. In the transition to IP-based cellular networks, it is widely agreed that mobile IP provides an elegant solution for inter-domain, or macro-mobility management, but lacks critical aspects of mobility management needed within cellular networks. The shortcomings have led to the emergence of micro-mobility management protocols. This paper presents an IP-based mobility management protocol, /spl mu/-mobile IP, based on two enhancements, proactive handoff and paging support, to an Internet draft proposal, Regional Registrations. A signaling cost analysis is used to justify the need for such enhancements. We show through simulations the protocol's suitability for supporting real-time communications.

It is envisioned that wireless and the Internet will merge in the foreseeable future. The challenge, and the race, is on to offer an Internet Protocol (IP) based, wide area, high speed, mobile, wireless packet data connectivity. Currently, cellular industry is preparing for the third generation wireless technologies and architectures to support wireless access to the Internet. In terms of networking and mobility management, two approaches have been considered. EGPRS and WCDMA network uses cellular-like protocols for mobility management whereas cdma 2000 employs Mobile Internetworking Protocol (Mobile IP) originally designed for mobility management within wireless local area net work for wide area mobility management. This chapter provides overview of these two approaches, presents a generic design for wireless IP network and identifies challenges and future directions for wireless IP services.

Next-generation wireless networks have been designed to transport integrated multimedia services based on a cellular extension of a packet-switched architecture using variants of the Internet protocol (IP). Each call, arriving to or active within the network, carries demand for one or more services in parallel, where each service type has a guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Admission of new calls to the wireless IP network (WIN) from the gateway of a wired network or from a mobile subscriber (MS) is allowed by call admission control (CAC) procedures. MS roaming among the nodes of the WIN is controlled by handoff procedures between base stations (BSs), or BS controllers (BSCs), and the MSs. Both handoff and CAC procedures are typically embedded in the media access control (MAC) and logical link control (LLC) layers of the WIN protocol stack. Performance metrics, such as, probabilities of call blocking and handoff, control procedures within the WIN protocol. Earlier published results by the author present a method for the performance analysis of wireless multimedia networks based on multivariate point-process (MVPP) models and their semi-martingale representations. The models describe the finite-horizon, transient behavior of the packet flows in integrated multimedia traffic. This paper extends the earlier work to focus on the optimization of real-time control procedures embedded in the WIN protocol stack. The point processes corresponding to the packet flow of each service type and to collateral random network events are decomposed into right-continuous, pure jump processes and predictable, integrated random rate processes. Control of the set of point processes describing WIN behavior is implemented through the construction of an absolutely continuous change of a reference probability measure on network events to a controlled measure. With respect to the constructed controlled measure, the integrated random rates in the semi-martingale representations of the network point processes explicitly depend on the parameters of the protocol mechanisms for packet access, routing, switching, handoff, power control, and other resource allocations. The MVPP control approach via constructed probability measure also supports predictive models of packet flows that incorporate measurement-based estimates of the probability distributions for voice, video, data, and other Internet traffic as well as radio path distortions. Optimization of the performance metrics, represented in terms of the MVPPs and the control parameters of candidate WIN protocols for multimedia services, are discussed for both partial and complete observations of network events. The models are further used to develop optimal, recursive stochastic filters of network state, based on partial or incomplete observations of packet flow dynamics.

Mobility management is an important task in wireless networks. The Mobile IP protocol provides a basic solution to the mobility management. However, Mobile IP suffers from several problems. In this paper, we propose an enhancing version of Mobile IP by using the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network technology. We organize home agents into P2P networks and use the Domain Name System (DNS) to provide the universal telephone number that can uniquely identify one person regardless of the type of equipped device. We claim that our proposed version can provide the advantages of update locality, scalability, load balancing, fault tolerance, and self-administration.Key wordsMobile IPDomain Name SystemPeer-to-PeerWireless Networks

Mobile IP (MIP) is designed for supporting mobile nodes. However, the technology does not sufficiently handle NEtwork MObility (NEMO). The NEMO Basic Support (NBS) [1] ensures session continuity for all the nodes in a MObile NETwork (MONET). Since the protocol is based on MIP, when used to support multicast for NEMO, it inherits the same fundamental problems as MIP, such as tunnel convergence. Recently, many Route Optimization (RO) schemes have been proposed for the pinball routing problem in NEMO. And we should use the RO schemes for multicasting in NEMO. However, the tunnel convergence problem may be remained as unsolvable problem. Hence, we propose the similar source-based routing multicast scheme. In this paper, we present the multicast scheme based on well-known RO scheme Path Control Header (PCH) [2] in NEMO environments. Furthermore, the proposed scheme's recovery time is more efficient than other well-known multicast schemes.