Incorporating tool identification system in normal machining centre using radio frequency identification

Validation of a radio frequency identification system for monitoring the feeding patterns of feedlot cattle

Within an increasingly connected world, the exponential growth in the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) applications presents a significant challenge in power and data transfer optimisation. Currently, the maximization of Radio Frequency (RF) system power gain depends on the design of efficient, commercial chips, and on the integration of these chips by using complex RF simulations to verify bespoke configurations. However, even if a standard 50Ω transmitter’s chip has an efficiency of 90%, the overall power efficiency of the RF system can be reduced by 10% if coupled with a standard antenna of 72Ω. Hence, it is necessary for scalable IoT networks to have optimal RF system design for every transceiver: for example, impedance mismatching between a transmitter’s antenna and chip leads to a significant reduction of the corresponding RF system’s overall power efficiency. This work presents a versatile design framework, based on well-known theoretical methods (i.e., transducer gain, power wave approach, transmission line theory), for the optimal design in terms of power delivered to a load of a typical RF system, which consists of an antenna, a matching network, a load (e.g., integrated circuit) and transmission lines which connect all these parts. The aim of this design framework is not only to reduce the computational effort needed for the design and prototyping of power efficient RF systems, but also to increase the accuracy of the analysis, based on the explanatory analysis within our design framework. Simulated and measured results verify the accuracy of this proposed design framework over a 0–4 GHz spectrum. Finally, a case study based on the design of an RF system for Bluetooth applications demonstrates the benefits of this RF design framework.

In recent years there has been a growing interest in electronic design automation methodologies for the optimizationbased design of radiofrequency circuits and systems. While for simple circuits several successful methodologies have been proposed, these very same methodologies exhibit significant deficiencies when the complexity of the circuit is increased. The majority of the published methodologies that can tackle radiofrequency systems are either based on high-level system specification tools or use models to estimate the system performances. Hence, such approaches do not usually provide the desired accuracy for RF systems. In this work, a methodology based on hierarchical multilevel bottom-up design approaches is presented, where multi-objective optimization algorithms are used to design an entire radiofrequency system from the passive component level up to the system level. Furthermore, each level of the hierarchy is simulated with the highest accuracy possible: electromagnetic simulation accuracy at device-level and electrical simulations at circuit/system-level.

Bar codes and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) both belong to a group of technologies called Automatic Identification and Data Capture. People have all become very aware of bar codes as they have permeated our existence in the last 25 years. In fact, it is tough to buy something in a store that does not use bar codes these days. But bar codes have four disadvantages: you have to be able to see them, the bar code cannot be written on or defaced, you cannot change the data once they are printed, and they take up space on the object they are printed on. To eliminate those disadvantages, RFID is the solution. RFID is a means of capturing data about an object without using a human to read the data. Along with Smart cards, and Magnetic Stripe technology and a host of others, this is a method of automating our need for data. Recently, the technique of RFID grabs people’s attention because it captures data about an object without using a human to read the data. Individual RFID tags must be cost-efficiency for these applications (usually less than one to two cents). The cost of antennas is a crucial factor in the mass production of antennas. To reach this goal, emphasis has been placed on the development of printed electronics technologies to enable the manufacturing of RFID tags in an economically competitive way (Hodgson, n.d.; Bjorninen, et al., 2009). Various printing processes has been or is currently being used for producing a number of electronic components such as printed circuits, displays, RFID antennas, batteries, etc. Printing techniques such as flexographic, offset and gravure are suited for mass production, while screen printing and ink-jet printing have been identified as processes that could be employed for printing the antennas in order to bring down the cost of RFID tags (Sangoi, 2004; Subramanian, 2005). Screen printing enables very thin printing and also very thick films. It has been used for a long time to print circuits and remains interesting for electronic printing. In the future, different printing methods are

Recent advancements in wireless technology have resulted in an unprecedented demand for Radio Frequency (RF) spectral resources. Increasing frequency reuse also increases RF interference, which decreases a system's capacity and/or service quality. The primary focus of this research was the development of a test protocol for the characterisation of the performance of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems when active interference was present. The test protocol was comprised of four different experiments: Jamming on Central Frequency of Operation, Apply Full Range of Frequencies in Sweeps, Modulating the Jamming Signal and Tag Pollution. The effectiveness of the test protocol was verified by fully characterising eight RFID systems operating at frequencies that ranged from 120 kHz to 2.45 GHz. The performance measure of read rate was utilised to assess whether or not the jamming signal had an effect on the performance of the RFID systems. The results obtained through actual experimentation, as well as the validation by experts in the RFID field, indicate that the approach described in this research is viable and useful for both manufacturers and users of RFID technology.

Active harmonic EU cavity: Commissioning and operation with beam

Reconfigurable and tunable radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) components have become exciting topics for many researchers and design engineers in recent years. Reconfigurable microstrip filter–antenna combinations have been studied in the literature to handle multifunctional tasks for wireless communication systems. Using such devices can reduce the need for many RF components and minimize the cost of the whole wireless system, since the changes in the performance of these applications are achieved using electronic tuning techniques. However, with the rapid development of current fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) applications, compact and reconfigurable structures with a wide tuning range are in high demand. However, meeting these requirements comes with some challenges, namely the increased design complexity and system size. Accordingly, this paper aims to discuss these challenges and review the recent developments in the design techniques used for reconfigurable filters and antennas, as well as their integration. Various designs for different applications are studied and investigated in terms of their geometrical structures and operational performance. This paper begins with an introduction to microstrip filters, antennas, and filtering antennas (filtennas). Then, performance comparisons between the key and essential structures for these aspects are presented and discussed. Furthermore, a comparison between several RF reconfiguration techniques, current challenges, and future developments is presented and discussed in this review. Among several reconfigurable structures, the most efficient designs with the best attractive features are addressed and highlighted in this paper to improve the performance of RF and MW front end systems.

Indoor positioning is usually based on individual technologies that provide estimates of the trajectory of the person, or measures the ranges or angles between the user and known positions. Each technique has its advantages and problems, and a common way to overcome the drawbacks of single-technology solutions is to fuse the information from several system, but due to their non linear measurements, there is no optimal linear solution. We propose the use of a particle filter to fuse foot mounted inertial measurements with any additional Radio Frequency (RF) measurement. The information fusion is achieved propagating the position of the particles using the relative step displacements obtained from foot mounted Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR), and updating the weights of the particles according to the RF measurements. In our experiments the inertial unit was located in the foot of the user, and the RF system consisted in a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) receiver in the waist, and an Ultra Wide band (UWB) tag in the chest, but the scheme can be used in any sensor configuration. As the UWB measurements have a significant amount of outliers due to non line of sight conditions generated by the position of the tag in the body, received reflections, etc., we propose a new outlier rejection algorithm based on the compatibility of groups of measurements. The fusion was tested evaluating the inclusion of each of the RF systems and varying the number RFID tags used. The proposed method is able to locate a person with less than 2 m of error (for 90 % of the obtained estimations) in the studied trajectory. This particle filter scheme offers robust indoor positioning with 100 % availability and smooth trajectory estimation thanks to the PDR and limited error due to the RF measurements.

Automatic identification systems (AIS) play an increasing role in toda's industrial processes. Although there are numerous articles regarding the selection of single technologies, there is no concentration on automatic identification selection which covers single or multiple technologies. The purpose of this project was to develop an expert system to help in the selection of automatic identification systems. Presently, the expert system CASAIS (computer-aided selection of automatic identification systems) covers four of the most widely used technologies; bar coding, radio frequency, optical character recognition, and magnetic stripe. The expert system prompts users to provide important operation parameters for the intended automatic identification application. From these parameters, the rule base (using the Personal Consultant Plus environment) develops intermediate and final solutions. The intermediate result is a database of different vendors and their product's information. The final results show different potential solutions given the user's input.

Following technical strides in radio and radar in the 1930s and 1940s, the 1950s were a period of exploration for radio frequency identity (RFID) technology as shown by the landmark development of the long-range transponder systems for the “identification, friend or foe” for aircraft. Commercial use of RFID appeared in the 1960s, such as electronic article surveillance systems in retail stores to prevent theft. The 1970s were characterized by developmental work resulting in applications for animal tracking, vehicle tracking, and factory automation. RFID technology exploded during the 1980s in the areas of transportation and, to a lesser extent, personnel access and animals. Wider deployment of RFID tags for automated toll collection happened in the 1990s. Also, there was growing interest of RFID for logistics and having it work along side with bar codes. In the beginning of the 21st century, the application of RFID technology has been ubiquitous and now it is practically part of everyday life (Landt, 2001).

The use of RFID (radio-frequency identification) in the retail supply chain and at the point of sale (POS) holds much promise to revolutionize the process by which products pass from manufacturer to retailer to consumer. The basic idea of RFID is a tiny computer chip placed on pallets, cases, or items. The data on the chip can be read using a radio beam. RFID is a newer technology than bar codes, which are read using a laser beam. RFID is also more effective than bar codes at tracking moving objects in environments where bar code labels would be suboptimal or could not be used as no direct line of sight is available, or where information needs to be automatically updated. RFID is based on wireless (radio) systems, which allows for noncontact reading of data about products, places, times, or transactions, thereby giving retailers and manufacturers alike timely and accurate data about the flow of products through their factories, warehouses, and stores.

The use of RFID (radio-frequency identification) in the retail supply chain and at the point of sale (POS) holds much promise to revolutionize the process by which products pass from manufacturer to retailer to consumer. The basic idea of RFID is a tiny computer chip placed on pallets, cases, or items. The data on the chip can be read using a radio beam. RFID is a newer technology than bar codes, which are read using a laser beam. RFID is also more effective than bar codes at tracking moving objects in environments where bar code labels would be suboptimal or could not be used as no direct line of sight is available, or where information needs to be automatically updated. RFID is based on wireless (radio) systems, which allows for noncontact reading of data about products, places, times, or transactions, thereby giving retailers and manufacturers alike timely and accurate data about the flow of products through their factories, warehouses, and stores.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a modern wireless data transmission and reception technique for applications including automatic identification, asset tracking and security surveillance. As barcodes and other means of identification and asset tracking are inadequate for recent demands, RFID technology has attracted interest for applications such as logistics, supply chain management, asset tracking, and security access control. However, the cost of RFID limits their potential for the replacement of trillions of barcodes each year. The only possible solution is a fully printable chipless RFID tag. A novel RFID system comprised of a chipless RFID tag and an associated reader is reported in the thesis. The chipless tag is a fully-passive microwave circuit and uses spectral signatures for data encoding. The tag consists of a multi-resonator coupled to transmitting and receiving antennas. To accommodate multiple bits, the tag operates over the ultra wideband (UWB) frequency spectrum. UWB antennas are used to receive the interrogation signal sent from the reader and transmit the signal back to the reader after performing modulation of the frequency spectra with the multi-resonator. Modulation is performed in both amplitude and phase of the spectrum. A chipless tag up to 35 bits which operate over 3-7 GHz band has been designed. After the successful design of the chipless tag, three prototype readers have been developed. The Gen1 reader was designed to validate the chipless RFID concept using 6-bit chipless tag reading based on amplitude-only detection in S-band; the Gen2 reader is an upgraded version of Gen1 with both amplitude and phase detection capability; and the third generation reader is a UWB reader capable of reading up to 35-bits in the UWB band. The integrated reader is a complete system with analog RF and digital control sections loaded with graphical user interface (GUI) and software protocol. Both the hardware and software design of the RFID reader and field trials of the designed chipless RFID system have been validated in the real world environment. An investigation into antenna systems in order to enhance reading range up to 70 cm has also been performed. The unique features of the developed chipless RFID system are: (i) a low cost, fully printable tag and (ii) secure, remote and non-line-of-sight operability. The importance of this concept lies in the fact that chipless RFID tags become comparable to barcodes in terms of the substrate material used and the cost of fabrication. The main application of this chipless RFID system is in short-range tagging of extremely low cost items such as the Australian polymer banknote.

Antenna is a significant component of wireless communication system. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the activities of Automatic Identification (AUID) system which comes under wireless system. To track any object wirelessly in RFID system, antenna acts as the primary and critical component. Radio Frequency (RF) micromachining technology provides an innovative approach in the development of effective antenna. In this paper, initially we present rectangular patch antenna resonant at 40GHz on silicon substrate. In the consecutive step, in order to improve performance of the antenna silicon micromachining has done by etching the substrate between the ground and the patch. Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) provides the simulation result and the different performance parameters like gain, return loss, bandwidths etc. are analyzed.

During the remainder of the 1980's and early 1990's, many technology improvements will be made to achieve high data rate satellite-to-satellite communications. Programs such as the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization's SDS (Strategic Defense System) have projected architecture requirements for data transfer rates ranging from hundreds of kilobits per second to hundreds of megabits per second on satellite crosslinks. The advanced technology required to realize these rates is being investigated even now, but a general solution for the communications problem, defined in part by unique operating environ-ments ranging from benign to highly perturbed, is not possible. This paper focuses on one aspect of the overall satellite communications problem. It begins by briefly comparing radio frequency (RF) with direct detection laser communications (lasercom) for application to high data rate SDS low and medium earth orbit crosslinks. This comparison is based on near term technology suitable for early deployment in the SDS. The RF system is a millimeter-wave system operating in the 60 GHz region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Lasercom system is considered to operate in the near infrared, from 0.8 to 1.1 micrometers. The trades consider operation in benign as well as the very stressing environments postulated for the Strategic Defense System which includes low and high altitude nuclear bursts as well as the threat of spaced based jamming sources and directed energy weapons. Results of the trades are presented to show the advantages and disadvantages of each type of system. The advantages and disadvantages of the RF and Lasercom systems are of sufficient magnitude to consider combining the best features of each to create a truly new communication system with capabilities far exceeding those of either system. For example, maximum survivabilty results from carrying both systems (RF & Lasercom) on the satellite. However, this approach is costly in terms of weight, power, and real estate. A better approach would be to carry the capabilities of both sys-tems. Such an approach is proposed in this paper. The combination of systems, termed the Dual Mode Communications System (DMCS), is the principal thrust of the remainder of the paper.