Improving Load Factors Can Increase Profits

Controlling micro-CHP systems to modulate electrical load profiles

An empirical assessment of the CO2-sensitive productivity of European airlines from 2000 to 2010

In the present scenario, in order to meet the growing electricity demand, demand side management (DSM) is one among the various approaches used in smart grid. By applying DSM at the customer side, various benefits such as reduction in electricity cost, reduction in peak demand, and improvement in load factor can be achieved. This paper proposes a new architecture, namely, Intelligent Universal Load Management System (IULMS) to implement DSM based on load shifting approach for a residential building in the presence of different classes of loads. In this work, the objective is to minimize the cost of electricity consumption and there are several constraints imposed by the device types operating in the system and it is solved by Binary Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm. The objective function is non-linear in nature because the price of electricity varies each hour. A real-time system involving residential building users of Agrini Apartment in Madurai, Tamilnadu, India is discussed. Further, the potential of DSM is analyzed. The minimization of electricity consumption cost, peak demand, and Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) are validated for each test case.

ABSTRACTImproving load factor is relevant for shippers due to its potential in reducing both transport costs and emissions. The purpose is to structure shippers’ opportunities to increase load factor according to required and available capacity. A framework is developed from literature, and in-depth understanding is provided by three cases, with data mainly collected through semi-structured interviews. Shippers’ opportunities to increase load factor are structured per decreasing, increasing, or reallocating required or available capacity. Required capacity can be changed by adjusting number of items, item characteristics, and how items are combined. Available capacity can be changed by adjusting number and type of units. Changes that improved load factor are described in detail for each case. Load factor is calculated for the packaging and shipping levels. An approach that logistics managers can apply to identify opportunities relevant to their situations is presented. Findings are relevant to researchers within transport efficiency and green logistics.

A model for development of optimized feeder routes and coordinated schedules—A genetic algorithms approach

Arab carriers besieged by growing international competition are operating in a turbulent environment. Now with the plummeting oil revenues and the levelling off in infrastruetural development, their load factor is declining. Besides, the prevailing winds of deregulation that swept the entire airline industry coupled with escalating regional tension have compounded the felony and depressed air traffic even further. Consequently Arab carriers are feeling the pinch and fighting a battle for survival as their direct pipeline the to state treasury is ruptured. After identifying the common structural features of Arab carriers and the key environmental forces threatening their survival, the authors have explored several strategies aimed at lowering operating costs and improving load factors without hurting their service image. They then offer some specific alternative proposals geared to help Arab carriers in implementing new strategies and adapting themselves successfully to the demands of their turbulent environment. The authors conclude by arguing that the performance of state-owned enterprises should be made by reference to their stated objectives rather than to the commonly accepted economic criteria.

The energy white paper proposes a number of measures that will challenge the traditional role of electricity distribution networks. These include facilitating competition in sustainable, clean and efficient electricity production, which in turn will mean accommodating significantly higher levels of decentralised generation and renewable energy resources. At both the commercial and domestic level, demand-side participation facilitated by cogeneration and micro-generation could play an increasing role in optimising not only electrical energy production (in terms of carbon emissions) but also network cyclic demand patterns. For example, flattening load profiles by 'shifting' peak demands would not only improve load factor and reduce network I2R losses, it might also improve overall network utilisation and enable the deferral of 'load-related' capital investment. Smart Metering has a potentially key role to play in providing the means by which the necessary financial incentives to encourage cogeneration and micro-generation (e.g. in terms of export reward) and effective demand-side management (e.g. in terms of time-of-day pricing) can be created. As well as the obvious benefits to Suppliers of 'responsive' demand, given the necessary attention to regulatory and commercial frameworks, smart metering and its associated data management technologies might also create a number of opportunities for Distributors and benefits for their connected customers; these include. (1)more accurate DUoS billing (2)improved super-customer profiling and hence more accurate settlement (3) reduced technical and non-technical losses (4) identifying 'idle' services (i.e. no unit consumption) or, conversely, overloaded services (5) potential load and voltage-profile monitoring at a highly disaggregated (i.e. LV) level which could in turn identify (6) potential local network thermal overloads; - potential statutory voltage transgressions (7) and - new and emerging demand profiles that might in turn influence economic network design criteria (8)through improved localised network utilisation data (9) enable networks to be more highly utilised (10) and - enable a more rapid response to customers' requests for additional demand and new connections (including generation (11) through an inherent power outage detection capability (12)easier identification of 'worst-served' customers (13) ability to identify vulnerable customers affected by power failures;potential income from providing power line carrier communication services (14) potentially marketable ancillary 'DSO' services (i.e. system balancing.The presentation will outline some of the above opportunities and hopefully provide 'food for thought' for the discussion forum. (18 pages)

9 - History of nuclear energy

Bridge cranes at work, due to the large, car plus (minus) speed and improve load factors, will cause the load to swing. This not only increases the likelihood of accidents, but also will seriously affect the efficiency of the production. Under the prerequisite of ensuring the crane operating efficiency, to prevent the swinging of load for bridge crane has great meaning. Based on the physical characteristics of bridge crane inSimulinkestablished with inverter, motor and crane model. According to simulations a mathematical model is proposed based on fuzzy control and batch control of overhead traveling crane anti-sway control method. In actual experiments, using load and the angle of tilt sensor the mass of load is measured as a feedback signal. And, ultimately, the crane's operating efficiency, angle control in the ideal range is ensured.

A novel order characteristic load shifting policy for load factor improvement, peak reduction, and economical operation of distribution systems

Distributed, small-scale energy storage has been identified as a means of improving load factors for intermittent renewable generation and displacing the need for fossil-based backup. Domestic electric storage heaters operating within a smart grid offer high density, controllable energy storage at low cost, allowing the network operator to shift demand by charging heaters to dispose of excess supply. This paper reports monitoring outcomes and simulation studies on the first field trials of such a system, in which heaters are capable of responding to instructions from the grid to vary charging level at 15-min intervals, as well as to occupant-set controls on power output. Monitoring found significant unexpected out-of-schedule power draw and under-utilisation of storage capacity. Alternative approaches to scheduling were tested using simulations, and evaluated using metrics to quantify schedule following as well as other aspects of performance to give a balanced view of system performance to the network operator. Modern insulated storage heaters are capable of supporting load shifting for up to 48 h with minimal impact on room temperatures or demand, and with high confidence that charging schedules will be followed. However, where device controllers compete with centrally generated charge scheduling, the network will experience significant out-of-schedule power draw while occupants will experience either lower temperatures or increased cost.

Load Factor Improvement of the Electricity Grid Considering Distributed Resources Operation and Regulation of Peak Load

An energy cost reduction study was conducted on the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Metrorail system. Its primary objectives were to classify primary energy end uses and identify conservation methods which have the highest potential for reducing the electric bill. The effort involved analyzing present energy costs, developing cost- effective conservation strategies, determining the savings associated with the strategies by simulation, recommending appropriate strategies for implementation and outlining a program for executing the recommendations. Although the effort involved both traction and support energy, only the traction energy aspects of the study are reported. It is the first time that the energy management model developed for the transit industry by the Rail Systems Center at Carnegie-Mellon University was comprehensively applied to a rapid transit property. The application was verified by comparing the simulated results to actual data. For anl practical purposes, the simulated results agree to within three percent of the actual energy consumption. Four traction energy conservation strategies were recommended for implementation based on high benefit and low cost. These are coasting, passenger load factor improvement, planned catch-up operation, and regeneration of braking energy. All of these strategies have payback periods of less than three years.

Load Factor Improvement of the Electricity Grid Considering Distributed Resources Operation and Regulation of Peak Load