Improving Cyber Security in Power Systems and Substation Automation Using Intelligent Based System

The power system can be seen as a cyber-physical system where big data plays a major role in managing the overwhelming volume of data underlining the importance of big data in both the power industry and security domain. In this article, it is presented the challenges of cyber security in power systems and machine learning techniques, like artificial neural networks, to prevent and overcome cyber-attacks. The motivation for choosing this topic resides in the evolution of power systems with the need for cyber security implementation.

Wind power prediction accuracy is closely related to the quality of wind power data. However, most of traditional prediction methods do not consider the cybersecurity of raw data. So, it would be important to study the prediction accuracy under false data injection attack (one type of cybersecurity attacks) and its influence on the economy and security of power system. In this paper, very short-term forecasting approach of wind power generation is studied for choosing the optimal prediction model. Different scenarios of false data injection attack are then simulated upon wind power data. Wind power prediction accuracy after being affected by false data injection is observed. The robustness of wind power prediction model is evaluated. Finally, wind power prediction information is applied to day-ahead unit commitment to evaluate the impact of cybersecurity of wind power forecasting on power system economy and security.

With numerous information and communication devices deployed in smart grid, cyber security becomes a big challenge faced by all power companies around the globe. This paper first introduces possible cyber-attacks that the observation system and control system in smart grid may face, and then presents examples to illustrate the impact of such attacks. Following that, a cyber security intelligent defense system is proposed which will equip system operators a powerful tool to actively fight hackers and keep the power system secure and stable. The frame work and the implementation methodologies of this defense system are also presented.

The increase of extremely hot days globally has led to more frequent wildfires and frequent power outages directly and indirectly caused by the wildfires. This has sought an urgency to investigate the power system security issues associated with wildfires and the implementation of risk mitigation strategies. This article provides a comprehensive review of power system security in relation to wildfires, exploring methods to enhance the system security. The article starts with the multi-scale aspect of power system security and resiliency associated with wildfires. Additionally, it investigates the direct and indirect impacts of wildfires on renewable energy generation and the overall security of the system. Furthermore, the emerging technologies to enhance the system security against wildfires are discussed. To conclude, this paper sheds light on the industry, academic research gaps, and future direction.

Cyber security of modern power systems has become increasingly significant due to their open communication architecture and expanding network connectivity exposed to malicious cyber attacks. Resilient control represents an effective means to preserve the survivability of the power system under cyber attacks. In this paper, we address the resilient load frequency control (LFC) design for multi-area power systems under a new class of time-constrained denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. First, different from the widely-explored duration- and frequency-constrained DoS attack models, we consider a general time-constrained DoS attack model where only the attack durations are confined into some bounds, which represents less a priori knowledge of an attacker’s actions. Second, instead of using a traditional yet conservative time-invariant Lyapunov function (TILF), we develop an attack-parameter-dependent time-varying Lyapunov function (TVLF) approach to enable a resilient LFC design without jeopardizing the desired closed-loop system stability and performance. Furthermore, we provide a formal stability and performance analysis condition as well as a design criterion for the desired DoS-resilient output feedback LFC controller. We also show that the minimum allowable sleeping period and the maximum allowable active period of the attacked LFC system can be explicitly disclosed. Finally, we present two simulation case studies on a two-area LFC system and a three-area LFC system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.

Deep learning (DL) has seen tremendous recent successes in many areas of artificial intelligence. It has since sparked great interests in its potential use in power systems. However, success from using DL in power systems has not been straightforward. Even with the continuing proliferation of data collected in the power systems from, e.g., synchrophasors and smart meters, how to effectively use these data, especially with DL techniques, remains a widely open problem. This chapter shows that the great power of DL can be unleashed in solving many fundamentally hard high-dimensional real-time inference problems in power systems. In particular, DL, if used appropriately, can effectively exploit both the intricate knowledge from the nonlinear power system models and the expressive power of DL predictor models. This chapter also shows the great promise of DL in significantly improving the stability, resilience, and security of power systems.

Congestion in transmission corridors are the major bother for deregulated power system’s operation. Generator rescheduling along with demand alteration is a traditional remedy for transmission line congestion. According to market clearing process, the system operator (SO) has to pay a certain amount of cost to the market participants for rescheduling the generation and demand. This kind of redispatch related congestion management (CM) procedure is mainly carried out to reduce the congestion cost, but they are failing to provide an attention in power systems security. The risky generator’s power shifts may diminish the voltage and transient stability of the power system. So power system security should be included in the congestion management procedure. In this proposed multi objective congestion management procedure, rescheduling of active power is carried out to improve/retain the power systems security along with a congestion cost reduction. Voltage security margin (λ) and corrected transient energy margin (CTEM) provides a measure for power system security level. Multi Objective Dragonfly Algorithm (MODA) is employed to trace the non dominated solutions for three conflicting objectives. Fuzzy decision making principle is applied to select the best Pareto solution depends on the objective’s significances. The goodness of the MODA optimization approaches is experimented in congestion alleviation of New England 39 bus systems and solutions are compared with some reputed methods.

Among the hardware solutions for cyber security of modern power systems, it is proposed in their management infrastructure to introduce redundancy of key elements to increase reliability and thereby ensure the necessary level of cybersecurity. We have obtained the ratio of the multiplicity of the reservation of elements for the cases of presence and absence of restrictions on the minimum permissible values of the probabilities of their trouble-free operation. Refs.: 10 titles.Keywords: power system, redundancy, reliability, cybersecurity, management infrastructure.

Since increasingly applications and involvement of communication technologies in electric power utilities, especially for the protection and control of the power system, cyber security has become a more and more important issue. This paper provides a complete picture for the framework of an electrical power system associated data communication system. A Wide Area Network (WAN) interconnects a number of Local Area Networks (LANs), representing transmission and distribution substations, and customers. Based on this framework, the cooperation of the communication system and the power system is investigated, regarding before, during and after cyber attacks. Finally the possible impacts of the performance of the data communication system to the protection and control systems within the electrical power system are discussed.

With the construction of northern and western wind power base, large-scale regional wind power grid connection begins to affect power system and several power grid accidents in Fuxin grid resulted in partial off-grid in recent years, causing certain damages on the security and stability of power system.The author takes Fuxin power grid as example to analyze on two problems existing in large-scale wind power centralized grid connection: frequent fluctuations and reactive voltage control, study on the effect of large-scale wind power centralized grid connection on the security and stability of power system and proposes countermeasures and suggestions. Basic Situation of Fuxin Wind Power BaseFuxin wind farm are mainly based in the northwest area of Fuxin and eastern Zhangwu.By the end of 2014, there has been a wind power capacity of 1,693,300 kilowatts in operation, among which there are 6 220 kV substation, 5 66 kV substation that delivers power to load centers like Jinzhou and Shenyang by 220 kV tie line.According to Fuxin City Plan, there will be an installed capacity of 16,167,000 kilowatts by 2015, among which 8.117 million kW are thermal power (increasing 6.3 million kilowatts) and 8.05 million kilowatts are new energy (increasing 6.25 million kilowatts); power generation will be as much as 58.1 billion kwh.

Safety strategy of power transmission channel coordinated with transfer capability support for power system emergency

This paper presents an on-going research project to develop an intelligent system (IS) that can be used together with existing power system dynamic security assessment tools in order to enhance the capabilities of online security assessment for power system operations. The use of intelligent systems in this application is expected to improve the speed, accuracy, and robustness of security assessment. A prototype system named POSSIT, POwer System Security using Intelligent Technologies, is presently being developed. An overview of the functional design of this prototype is given here and shows how this approach is applied to the Hydro-Quebec and BC Hydro power systems.

Power system security is the power system’s capability to maintain its stability when a disturbance occurs. Transient instability is a phenomenon that threatens the security of the power system and synchronous generators. When rotor angle instability occurs in a synchronous generator, it is capable of driving the generator O.S. If the O.S operation of a generator sustains even for a brief period of time, it may result to serious mechanical and thermal damages to the machine. Therefore, faster identification of such conditions and in time isolation of the unstable generator from the power system is necessary for keeping the power system safe. Conventional methods for the identification of the generator O.S is based on the use of impedance relays. The purpose of this chapter is the prediction of the generator O.S with dynamic data of generator and power system, which can be gathered by PMUs in the fault and clearance period. Generator dynamic information includes variations of voltage phasor, active and reactive power, rotor angle, and speed of generator as well as the data of voltage and line flows in the adjacency of the generator that are collected in different time intervals. The measured information is continually updated in the moving window and with a special algorithm such as a three-step DT that performs the detection fault occurrence and clearance and prediction of O.S of generators. The proposed algorithm is working constantly as a relay, and the proposed algorithm recognizes the stability of the generator whenever changes occur in the generator parameter according to the severity of variations. Since training data perform an effective role in DT learning or other machine learning methods, to increase the learning ability of DT, training samples are prepared for having complete coverage of almost all load levels and different operation points. The proposed scheme is implemented on the generator of the IEEE 39-bus system with promising results.

In recent years power system companies are trying to save money and improve their capabilities or convenience by using consumer network technology in their ICT networks for maintaining and monitoring power systems. These new ICT technologies bring new challenges to the organization and communication structures inside power companies. Furthermore there are efforts to transmit sensitive measurement and control data over public networks. However, issues like real-time, reliability, availability, and data integrity cannot automatically be presumed any more in the Internet. The cost advantages are in contrast to the possibly decreased security. In this paper, the authors will discuss the problems mentioned above and provide exemplary approaches to a solution that is feasible in reality. Also the authors would like to raise awareness among the power system owners for security topics in conjunction with ICT networks. Examples to illustrate the challenges are given, and an interdisciplinary approach to ensure comprehensive information security is suggested.

In order to ensure the reliability and security of electric power system, the faults must be removed exactly and quickly. The fault location method is one of key issues for the researches of electric power system. Extracting fault feature information from large amount of synchronized data will be a new challenge for locating of faulted components or faulted area. Multivariate analysis theory is superior in reducing dimensions and simplifying data structure featured without key information loss. In this paper, according to multivariate analysis theory, the reliability and security of complex power system has been accomplished.