Improving teleportation of continuous variables by local operations

Performance of quantum teleportation is typically measured by the average fidelity, an overlap between the input and output states. Along with the first moment, we introduce the second moment of fidelity in continuous-variable (CV) teleportation, i.e., the fidelity deviation as the figure of merit to assess the protocol's efficiency. We show that CV states, both Gaussian and non-Gaussian, can be better characterized by considering both average fidelity and fidelity deviation, which is not possible with only average fidelity. Moreover, we shed light on the performance of the teleportation protocol in two different input scenarios: One is when input states are sampled from constrained uniform distribution while the other one is Gaussian suppression of the input states which again leads to a different classification of CV states according to their performance. The entire analysis is carried out in noiseless and noisy scenarios with noise being incorporated in the measurement and the shared channels. We also report that one type of noise can make the protocol robust against the other one, which leads to a ``constructive effect,'' and identify the noise models which are responsible for decreasing average fidelity and the increment in fidelity deviation.

We study the optimal teleportation based on Bell measurements via the thermal states of a two-qubit Heisenberg XXX chain in the presence of the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) anisotropic antisymmetric interaction and obtain an optimal unitary transformation. The explicit expressions of the output state and the teleportation fidelity are presented and compared with those of the standard protocol. It is shown that in this protocol the teleportation fidelity is always larger and the unit fidelity is achieved at zero temperature. The DM interaction can enhance the teleportation fidelity at finite temperatures, as opposed to the effect of the interaction in the standard protocol. Cases with other types of anisotropies are also discussed.

Quantum teleportation plays an important role in quantum information science. In order to obtain the effect of quantum teleportation of a quantum state by using an entangled resource, the fidelity of teleporting the quantum state should be calculated. Braunstein and Kimble[Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 869 (1998)] derived a formula of calculating the fidelity of quantum teleportation for Gaussian entangled resource and any input state to be teleported. Then, the point is how to calculate the quantum teleportation fidelity for any entangled resource. In this paper, werealize this purpose by using the entangled state representation. First, we derive the Weyl expansion of any density operator by using the completeness relation between coherent state and P-representation. Then using the orthogonal property of entangled state representation and the traditional Kimble-Braunstein scheme of quantum teleportation, we further derive the mean density operator of the output state, which means that we establish the relation between the output density operator and the characteristic functions of the input state to be teleported and the entangled resources. The characteristic function of the output state is also derived which is in the concise form relating these two characteristic functions above. Then we further obtain a new formula for calculating the quantum teleportation fidelity for the coherent state input and any two-mode entangled resource. It is shown that the fidelity of teleportation can be easily calculated when the Q-function of the normally ordering form of entangled resource is known. This is a convenient way of obtaining the fidelity of teleportation. As its applications, some Gaussian and non-Gaussian entangled states are examined to teleport the coherent state, whose results are correct.

We analyze the statistics of observables in continuous variable quantum\nteleportation in the formalism of the characteristic function. We derive\nexpressions for average values of output state observables in particular\ncumulants which are additive in terms of the input state and the resource of\nteleportation. Working with Squeezed Bell-like states, which may be optimized\nin a free parameter for better teleportation performance we discuss the\nrelation between resources optimal for fidelity and for different observable\naverages. We obtain the values of the free parameter which optimize the central\nmomenta and cumulants up to fourth order. For the cumulants the distortion\nbetween in and out states due to teleportation depends only on the resource. We\nobtain optimal parameters for the second and fourth order cumulants which do\nnot depend on the squeezing of the resource. The second order central momenta\nwhich is equal to the second order cumulants and the photon number average are\noptimized by the same resource. We show that the optimal fidelity resource,\nfound in reference (Phys. Rev. A {\\bf 76}, 022301 (2007)) to depend also on the\ncharacteristics of input, tends for high squeezing to the resource which\noptimizes the second order momenta. A similar behavior is obtained for the\nresource which optimizes the photon statistics which is treated here using the\nsum of the squared differences in photon probabilities of input and output\nstates as the distortion measure. This is interpreted to mean that the\ndistortions associated to second order momenta dominates the behavior of the\noutput state for large squeezing of the resource. Optimal fidelity and optimal\nphoton statistics resources are compared and is shown that for mixtures of Fock\nstates they are equivalent.\n

In this work, we study the oscillations that appear in the photon statistics of a squeezed state in a process that allows teleportation of continuous spectrum variables. In some cases, comparisons are made with the theory of photodetection. The most remarkable result is observed when the fidelity of teleportation is optimized, in that case the teleported statistics is equal to the counting statistics of photoelectrons in non-ideal photocount measurements. We also determine the effect of one-photon subtraction from each arm of the Einstein?Podolsky?Rosen source to enhance the quality of the teleportation process.

We experimentally demonstrate real-time quantum non-demolition (QND) interaction between optical quantum states in terms of satisfying the criteria for QND measurement and generating quantum entanglement.

Parity-based estimation in an SU(1,1) interferometer with photon-subtracted squeezed vacuum states

With reference to a system of n spin‐1/2 particles which are distributed between two space‐like separated parties, we present two procedures to perform an instantaneous and local measurement of any nondegenerate observable having as its eigenstates the orthonormal basis of n‐partite entangled states introduced in [S. Bose, V. Vedral, and P. L. Knight, Phys. Rev. A 57, 822 (1998)], whose vectors reduce to the Bell states for n = 2 and to the GHZ states for n = 3. The first procedure implements a genuine nondemolition measurement by resorting to two n‐particle entangled states as an additional resource. The second one distinguishes between those eigenstates, though without preserving them (i.e., it is a demolition measurement), but it requires only a single couple of additional particles in a (maximally entangled) Bell state. Both methods are instantaneous, in the sense that the outcome of the measurement process is completely determined as soon as the local operations, whose duration can be made as short a...

We investigate two-copy scenario of quantum teleportation based on Bell measurements. The detailed protocol is presented and the general expression of the corresponding optimal teleportation fidelity is derived, which is given by the two-copy fully entangled fraction that is invariant under local unitary transformations. We prove that under a specific case of the protocol, which is significant for improving the optimal fidelity, the set of states with their two-copy fully entangled fractions bounded by a threshold value that required for useful two-copy teleportation is convex and compact. Hence the witness operators exist to separate states that are useful for two-copy teleportation from the rest ones. Moreover, we show that the optimal fidelity of two-copy teleportation surpasses that of the original one copy teleportation.

Field-orthogonal temporal mode analysis of optical fields was recently developed to form a new framework of quantum information science. But so far, the exact profiles of the temporal modes are not known, which makes it difficult to achieve mode selection and de-multiplexing. A novel feedback-iteration method which, combined with the stimulated emission method, can give rise to the exact forms of the temporal mode structure of pulse-pumped spontaneous parametric processes both for high gain parametric process, which gives rise to quantum entanglement in continuous variables, and for the low gain case, which produces a two-photon entangled state for discrete variables.For the temporal mode analysis in high gain situations, the common treatment of parametric interaction Hamiltonian does not consider the issue of time ordering problem of interaction Hamiltonian and thus leads to the inaccurate conclusion that the mode structure and the temporal mode functions do not change as the gain increases. We use an approach that is usually employed for treating nonlinear interferometers and avoids the time ordering issue. This allows us to derive an evolution equation in differential-integral form. Numerical solutions for high gain situations indicate a gain-dependent mode structure that has its mode distributions changed and mode functions broadened as the gain increases. This will enable us to have a complete picture of the mode structure of parametric processes and produce high quality quantum sources for a variety of applications of quantum technology.To verify the feedback-iteration method which measures temporal mode structure directly, we measure the joint spectral density of photon pairs produced with the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process of a pulse-pumped PPKTP crystal. The measurement method is based on a stimulated emission process which significantly improves the measurement time and accuracy compared with old spectrally resolved photon coincidence measurement. With the measured joint spectral density, the amplitude of the temporal modes can be obtained with the mathematical tool of singular value decomposition and compared with those measured directly with the feedback-iteration method.Because the parametric amplifier is in essence a linear four-port device, it couples and linearly mixes two inputs before amplifying and sending them to two output ports. We show that for quadrature phase amplitudes, a parametric amplifier can replace beam splitters to play the role of mixer. We apply this idea to a continuous-variable quantum state teleportation scheme in which a parametric amplifier replaces a beam splitter in the Bell measurement. We show that this scheme is loss-tolerant in the Bell measurement process and thus demonstrate the advantage of parametric amplifiers over beam splitter in the applications in quantum measurement.

It is well known that usual quantum teleportation protocols cannot transport energy. Recently, new protocols called quantum energy teleportation (QET) have been proposed, which transport energy by local operations and classical communication with the ground states of many-body quantum systems. In this paper, we compare two different QET protocols for transporting energy with the electromagnetic field. In the first protocol, a 1/2 spin (a qubit) is coupled with the quantum fluctuation in the vacuum state and measured in order to obtain one-bit information about the fluctuation for the teleportation. In the second protocol, a harmonic oscillator is coupled with the fluctuation and measured in order to obtain continuous-variable information about the fluctuation. In the spin protocol, the amount of teleported energy is suppressed by an exponential damping factor when the amount of input energy increases. This suppression factor becomes power damping in the case of the harmonic oscillator protocol. Therefore, it is concluded that obtaining more information about the quantum fluctuation leads to teleporting more energy. This result suggests a profound relationship between energy and quantum information.

We derive a general expression of the expectation value of the parity operator in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer with a Fock state in one input port and an arbitrary state in the other input. We obtain the quantum Crámer–Rao bound via the error propagation method from parity detection for the phase shift around zero. In addition, for an arbitrary state with the same mean photon number, our results show that the same phase resolution and the same phase uncertainty can be obtained for the phase shift around zero. That is to say, when a Mach–Zehnder interferometer is powered by a Fock state into one input port, all quantum states with same mean photon number at the other input may have the same performance in the phase estimation via parity detection. As some specific applications, we consider the arbitrary state being a Fock state, a coherent state, and a squeezed-vacuum state.

Atomic clocks have reached the Standard Quantum Limit (SQL) of precision,1 set by the projection noise inherent in measurements on uncorrelated atoms. It is possible to overcome this limit by entangling the atoms to generate a "squeezed state" of the atomic ensemble. We use the collective interaction of an atomic ensemble with a far-detuned light field in an optical resonator to prepare squeezed states by two different methods: quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement and Hamiltonian evolution. We apply both methods to an ensemble of 5 x 10⁴ ⁸⁷Rb atoms in a superposition of hyperfine clock states. We measure the suppression of projection noise and compare it to the accompanying reduction in signal, thereby quantifying the net gain in spectroscopic sensitivity. By QND measurement, with resolution up to 9 dB below the projection noise level, we achieve 3.0(8) dB of metrologically relevant squeezing. Whereas the measurement-based approach relies on knowledge of the (randomly distributed) measurement outcome to produce a conditionally squeezed state, the method of Hamiltonian evolution produces a known squeezed state independent of detector performance. We mimic the dynamics of the one-axis twisting Hamiltonian, proposed as a generator of squeezed states by Kitagawa and Ueda,² by using the atom-induced frequency shift of the resonator mode and the corresponding resonator-field-induced shift of the atomic transition frequency to introduce an effective interaction among the atoms. The resulting deterministic squeezing is sufficient to allow a 6.0(4) dB improvement in spectroscopic sensitivity over the SQL.

We devise and examine two procrustean entanglement concentration schemes using quantum nondemolition (QND) interaction Hamiltonians in the continuous variable regime, applicable for light, for atomic ensembles or in a hybrid setting. We thus expand the standard entanglement distillation toolbox for use of a much more general, versatile, and experimentally feasible interaction class. The first protocol uses Gaussian ancillary modes and a non-Gaussian postmeasurement, the second a non-Gaussian ancillary mode and a Gaussian postmeasurement. We explicitly calculate the density matrix elements of the non-Gaussian mixed states resulting from these protocols using an elegant Wigner-function-based method in a numerically efficient manner. We then quantify the entanglement increase calculating the logarithmic negativity of the output state and discuss and compare the performance of the protocols.

A novel protocol for generating quantum superpositions of macroscopically distinct states of a bulk mechanical oscillator is proposed, compatible with existing optomechanical devices operating in the bad-cavity limit. By combining a pulsed optomechanical quantum nondemolition (QND) interaction with nonclassical optical resources and measurement-induced feedback, the need for strong single-photon coupling is avoided. We outline a three-pulse sequence of QND interactions encompassing squeezing-enhanced cooling by measurement, state preparation, and tomography.