In-Band Emission Interference in D2D-Enabled Cellular Networks: Modeling, Analysis, and Mitigation

The overlay in-band device to device (D2D) scheme can be used by cellular user equipments (CUEs) and D2D user equipments (DUEs) to transmit the uplink and D2D data. The CUEs experience in-band emission interference (IEI) from the DUEs that transmit D2D signals in the adjacent channels. This paper evaluates the IEI impact in D2D-enabled cellular networks in terms of typical CUE outage probability for different DUE densities and DUE transmission powers. Further, the IEI intra-cell and IEI inter-cell are examined separately to determine the dominating part of IEI in the system. The results show the IEI impact has a harmful impact and causes the outage in the system with high probability when the DUE density is high. Also, a remarkable result finds that the IEI intra-cell and IEI inter-cell dominate the typical CUE outage probability similarly when the DUE density is low, whilst at high DUE density the IEI intra-cell does.

In this paper, we study the resource management strategies for device-to-device (D2D) communications underlying the cellular networks. To cater for green communications, our design goal is to maximize ergodic energy efficiency (EE) of all D2D links with the fact that it may be tricky for the base station (BS) to receive all the real-time channel state information (CSI) while guaranteeing the stability and the power requirements for D2D links. We first formulate the optimization problem which is difficult to resolve directly for its non-convex nature. Then a novel joint power control and channel allocation iterative algorithm is proposed, which consist of two sub-problem: the power control (PC) sub-problem which can be solved by employing convex optimization theory for both cellular user equipment (CUE) and D2D user equipment (DUE) and the channel allocation (CA) subproblem. Furthermore, simulation results show that our proposed algorithm is superior to the existing algorithms and particularly shed light into the impact on EE matric by revealing the nonlinear power relationship between CUE and DUE.

Embedding device-to-device (D2D) communication into a cellular network can benefit the entire system by efficiently reusing cellular licensed frequency resources[2][3]. However, the interference between D2D user equipments (DUEs) and cellular user equipments (CUEs) must be properly handled to realize the expected gain. Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) is a promising technique to mitigate the interference between DUEs and CUEs and hence improve the performance as well as reliability of the entire system [4]. In this paper, the coverage performance of both CUEs and DUEs are analyzed in an FFR based D2D underlay uplink cellular network. We model the spacial distribution of DUEs as a homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP), which can facilitate tractable mathematical coverage analysis. Theoretical analysis is validated by numerical results.

Joint mode selection and power control for D2D underlaid cellular networks

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks is expected to bring significant benefits for resource utilization and cellular coverage. However, the resource allocation and power control needs elaborate coordination, otherwise it may cause severe interference between D2D user equipment (DUE) and cellular user equipment (CUE). In this paper, we study the joint radio resource allocation and power control problem with energy efficiency as our optimization goal. To improve the system energy efficiency with low computational complexity, we propose an iterative combinatorial auction algorithm with flexible power control method, where the CUEs are considered as bidders, DUEs as goods and the cellular network plays a role as the auctioneer controlling the auction process. We also analyze the properties of the proposed algorithm and present numerical results to verify that our algorithm can significantly improve energy efficiency.

To support the rising number of user equipments (UEs), LTE-A allows some UEs directly talking with each other to facilitate spectrum reuse, which is known as device-to-device (D2D) communication. Since D2D UEs (DUEs) consume resources and bring out interference, how to allocate resources and power is important. Existing studies seek to make more DUEs reuse resources of cellular UEs (CUEs, which are the UEs talking with the eNB) to increase throughput. However, it is inefficient for some CUEs (e.g., those near cell edge) to share resources with others due to high interference. Thus, a new sharing paradigm, called the pure D2D model, is proposed to allow DUEs sharing resources without involving CUEs for flexibility. This new model is helpful to IoT (Internet of Things) applications, where the overwhelming majority of devices are usually DUEs. The paper defines an optimization problem to maximize links supported in the network, and proposes a D2D resource allocation and power control (DRAPC) framework. By vertex coloring, DRAPC gives a preliminary grouping of UEs for resource allocation. Then, each group is carefully reformed by exchanging members and adding new ones, so as to increase signal quality and degree of resource sharing. Simulation results show that DRAPC not only improves network performance but also guarantees fairness among links.

In device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks, the D2D user equipments (DUEs) can communicate by sharing the radio resources assigned to cellular user equipments. D2D communication is expected to improve the network throughput and save more energy for the user equipments. However, D2D communication causes severe interference to both the cellular users and other DUEs which is a challenge to radio resource allocation. The authors propose joint channel and power allocation algorithm to maximise the network achievable throughput, control the interference from the DUEs transmissions to cellular users and improve the energy efficiency of the user equipments. The authors formulate the problem and solve it using convex optimisation methods to select DUEs and set their powers in each channel. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can offer near-optimal performance and outperforms the comparable algorithms especially in terms of achievable throughput even with markedly reduced complexity levels.

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is defined as the direct communication between two D2D user equipments (DUEs) without traversing the evolved NodeB of 5G networks. In the underlay mode of resource reuse, DUEs and cellular user equipments share resource blocks to improve system throughput by reusing the spectrum. In order to further enhance the performance, an extended version of reinforcement learning algorithm, Multi-Player Multi-Armed Bandit, is employed to control the transmission power of the DUEs to reduce the interference induced by resource sharing. Three learning strategies, namely Epsilon-first, Epsilon-greedy, Upper-Confidence-Bound, are applied. Simulation results show that the proposed method improves performance in terms of the average transmission power of D2D pairs, the ratio of unallocated D2D pairs, energy efficiency, and total throughput.

The development of Device-to-Device (D2D) communication as an alternative communication scheme continues to grow. D2D communication enables each device to communicate directly with other devices without going through the Evolved Node B (eNB). These days, D2D communication can be implemented in conventional cellular communication, and use the same spectrum as the conventional cellular user (underlay). This underlay scheme can improve the cell’s spectrum efficiency, but the interference level that happens in the cell is increased. Because D2D communication and cellular communication use the same spectrum, there will be interference between D2D user equipment (DUE) and Cellular user Equipment (CUE). A well-designed radio resource allocation is needed to reduce the interference level, while maintaining the overall performance of the cell. In this research, Simplified Particle Swarm Optimization (SPSO) is proposed to overcome this problem. SPSO is a PSO-based algorithm with a limited number of iterations designed to halt calculations when the PSO algorithm cannot find a solution. If SPSO exceeds the limit iteration, a greedy algorithm is executed to do the allocation process. From the simulation, the SPSO algorithm can achieve 1.3310 × 108 bps, 12.3239 bps/Hz, 2.1328 × 103 bps/Watt and 92% on total sumrate, spectral efficiency, power efficiency, and system fairness respectively. These number is better if compared with the conventional greedy allocation algorithm. The total sumrate, spectral efficiency, and power efficiency are increased by 0.9%, 0.74%, and 0.95% in average datarate, spectral efficiency, and power efficiency respectively. Meanwhile the SPSO’s system fairness is decreased by 1.65% compared with the conventional greedy algorithm.

In device-to-device (D2D) communications, call admission control (CAC) scheme is a crucial problem. In D2D communications, the cellular user equipment (CUE) and D2D user equipment (DUE) pairs share the same channel resource. Hence additional interference is introduced. Meanwhile, the interference has an important impact on the system performance. In this paper, a CAC scheme based on interference analysis is proposed. First, the interference is modeled and analyzed in detail. Then based on the interference analysis, a CAC scheme is proposed. Simulation results show that D2D communications with the proposed CAC scheme can effectively improve system performance in terms of new call blocking probability and capacity. This proposed scheme can be applied to the design and optimization of D2D communications.

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a core technology for expanding the next generation wireless cellular network. To deal with the security challenges and optimize the system communication quality, this paper investigates the security and efficiency problem of D2D underlay communication in a base station cell area with the presence of malicious eavesdroppers. Fairness and strategy space of both D2D User Equipment and Cellular User Equipment are taken into consideration under the control of Efficiency Functions. The optimization problems are formulated as a game model series of utility functions built on the unit price of jamming power and the amount of jamming service. We extracting the system into a price bargain game with a buyer and a seller both desiring maximum profits, a bargaining game approach is adopted to solve this problem by reaching an agreement of unit price. The step number of bargain process is also a restriction under consideration. For the non-steps model, an Evaluation Function and a Comprehensive Utility Function are demonstrated to analyze the bargain process. For steps-contained model, the step number of iteration is involved and an attenuation function is introduced to modify the bargaining game. The algorithms of two models are proposed to derive the equilibrium point for reaching an agreement. Finally, extensive simulations are illustrated for verifying proposed theory.

ABSTRACTAllocating resources in an energy‐effective method for the development of 5G networks. Energy efficiency in D2D communication is another challenge. Less energy usage is needed for devices to communicate with one another. D2D communication frequently uses more energy than conventional communication techniques. This is one of the major challenges of D2D transmission that needs to be resolved. To address these challenges, a new energy‐effective resource allocation system for D2D transmission in 5G WPAN is presented in this paper. The primary goal of the presented task is to enhance the average power effectiveness of the entire links of D2D, thus ensuring the service quality of the cellular user equipments (CUEs) and the constraints of energy harvesting (EH) in the D2D connections. Problems such as D2D user equipments (DUEs), spectrum, resource block allocation, and time slot allocation are used in D2D communication. To rectify these problems, this work derived an average energy efficiency issue. Moreover, this work joins the spectrum and power block allocation. Then, the EH time slot allocation is executed based on the Hybrid Gazelle with Walrus Optimization (HGWO). The extensive analysis outcomes illustrate that the implemented HGWO optimization‐aided model attains more energy efficacy for distinct network attribute settings.

In this paper, we explore the idea that 5G will permit the use of multiple waveforms, with each service employing a waveform that is best suited for it. We look at a 5G machine-type communication (MTC) scenario consisting of clustered user equipment employing device-to-device (D2D) communication, such as a smart factory with intercommunicating machinery. The overhead associated with synchronizing a large number of machine-type D2D user equipment (DUE) comes at a cost that may render synchronous communication infeasible or undesirable. Based on this motivation, we consider multiple possible combinations of prominent 5G waveform candidates for cellular users and DUEs, examining the asynchronous performance of all waveforms under consideration and using the performance of synchronous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as a baseline for comparison. Specifically, we focus on the coexistence of waveforms in which the ordinary cellular users employ OFDM for synchronous communication, as in LTE, and the machine-type DUEs, operating asynchronously, employ a different waveform. When DUEs employ filter bank multicarrier with offset-QAM, the average achieved rate is marginally greater than the synchronous OFDM baseline case, and approximately 43% greater than the asynchronous OFDM case. This result is encouraging, as the benefits of asynchronous D2D communication could be enjoyed in MTC scenarios without suffering any performance reduction compared to the synchronous OFDM scenario. We then investigate how the relative performance of different waveform choices depends on the scenario by varying key parameters. Notably, for asynchronous communication, increasing the transmit power of DUEs results in diminishing benefits unless the DUEs employ a waveform that mitigates interdevice leakage interference.

SummaryDevice‐to‐device (D2D) communication was primarily proposed as a new concept to improve the cellular network performance by allowing direct communications among user equipment (UE). Because of the mobile nature of the UE, the D2D link tends to fail more often. In order to guarantee seamless proximity service (ProSe) continuity for the mobile devices, a competent mobility management technique is necessary. In this work, an optimal D2D handover (HO) scheme in LTE heterogeneous network is proposed for guaranteeing seamless ProSe continuity for the UE in D2D communication. The proposed optimal D2D HO scheme tries to improve the duration of D2D communication by not only considering the signal quality between the D2D UE pairs but also the distance between them. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the D2D mode duration, even in high mobility, thereby reducing frequent HO of the D2D UE, which is in D2D communication.

Fast growing number of cellular telecommunication technology resulting on the increasing number of the user equipment. This condition increased the eNodeB load. To overcome this problem, the device-to-device (D2D) underlaying communication is introduced. In underlaying scheme, the D2D user equipment (DUE) will do the communication process using the same radio resources with the conventional cellular user equipment (CUE). To avoid a severe interference between these two types of user in the system, a good resource allocation is needed. In this work, a power control scheme using particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed, to manage the transmit power on each user on the system. The power control scheme take place after the greedy scheduling algorithm, after all user is given a resource block (RB) to do the communication process. The power transmit for each user is managed to reach a better system capacity, and to reduce the power consumed in one communication process. From the simulation, the PSO power control can improve the sumrate and spectral efficiency up to 12.97% and 3.38% respectively. The PSO power control also can reduce the power consumed by the system up to 8.84%. The fairness happens among the CUEs also can be maintained, despite of the decreasing fairness among DUEs.