Improved spinel-containing refractory castables for slagging gasifiers

This paper is to be presented at the Four Corners Regional Meeting in Farmington, New Mexico, September 9–10, 1966, Amarillo Regional Meeting in Amarillo, Texas, October 27–28, 1966and at the California Regional Meeting in Santa Barbara, California, November 16–19, 1966, and is considered the property of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the Journal of Petroleum Technology or Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines. Abstract The determination of optimum cementing technique is possibly the most valuable use for Cement Bond Logging. This con be accomplished through the use of a large number of bond logs made on wells where various cementing procedures were employed. Cement Bond Logs representing almost one-half million feet of cemented casing are herein used to compare the efficiencies of various cementing techniques. The study includes 352 bond logs from seven states. Results show that, in the average well, 71 percent of the cemented interval shows good bonding. Little variation is found to occur between overage percentage of bonding and geographic area, setting time, well temperature below 300 degrees F and depth. Rather wide variations are shown between percentage of bonding and the various oil companies, cement types, cement additives, mud types and casing size. The data presented appear to justify increased use of bond logs for selection of optimum cement type, cement additives, casing size, slurry weight and in consideration of other cementing variables. Only primary, single stage, cement jobs are studied so as to avoid using data influenced by squeeze cementing and fill-up problems. All logs studied employ the some type of equipment and calibration techniques. "Good bonding" and "cemented interval" are defined. Each log studied is assigned a numerical value of percentage of good bonding within the cemented interval. CBL (Cement Bond Logging) calibration methods and tool response are discussed to show that the quality of cement bonding in one well may be logically compared to that of other wells. An overage percentage of bonding from all wells studied is calculated and tabulations are made for each of the following variables: Geographic Location Cement Type Cement Volume Cement Additives Depth Range Slurry Weight Setting Time Caring Size Oil Company Maximum Temperature Measured Mud Type

Inclusion of construction and demolition waste as a coarse aggregate and a cement addition in structural concrete design

Refractory castables for titanium metallurgy based on calcium zirconate

Cement is an important part in oil and gas well completion. A high quality of cement is required to seal hydraulic pressure between casing and borehole formation. Cement additives were used to enhance the cement properties such as thickening time, compressive strength, porosity and permeability of the cement. Currently, the commercial additives were imported and the price is keep increasing year by year. Therefore, the researchers were continuously looking for potential additives such as nanoparticle to improve the cement properties. This paper presents the effect nanosilica on compressive strength and porosity of oil well cement type G. In this study, two type of nanosilica were used, synthesis nanosilica from rice husk ash (RHA) and commercial nanosilica. The synthesized nanosilica was characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray flouresece (XRF) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). All the experiments were conducted using API standard procedures and specifications. Based on the results, compressive strength of cement slurries was improved from 2600 psi to 2800 psi for 8-hours curing, when the amount of nanosilica increased from 0 wt% to 1.5 wt%. Besides that, incorporation of nanosilica from RHA into cement formulation resulted in reduction of cement porosity up to 18 % pore volume. Overall, the results showed that the incorporation of nanosilica from RHA improved the oil well cement compressive strength and oil well cement porosity. In conclusion, green nanosilica from RHA can be a potential candidate to replace the commercial nanosilica to enhance the oil well cement properties as well as to prevent the migration of undesirable fluid which can lead to major blowout.

Development of plasma facing components with ceramic armour

New Trends in Instrumentation and Complex Techniques in Spine Surgery.

Impact of fast heating and cooling on the mechanical behaviour of alumina-magnesia refractory castables

Microstructure and thermo mechanical properties of a talc doped stoneware composition containing illitic clay

Flame retardant polymer materials: An update and the future for 3D printing developments

The increasing awareness of climate change and global warming has pushed industries to be more conscious of their environmental impact, especially in the construction industry with the main contributor being concrete. Concrete is a material that is in very high demand in the construction industry for structural applications. However, it’s a material with a major concern with the challenges of microcracking. New technology has seen the development of self-healing material, using novel techniques to bring cementitious materials back to its original state. This paper reviews and evaluates the novel techniques adopted by the researchers in the field to achieve a self-healing material, with the main focus being on the factors influencing the mechanisms of autogenous healing and bacteria-based healing. Various parameters including bacteria type, pH, temperature, nutrient, urea, and Ca2+ concentration, bacteria concentration and application, pre-cracking, healing condition, cement type, and crack width are all important for healing efficiency, although the use of water to facilitate both autogenous and ureolytic bacteria healing mechanism is paramount for the triggering of healing processes. This study thoroughly presents various factors and their correlation to the healing mechanisms of autogenous healing and ureolytic bacteria healing. Further studies are identified to better understand the exact mechanism taking place and which healing process contributed to how much of the healing, and this review could serve as an informative platform for these pursues.

Accelerated Formation of Cubic Phases in Phosphatidylethanolamine Dispersions

Upon copolymerization of carbohydrate-based cyclic moieties, they offer a variety of new functionalities and a convenient way to modify the properties of the material. Structurally the electronegative sites present in the cyclic structures have a major influence on hydrogen bonding. In this study the consequences of the incorporation of 2,3:4,5-di-O-methylene-galactarate (GalXH) and 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-galactarate (GalXMe) cyclic moieties in aliphatic polyamides are investigated by FT-IR and solid state NMR and a correlation is made with the thermomechanical properties and crystallinity of the copolyamides. The analysis is complemented by the theoretical calculations, which suggest that the amide proton of such polyamides tends to form hydrogen bonds with the acetal oxygen of neighboring GalX (intramolecular) and therefore prevents the interchain hydrogen bonding, resulting in decreased hydrogen bonding density. Despite the conformational rigidity of the GalX comonomers, the decrease in interchain hydrogen bonding leads to a counter intuitive decrease in glass transition temperature with increasing mole percentage GalX comonomer. As suspected the copolymerization of GalX with aliphatic monomers suppresses the crystallinity which is more pronounced for bulkier monomers.

A review of doped lanthanum gallates as electrolytes for intermediate temperature solid oxides fuel cells: From materials processing to electrical and thermo-mechanical properties

A novel, bio‐based, aromatic monomer (methacrylated vanillyl alcohol, MVA) is synthesized using vanillyl alcohol and methacrylic anhydride in the absence of solvents. The resulting MVA is used as a sustainable comonomer to replace styrene in a maleinated acrylated epoxidized soybean‐oil (MAESO) resin to produce novel thermosets via free radical polymerization. The influence of MVA loading on the viscosity, gelation time, curing extent, thermomechanical properties, and tensile properties of the MAESO–MVA thermoset is investigated. The synthesized MVA exhibits very low volatility, which is beneficial for the development of construction material with low or zero emission. The viscosity of the MAESO–MVA system can be tailored to meet the commercial requirements. Increasing the MVA content accelerates the crosslinking reaction rate and improves thermal and mechanical properties of the MAESO–MVA system. The glass transition temperature increases with increasing MVA content. Soxhlet extraction experiments show that more than 90% of the components are incorporated into the crosslinking network. Overall, the developed MVA monomer shows promising properties to be used as an effective, green comonomer to replace styrene.

Most no-flow underfill materials are based on epoxy/anhydride chemistry. Due to the its sensitizing nature, the use of anhydride is limited and there is a need for a no-flow underfill using non-anhydride curing system. This paper presents the development of novel no-flow underfill materials based on epoxy/phenolic resin system. Epoxy and phenolic resins of different structures are evaluated in term of their curing behavior, thermo-mechanical properties and the reliability. Compared with anhydride cured epoxy resins, epoxy/phenolic resins show high adhesion, high fracture toughness, low crosslinking density and high viscosity. The assembly with non-anhydride underfill shows high reliability during the thermal shock test. Using proper fluxing agent, no-flow underfills based on epoxy/phenolic system have been developed.