In Vivo Study of an Antimicrobial Surgical Drape System

The antimicrobial reagent role on the degradation of model cellulose film

Methods for the qualitative analysis and determination of antimicrobial agents in fabrics are described. At present, antimicrobial agents mainly used are 2, 4, 4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether (Irgasan DP300), 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (DC5700) and thiabendazole (TBZ). The procedure of qualitative analysis is as follows : (1) DC-5700 in fabrics is checked by the adsorption of bromophenol blue (BPB) on the strips packed in column. (2) Irgasan DP300 eluted with ether from fabrics is detected by Gibbs reagent on silica gel thin layer chromatography (TLC). (3) TBZ is eluted with methanol from the fabrics after the ether-elution and detected by UV 254 nm after spraying sulfuric acid on silica gel TLC. DC-5700 is determined from the amount of 1-octadecene, formed in Hofmann degradation, measured by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The determination of Irgasan DP300 in fabrics is carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on the acidic fraction of extract with methanol : acetic acid (9 : 1) under reflux and TBZ is determined by GLC on the alkaline fraction of the abovementioned extract. By using the qualitative and quantitative system, Irgasan DP300, DC-5700 and TBZ were detected in 12, 4 and 2 samples, respectively, of 23 commercial fabrics treated with antimicrobial agents.

There is an abundance of evidence that chronic inflammation is linked to prostate cancer (PC), and pathogen infection is considered to be one of the possible causes for PC. Prostate infections by bacteria or viruses have been widely investigated. However, most of these studies have showed conflicting and controversial results. Most studies have focused on the PCR-based targeted detection of bacteria or viruses, and pathogen for PC remains to be found. To identify pathogen for PC, we investigated the transcriptomes of human prostate samples using whole-genome next-generation sequencing. The prostate specimens obtained by radical prostatectomy from 20 PC patients were sliced and divided into four sections. High-quality RNAs were extracted from the sections including PC. RNA-seq libraries were constructed according to the Illumina protocol and next-generation sequenced on a HiSeq 2000 instrument. To explore the potential of other pathogens being associated with PC, we performed de novo assembly of unmapped reads from the RNA-seq data from 20 PC samples. RNA-seq analysis identified four bacteria as candidate pathogens, which included Cutibacterium acnes, uncultured Chroococcidiopsis, Micrococcus luteus, and Moraxella osloensis. Among these candidate pathogens, Cutibacterium acnes was detected in 19 of 20 PC tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. We also performed PCR to detect other candidate pathogens (uncultured Chroococcidiopsis, Micrococcus luteus, and Moraxella osloensis) in PC samples for validation. Our findings provide further evidence of Cutibacterium acnes infections in human PCs as a promising pathogen for PC, and suggest that uncultured Chroococcidiopsis, Micrococcus luteus, and Moraxella osloensis could be novel candidate pathogens for PC. Further research is required and ongoing to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial pathogenesis of PC. Citation Format: Shingo Ashida, Chiaki Kawada, Masanori Daibata, Keiji Inoue, Hidewaki Nakagawa. RNA-seq analysis identified candidate pathogens for prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; 2020 Feb 21-24; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(8 Suppl):Abstract nr A38.

ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to identify possible natural reservoirs of Salmonella Enteritidis among wild birds.IntroductionSalmonella Enteritidis is dangerous for human due the reason of toxicoinfaction. These pathogen demonstrate high virulence for small children and people with chronic pathologies and can causes people die. The main source of infection to humans is birds (poultry and wild).Wild birds represent the natural reservoir of same bacterial pathogens. It is known that Salmonella can occupy an intestinal tract of birds. This colonization in general is constant, sometimes proceeds with an alternating fever, and usually, without clinical signs. Infected birds can transmit pathogens to other isolates in close contact. This usually occurs on the nesting during seasonal migrations. In the southern region of Ukraine are several points of intersection of migration routes of wild birds on the way from Europe to Africa and Asia (National Park “Askania Nova”and others).MethodsThe study was conducted in populations of wild birds in National Park “Askania Nova” and peninsula “Arabat arrow” (the Azov Sea coast). From bird selected samples of blood serum and egg yolks for research in serum plate agglutination test (SPA) and litter samples for bacteriological research.ResultsThe serological monitoring in populations of wild waterfowl in National Park “Askania Nova” (Ichthyaetus relictus, Sterna nilotica, Sterna herundo, Casarca ferruginea) has shown the presence of seropozitive individuals in adult birds (average 18%) and egg yolks (avarrage 12%). The bacteriological investigations confirmed circulation of Salmonella in this group of birds. 32.3% of all bacterial pathogens was Salmonella and more then half of them was the reprezentatives of serovar Salmonella Enteritidis.Similar studies were conducted on territory of peninsula “Arabat arrow” (the Azov Sea coast). The serological monitoring among of wild waterfowl (Ardea cinerea, Sterna caspia, Phalacrocorax carbo, Podiceps cristatus, Anas platyrhynchos, Cygnus olar) revealed the presence of antibodies in blood serum (avarrage 17%) and egg yolks (avarrage 10%). From litter samples was isolated a great deal of Enterobacteria (Escherichia coli. Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter), havever 34.8% of them were Salmonella and near half of Salmonella (53.2%) was reprezentatives of serovar Salmonella Enteritidis.ConclusionsIt is proved that M. gallisepticum can persist among decorative waterfowl for her welfare with Galliformes, while waterfowl is a reservoir of the pathogen. Also natural reservoirs of Mycoplasma can be wild waterfowl (Casarca ferruginea). Such groups (populations) of birds may serve as a source of infection for commercial herds.This shows that wild waterfowl are the natural reservoir for these dangerous pathogens like Salmonella Enteritidis. The carriers may account for 17–18% of all individuals in the population. In nesting different species of wild birds may be infected by Salmonella Enteritidis. In the process of migrating wild birds can carry Salmonella Enteritidis over long distances and is a threat to commercial poultry flocks and humans.

In this study, three novel poly(styrene) attached Schiff bases (AMP–SB) were synthesized from condensation reaction of (aminomethyl)polystyrene with 2-hydroxy-5-bromobenzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzaldehyde for uptake from solutions containing Mn(II) and Ni(II) ions and as antimicrobial agent against Micrococcus luteus. Furthermore coordination polymers were synthesized including Mn(II) and Ni(II) ions for understand to geometric structure of uptake ions. Polymers attached Schiff bases and coordination polymers were characterized by means of elemental analyses, magnetic measurements, FTIR, UV-GB, TG/DTA and 1H-NMR. The Ni(II) and Mn(II) contents in the metal-containing polymer complexes were determined by the ICP-MS technique. Antibacterial activities of the polymers attached Schiff bases and their complexes were studied by the well-diffusion method against M. luteus (ATCC-9341).

In this study, the non-polar light petroleum ether and diethyl ether extracts of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Pollen were analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and found to be rich with lipids and steroids. Fatty acids include Palmitic acid 38.52% and Hydnocarpic acid 44.23% while α- Sitosterol was the most prevalent Phytosterol 14.40%. Un-saponifiable fraction and saponifiable fraction of Pet. ether and DEE extracts were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against six bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus). All fractions have good antibacterial activity against the six studied bacterial species. But it gave high antifungal activity as compared with Ketoconazole (standard) except with Un-sap. fraction of Pet. ether extract with Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger it gave antifungal activity with Un-sap. fraction of Pet. ether extract only. Finally two extracts were tested against three human cell lines HELA, MCF7 and CACO. The results showed those extracts had activity against all cell lines tested.

Blood glucose monitors and their test strips are used by diabetics worldwide to control and monitor the concentration of glucose in their blood. These deceptively simple, self‐contained diagnostic systems, which can be held in the palm of a hand, contain a collection of software algorithms that monitor the state of the meter, detect the presence of an inserted test strip, determine whether that strip is faulty or has previously been used, and convert the raw data, such as current, received after a glucose measurement from a test strip into a glucose concentration value displayed to the user. These algorithms are developed over a substantial period of time to suit the specific test system, that is, the meter and the strip. Such algorithms are designed to convert the raw data (e.g., current, charge, temperature) from a glucose biosensor strip in response to an applied sample such as blood or a control solution, and provide the user with a value for glucose concentration in the sample in a matter of seconds. Accuracy and precision of the final glucose value is of paramount importance as the result from a meter is intended to prompt the user to seek treatment, that is, inject insulin, take glucose, or to indicate that no treatment is required. In the worst case, a result indicating a high glucose concentration may prompt the user to inject insulin, when in fact the glucose concentration is already low. Such a contrary action could lead to a dramatic reduction in the glucose concentration leading to coma and be potentially life threatening. Such consequences place great responsibility upon manufacturers to ensure that the data algorithms used are fully tested and robust enough to account for any possible influence from the test sample (e.g., blood types such as capillary, venous, arterial, and neonate, hematocrit, drugs, high concentrations of endogenous substances such as cholesterol, triglyceride, and oxygen level) and diverse external factors such as temperature, humidity, altitude, and strip and meter defects.

The phenolic profile and quantitative composition of methanol extracts of Crocus baytopiorum which was endemic species in Denizli, Turkey was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). The HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds in methanol extract of C. baytopiorum showed that p-Coumaric acid, apigenin-glucoside, rosmarinic acid, quercetin and kampferol were present. Also, the methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts fromCrocus biflorus, C. baytopiorum and Crocus flavus subp. dissectus were investigated for their in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities in the present study. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have demonstrated significant antimicrobial activities against tested micro organisms Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NRRL B-23, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27736, Yersinia enterecolitica RSKK 1501, Proteus vulgarisRSKK 96026, Bacillus cereus RSKK 863, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633,Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus NRRL B-4375 andCandida albicans (clinical isolate). The methanol extract of C. flavus subsp.dissectus had maximum activities on Yersinia enterocolitica RSKK 1501. Minimum inhibition concentrations of plant extracts have investigated onStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Bacillus cereus RSKK 863. The Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of samples ranged from 0.10 to 20.48 mg/ml. In terms of radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity, in the concentration of 2 mg/ml of methanol extract of C. flavus (92.67 and 89.32% respectively) displayed inhibition equal to in the concentration of 0.8 mg/ml butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA) used as standard antioxidant (91.45 and 89.78% respectively). Positive correlations were found between total phenolic content in the Crocus extracts and their antioxidant activities. Thus, it is envisaged that Crocus species may have potential for acting as natural antioxidants. Key Words: Crocus, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, HPLC, phenolic compounds.

Infectious diseases caused by microbial biofilms are a major clinical problem, and new antimicrobial agents that can inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate pre-formed biofilms are urgently needed. Pomegranate extracts are a well-established folkloric medicine and have been used in the treatment of infectious diseases since ancient times, whilst the addition of metal ions, including zinc (II), has enhanced the antimicrobial activity of pomegranate. Micrococcus luteus is generally a non-pathogenic skin commensal bacterium, although it can act as an opportunistic pathogen and cause serious infections, particularly involving catheterization and comorbidities. The aims of this study were to evaluate the holistic activity of pomegranate rind extract (PRE), Zn (II), and PRE/Zn (II) individually and in combination against M. luteus under both planktonic and biofilm conditions. Antimicrobial activity was detected in vitro using the broth dilution method, and synergistic activity was determined using checkerboard and time-kill assays. Effects on biofilm formation and eradication were determined by crystal violet and BacLightTM Live/Dead staining. PRE and Zn (II) exerted antimicrobial activity against M. luteus under both planktonic and biofilm conditions. After 4 h, potent synergistic bactericidal activity was also found when PRE and Zn (II) were co-administered under planktonic conditions (log reductions: PRE 1.83 ± 0.24, Zn (II) 3.4 ± 0.08, and PRE/Zn (II) 6.88 ± 1.02; p < 0.0001). In addition, greater heterogeneity was induced in the structure of M. luteus biofilm using the PRE/Zn (II) combination compared to when PRE and Zn (II) were applied individually. The activity of PRE and the PRE/Zn (II) combination could offer a novel antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of disease-associated infections caused by M. luteus and potentially other bacteria.

A number of commonly used toothpaste ingredients, such as detergents, possess not inconsiderable antimicrobial activity. Additionally, specific ingredients including triclosan are now added to toothpastes to enhance such activity and to improve plaque inhibition. To date, there have been few studies of the antimicrobial properties in vivo of individual toothpaste ingredients. Most investigations have evaluated the whole toothpaste product. Persistence of antimicrobial action in vivo has been shown to relate to potential plaque inhibitory action. The aim of this study was to compare the magnitude and duration of salivary bacterial count reductions produced by a single rinse of 0.2% triclosan, 1% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes. 16 volunteers took part in a single-blind latin-square randomised crossover designed study with balanced residual effects. Before and for time periods up to 420 min following rinsing with the allocated mouthwashes, saliva samples were obtained and processed for total anaerobic counts. With the exception of the saline control rinse, the 3 test solutions produced considerable reductions in bacterial counts which remained significant to 3 h for triclosan and 7 h for SLS and chlorhexidine. However, at most time periods after baseline, the effects of chlorhexidine were significantly greater than triclosan and SLS. Overall, SLS had significantly greater effects than triclosan. Incremental values from 30 min post rinsing were always positive for SLS and triclosan, indicating bacterial recovery, whereas these values were negative for chlorhexidine. The results indicate that triclosan and SLS provide some persistence of antimicrobial activity in the oral cavity when used at relatively high dose compared to a toothpaste vehicle.

An 88–year–old woman with a history of atrial fibrillation and amoxicillin allergy presented progressive dyspnea. She had been treated in the previous three months for pneumonia and bronchitis. Physical examination revealed basal crackles and a 4/6 systolic murmur. Echocardiography identified mobile vegetations in the mitral and aortic valves (Figure 1), severe mitral regurgitation and leaflet perforation of the mitral valve (Figure 2-3). Laboratory findings included elevated levels of NT–proBNP and fibrinogen. Blood cultures were negative, but valve tissue culture identified Micrococcus luteus, which plausible entered in the bloodstream through a skin or mucosal injury. Empiric antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and vancomycin was started. The patient underwent a successful mitral valve replacement with a bioprosthesis and aortic valve shave through endoscopic right minithoracotomy. The postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the patient completed a 6–week antibiotic course. Follow–up echocardiography showed stable prosthesis function and significant symptomatic improvement. This case highlights the evolving microbiology of infective endocarditis associated with gram–positive catalase–positive cocci, typically considered a skin contaminant. Clinicians should recognize Micrococcus luteus as a potential pathogen in susceptible patients and ensure a timely diagnosis and intervention to optimize results.Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Occupational exposure to inhalable pathogenic microorganisms in waste sorting

BackgroundBacterial infection plays an important role in persistent periapical lesions and inadequate disinfection of root canals is considered the biggest factor responsible for endodontic treatment failure. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) has become the latest choice to eradicate microorganisms in root canals.ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) in bacterial count reduction compared to Passive Ultrasonic Activation (PUI) and Ca(OH)2 dressings.Materials and methodsForty-five anterior single canal teeth with medium-sized periapical lesions (2–5 mm) were divided into three groups according to the disinfecting technique (each group consists of 15 canals with 1:1:1 allocation ratio): Group A: Ca(OH)2 dressing. Group B: Passive Ultrasonic Activation (PUI). Group C: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT). Direct bacterial viable count method was used to count the colonies forming units (CFU) before and after the disinfecting and the bacterial count reduction was estimated, the statistical analysis was performed at a 95% confidence level using the Chi-square and Mann–Whitney U test.ResultsaPDT showed no statistically significant difference when compared to passive ultrasonic irrigation (P > 0.05) but showed higher and more promising results when compared to Ca(OH)2 dressings (P < 0.05).ConclusionsaPDT has the ability and effectiveness as a disinfecting technique in necrotic and infected root canals.Clinical significance of the studyThe results of this clinical trial provide that aPDT can be considered an adjunct method for root canal disinfection with the same effectiveness as passive ultrasonic irrigation.

Development of antimicrobial resistance has been assigned to excess and misuse of antimicrobial agents. Staphylococci are part of the normal flora but are also potential pathogens that have become essentially resistant to many known antibiotics. Resistances in coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are suggested to evolve due to positive selective pressure following antibiotic treatment. This study investigated the presence of the nine most commonly used antimicrobial agents in human urine from outpatients in two hospitals in Ghana in relation to CoNS resistance. Urine and CoNS were sampled (n = 246 and n = 96 respectively) from patients in two hospitals in Ghana. CoNS were identified using Gram staining, coagulase test, and MALDI-TOF/MS, and the antimicrobial susceptibility to 12 commonly used antimicrobials was determined by disk diffusion. Moreover an analytical method was developed for the determination of the nine most commonly used antimicrobial agents in Ghana by using solid-phase extraction in combination with HPLC-MS/MS using electron spray ionization. The highest frequency of resistance to CoNS was observed for penicillin V (98%), trimethoprim (67%), and tetracycline (63%). S. haemolyticus was the most common isolate (75%), followed by S. epidermidis (13%) and S. hominis (6%). S. haemolyticus was also the species displaying the highest resistance prevalence (82%). 69% of the isolated CoNS were multiple drug resistant (≧4 antibiotics) and 45% of the CoNS were methicillin resistant. Antimicrobial agents were detected in 64% of the analysed urine samples (n = 121) where the most frequently detected antimicrobials were ciprofloxacin (30%), trimethoprim (27%), and metronidazole (17%). The major findings of this study was that the prevalence of detected antimicrobials in urine was more frequent than the use reported by the patients and the prevalence of resistant S. haemolyticus was more frequent than other resistant CoNS species when antimicrobial agents were detected in the urine.

Sulfur and nitrogen isotopic composition of Late Permian bark coals: Source identification and associated environmental assessment