Improved water resource management framework for water sustainability and security

With the development of digital information technology, the requirements for information technology in the management of the Yellow River are gradually increasing, and the application of information technology in the various operations of the Yellow River system is becoming more and more extensive. This paper firstly attempts to conduct an integrated study of the Yellow River water resources management system, integrating various business systems for water resources management and realizing the sharing of resources and information. Secondly, through numerical simulation, a numerical prediction model of water resources based on coupled atmosphere-hydrology-sediment environment and a numerical simulation system of hydrology-sediment is constructed to optimize the system of integrated water resources information and management of the Yellow River basin. Finally, the system is applied to the Yellow River basin, and its rationality is tested. The results show that in the dynamic water resources deployment experiment, the water resources utilization efficiency is 87.0%, which is 8.8% more efficient compared to the water resources system deployment before optimization, and the joint probability constraint and water resources utilization efficiency in the case are 0.01 and 79.6% respectively. In this paper, the system optimization of the integrated water resources management system of the Yellow River based on numerical simulation has improved the accuracy and real-time performance of water resources management, as well as the efficiency of water resources utilization, completing the integration and optimization of the integrated water resources management system of the Yellow River.

Most provinces in Indonesia will be facing water scarcity problems in the next decades due to increasing water demands resulting from population growth, urbanization and economic and industrial developments. As a consequence, they will also be facing a number of problems with regards water resource management, such as a lack of data and information needed to evaluate the real status of water resources, the unsystematic development of relevant infrastructure and economic instruments, inadequate human resources for the operation and maintenance of water resources, and a lack of interest in improving research and development activities. This paper examines the application of data and information management for improved water resources management in Indonesia through “one door data service system” linked among the related institutions from different sectors and levels both at the central and regional government agencies. One of the key solutions to help solve water resource problems would therefore be to obtain supporting data and information by developing an information system and water resources data centre (WRDC). Rapid developments in information and communication technology (ICT) could be used to support data communication and management requests in order to build capacity of the water resources sector, and as a prerequisite for an integrated water resources management program. Improved efficiency and effectiveness could be achieved by making relevant data and information available, as well by establishing a communication system among related institutions. Further, provinces should also prioritize developing human and social capital through education, service delivery and career development, as well as training for water resources development and management. Data and information such as the hydrological and water quality data, information of water resources potential, irrigation areas, population and economic growth as well as the others related data need to store in both the tabular and spatial formats. The water resources data management and warehouse system is a web-enabled application that permits spatial data to be stored with tabular data in a standard database management system. This system permits a dynamic generation of output from the tabular and spatial data and enables users to generate answers to their queries online, rather than simply presenting static maps and tables from the database. The WRDC applications were developed and chosen by gathering the ideas suggested by users at the ministerial, provincial and river basin levels. Within the resulting inventory system, information was grouped into irrigation scheme system; water resources potential; natural disaster; hydrological data and station networks; and other information. For the users at the ministerial level access the system by using local area network (LAN) connections and other users at the provincial and river basin levels or elsewhere in the world can use the internet for connections and regular browser software for system operation.

Este artigo analisa a gestão das águas no Brasil a partir do histórico de políticas públicas relacionadas às águas, considerando: instituições envolvidas; descentralização; conflitos pela apropriação da água. Procura demonstrar que o processo de implantação do novo sistema de gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos no Brasil deve suplantar as resistências e estruturas próprias dos antigos modelos, o que demanda um tempo considerável para sua maturação e aprimoramento.

Water-resource systems have become as much a reality as electric power, transport, communication systems and other large man-made systems. The concept of water resource systems (WRS) refers primarily to a hydraulically connected set of sources and means of managing and delivering water resources to water consumers and water users. The world experience shows that the largest WRS use river runoff as a source of water resources; however, as our research has shown, the future belongs to WRS which are based on the joint management of surface and underground water resources. Despite the significant similarity in the processes of creating and managing large man-made systems, WRS have a number of features that require solving specific problems. First of all, the strategy for the development and management of WRS should take into account the variability of river flow, as well as the fact that these systems are one of the most important elements of the environment. It is these factors that underlie the solution of the problem of the WRS guaranteed output and the reliability of the functioning of these systems on the basis of the calculated availability of their guaranteed to the socio-economic sphere and guaranteed satisfaction of the environmental requirements which is one of the principles of sustainable economic development.

This chapter discusses the strictest water resources management strategy, the most important water resources management strategy developed in the water sector in China. The developing background, strategic framework, key tasks (three redlines), and implementation of the strategy are analyzed. The strictest water resources management strategy arose from critical water resources circumstances, a serious water resources problem around 2008 and weak water resources management. The strategy has aimed to develop a modern water resources management system by implementing three redlines of water resources management. The water resources development redline is to implement total water-use volume control; the water-use efficiency redline is to control water waste, and the water function zone pollutant assimilation redline is to control pollutants into water bodies. After development of the strategy, a series of policy documents was issued to support the implementation, and four annual assessments have been conducted. However, some concerns remain, such as the assessment of the water resources manager, rather than of management.KeywordsThe strictest water resources management strategyThree redlines of water resources managementWater resources development redlineWater-use efficiency redlineWater function zone pollutant assimilation redline

The current challenges facing Egyptian water resources have led us to study the latest methods, new sciences and advanced systems that positively affect the development and management of water resources in Egypt, The objectives of the study are to enrich the applied life with the importance of using the programs and to clarify the role of environmental information systems and their tools and applications in the management and conservation of water resources in Egypt. Water is one of the basic components of development in various concepts, whether it is economic, social and human development. It is also a major factor in the process of sustainable development. Water is also the most important source of life because it is the primary factor in living and food production. Therefore, attention to water resources and water resources developed in today's world of priorities of conferences and studies and research, From this point on The methodology used is the inductive method and also the use of the content analysis approach, where follow-up programs and modern ecosystems, reading and analysis of global conferences and internal publications issued by the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources in Egypt and the Central Agency for Mobilization and Statistics 2014-2017 the Data systems programs were used to analyze the data and to find out the main rates of water consumption. The sample was selected in which the population numbers, the most important crops, industries and other uses of water To be the results and recommendations of the importance of the role that affects the environmental information systems in the study of water resources in Egypt As it was concluded that the total water use in Egypt exceeds the total available water resources The program is designed with a map containing the Arab Republic of Egypt This map is related to the databases of the governorates of Egypt, its population, its water consumption, the most important strategic crops and the industries in each governorate. The application also shows Egypt's water resources and its total uses. This is what is applied to achieve sustainable development of water resources in Egypt.

Water Resourcing in China has historically been a complex issue requiring the ability to deal with regular floods, droughts and diverse water needs. Climate change represents another challenge to this sector, albeit one that is not traditionally considered by water managers. In this sector in China water management is predominantly based on historic, seasonal and annual forecast data while multi-annual and (multi-)decadal data are seldom used. In this paper, we present the co-development of a climate service prototype designed to provide water managers with insights into the impacts of climate change on the Upper Yellow River region for the next century. The paper is an outcome from our project that encouraged water resource planners and water resource managers to utilise long-term climate information to understand the uncertainties and the challenges our changing climate is likely to have in the region. Using an interdisciplinary team and adopting a user-centred, co-production approach, a prototype web-based data visualisation tool was developed. The development of the prototype was based on a design specification constructed from the findings of detailed interviews that allowed it to be developed and tested under SARS-CoV-2 pandemic restrictions that prevented the typical development process to be undertaken. The developed prototype presents climate information and communicates uncertainties regarding climate change in the remainder of the century through data sets that are typically used by the water sector in China in a simple, easy to understand style. Models that estimate river levels under different extraction scenarios and results about estimated river level and flow, and flood risk are also presented. The prototype was shown to be successful, as key messages relating to the impact of climate change and the challenges for water resource management could be effectively communicated through the tool interface. Practical implicationsUnderstanding the impacts of climate change on water resourcing is complicated and multifaceted. There is a need for better data about what water there is and how it is moving around between and within catchments. Estimates of past, present and future climate variables along with historical measurements of river flow can be used to help visualise some of the uncertainties and changes that may happen in the next 50 years. In addition, there is a need to understand changing water demands and water resource management practices. Current water resource management practices are based on historical conditions and assumptions that are less likely to hold true in a more variable and warmer climate. Communicating how future changes will impact future water resourcing is critical to water resources in a changing climate (Belcher et al. 2018).This research outlines the construction of a tool to visualise the impacts of climate change on water availability in part of China that is typically water scarce, using models developed using the Soil Water Assessment Toolkit (SWAT). A model of the Upper Yellow River (UYR) was developed to demonstrate the impact of climate change on river levels in the catchment based on climate variables. The rainfall-runoff model was based on climate predictions from the CMIP5 assessment HadGEM3-GC3.05 climate model and incorporated information about water resource allocations for different administrative regions of the catchment The general climate trend for the region is that it is expected to become significantly warmer. The total amount of precipitation is likely to be about the same, and yet it is expected that overall, the catchment will become significantly drier over time as winter shortens and summer lengthens. The outputs from the model reflect the changes in climate variables. The uncertainties were communicated via a Web based tool. Water resource managers in China helped to coproduce the tool by participating in workshops and providing feedback on prototypes. The workshops helped scientists and water resource managers to communicate about climate change impacts on water resources and water resource management.

System dynamics modeling facilitates the integrated and sustainable management of soil and water resources by enhancing the understanding of watershed systems. The Hableh-Rud river basin, an important watershed of Iran located across Tehran and Semnan provinces, was chosen for the present research. Reference diagrams were created to represent causal relationships and feedbacks based on which the conceptual model for the integrated management of soil and water resources of the Hableh-Rud river basin was developed. The conceptual model was then converted into a model of stocks and flows and run in the Vensim software. The model is comprised of by the biophysical and the economic subsystems. The main components of the physical subsystem include water balance, groundwater, erosion, sedimentation and water quality. In the economic subsystem, total costs and benefits were taken into account. Model verification was carried out through extreme condition tests and behavior reproduction tests. Having the Nash–Sutcliffe and R2 coefficients with greater values than 0.62 and 0.63, respectively, model tested. Different scenarios including vegetation management, climate, water resources management and cropping patterns were simulated, and the outputs of each scenario were compared to the outputs of the existing condition. The results of scenario analyses for a 30-year period reveal that payment for 50% of the ecosystem services by the government to expand alternative jobs and reduce damage to natural resources was determined as the best scenario. Scenario of payment for 25% of the ecosystem services by the government to expand alternative jobs and reduce damage to natural resources was chosen as the next best scenario. After evaluating the vegetation management scenarios, it was determined that farm management actions were considered as the best vegetation scenario. The research indicates that the system dynamic model, as an integrated approach for management of water resources in a basin, is pragmatic.KeywordsIntegrated water resources managementSystem dynamicsThe economic situationHableh-Rud river basin

Wastage of water is a burning topic in the world. Different countries worldwide are facing the issue of the lack of fresh water, and the problem is increasing daily. This paper aims to design a system that will predict the amount of water needed by a family or in a locality depending on family members, region, temperature, season, occupation, location, and religion. It can also be possible to forecast the water demand in a locality, area, or country depending on these factors. Previous works in this field focus on something other than these factors and the distribution system mentioned in this paper. Different machine learning models will predict the amount of water required by a family or a locality based on these factors. Then, water will be supplied using these expected values so that each family or community in a locality receives the desired amount of water. The practical circuit uses an Arduino microcontroller, water flow meter, solenoids, etc. Water distribution is automatically controlled by the water flow meter and solenoid, and no family or community in a locality will receive more water than the predicted values per day. So it will reduce water wastage, and everybody will use it according to their daily needs. Different machine learning models were used in this proposed design to compare the performance of the models for this task. Linear, Ridge, Lasso, ElasticNet, Decision Tree, Random Forest, XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting), KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors), SVR (Support Vector Regression), MLP (Multilayer Perceptron), LightGBM (Light Gradient-Boosting Machine), CatBoost, Deep Neural Network have been used. Different model's performances have been analyzed. The analyzing factors are model training time, model prediction time, Robustness to outliers, and scalability. All these performances were analyzed to determine which model is best for this work. So, the Decision Tree and LightGBM models are the best based on comparing all the models for this task. Keywords: Factors Influencing Water Consumption, Different Machine Learning Models Comparison, Water Demand Prediction and Forecast, Precise Water Distribution, Reducing Water Wastage.

Central Asian countries developed their standard for water and energy resources under the former Soviet Union resource-allocation policies. In the early stage of independence of these countries, they continued to share the natural resources including water resources. Due to the climate change, water resources conflict among upstream and downstream countries took place. The upstream Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan possess rich water resources and hydropower resources, but they have few energy resources. The downstream Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are rich in energy resources such as oil, gas, but they faced with a severe water shortage. Since upstream countries are short of energy resources, they treat water resources as a strategic commodity. Tien Shan glacier of Central Asia was decreased into of one fourth of the total glacier area for the past 50 years because of climate change. Until 2050, half of the glacier will be gone. Tien Shan glacier water is very important water resources for the low level area such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan. As Aral sea is also dry up in recently, it had declined to only 10% of its original size. Salt lake, Aral sea, also has an effect on the breathing problem for the people and turns the land into salt surface. Only 70,000ha of forest has been remained out of 500,000ha of forestry. 18 species are already extinct out of 423 species and 50 species are facing extinction in the future. Central Asian countries have adopted several projects for improve water supply and water quality, or for implement Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM). An agreement on attraction of Islamic Development Bank(IDB) funds(more than $300 million) was signed for implementation of two water conservancy projects in Kazakhstan(Almaty region). Under the first project on improving water supply, construction of water pipelines is planned in 15 locations, the total length of 680 kilometers. The second project “Reconstruction of the irrigation and drainage systems in the Republic of Kazakhstan” provides for the restoration of irrigation system in Almaty region and improvement of soil condition in South Kazakhstan region. This project will cost $ 235.5 million, and UNDP funds will be involved as co-financing. Kyrgyzstan also has introduced GoAL WaSH programme from 2013∼2015. Through this programme, public education is very effective for the clean water and sanitation. On 2015, the government of Tajikistan adopted the Water Sector Reform Programme 2016∼2025. The Water Sector Reform is about transferring water resources management from administrative to hydrological boundaries. As the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources is the reform coordinator, new organizations have been formed: the National Water Council(a consultative body on a state water policy at the national level), River Basin Organizations(a basin executive authority and responsible for coordinating the implementation of the state water policy at a basin level), River Basin Councils(a basin representative authority representing the voice of basin water users and stakeholders). Turkmenistan is the highest per capita users of water in the world. However a salinity increased 25 times compared with former Soviet Union, as inefficient technology and bad water distribution. In order to solve this problem, government, public company, and private stake holders are involving a law amendment in order to implement IWRM. In order to have secure water resources, Swiss have subsidized 2.66million dollars to the Uzbekistan. Introducing drip irrigation and furrow irrigation, 5 farm can save 47,500㎥ of water.

University Studies and Professional Skills in the Field of Integrated Water Resources Management: The Case of Spain

This article presents the challenge of water resource development and management, stating that a shared water resource should be put to use in the best interest of human consumption, agriculture, industry, and the environment. When a previously “unused” source becomes available because technological or cost barriers are overcome, water resource managers must address the concerns of multiple stakeholders with unique ideas in order to deliver beneficial projects. The author stresses that developing and managing sustainable water resources will be a matter of political, organizational, utility, and stakeholder cooperation. He applies the 13 lessons in Robert Fulghum's book, “Everything I Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten”, to the challenges of water resource development and management, sustainability, and the stakeholder process. The author states that when faced with seemingly insurmountable, disintegrating, or stalled stakeholder negotiations, we would all be well‐served if we returned to the basic lessons presented in Fulghum's book.

A GIS-based decision support system for rainwater harvesting (RHADESS)

This paper puts forward the importance of decision support systems (DSS) for the planning and management of water resources. A case study of the Pinhão river basin, in Portugal, is presented. Given the importance of vineyards in the Douro region, it is important to determine if water availability will be enough to meet present and future water demands. In order to answer this question, DSS tools were used to assess different scenarios. The MIKE BASIN software was used in the hydrographical basin of Pinhão river, assisted by a geographic information system, GIS, which allowed the modelling of the basin, both temporally and spatially, facilitating the visualisation and interpretation of results. According to the attained results, it was verified that, at present, the hydrographical basin meets the considered water needs. The DSS proved to be an important tool to assist the decision‐making process in the studied river basin.

Uncertainties arising from extreme climate events and human activities pose a challenge to the efficient allocation of water resources. In this study, a type-2 fuzzy chance-constrained linear fractional programming (T2F-CCLFP) is developed to support the water resource management system under uncertainty by incorporating type-2 fuzzy sets, chance-constrained programming, and fractional programming into a comprehensive multi-objective optimization framework. The model enables the trade-off between economic, social, and environmental sustainability and provides water supply solutions associated with different levels of fuzzy uncertainty and risk of violating constraints. The T2F-CCLFP model is applied to Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China, to support its water resource management. Results reveal that: (i) the industrial structure is transitioning toward diverse industries from energy and heavy industry dominance; (ii) external water transfer will be the major water-supply sources for the city in the future, accounting for 55 and 50% of the total water supply in 2025 and 2030, respectively; (iii) the water-supply security of the city is enhanced by provoking the utilization of reclaimed water (the annual growth rate is 13.9%). The results are helpful for managers in adjusting the current industry structure, enhancing water supply security, and contributing to the sustainable development of socio-economic and water systems.