Indoor Millimeter-Wave Systems: Design and Performance Evaluation

As we progress towards the fifth generation (5G) wireless systems to meet the data rate requirements, it becomes difficult for the conventional cellular networks to provide connectivity in the uplink to a huge number of connected devices. Hence, the adoption of the millimeter wave (mmWave) technology will ease the integration of IoT devices into the 5G cellular network. In this paper, we consider a stochastic geometry model to investigate baseline Random Access scheme’s success probability in the Internet of things (IoT) that uses millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular communication technology. Specifically, to obtain novel insights, we analyze probability of success of the random access scheme in the following three scenarios: i) Success probability as a function of the signal power-to-noise ratio (SNR), ii) Success probability as a function of the signal power-to-interference ratio (SIR), and iii) Success probability in terms of signal power-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Furthermore, we approximate the probability of success in LOS region using a simplified ball model for a large number of IoT devices. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the approximation of LOS-ball comes out to be sufficiently accurate with the analytical results for typical IoT intensity.

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology has been observed as an active part in 5th generation (5G) systems because of its potential for low-latency, multi-gigabit wireless links. The challenging fact in mm-wave technology is higher propagation losses at advanced carrier frequencies and also the increased complexity of hardware required. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a key technology for increasing the capacity of 5G networks and the capability of supporting a large number of users. mm-Wave MIMO is considered to be the significant enabler for 5G wireless networks, which causes the maximum growth in the network capacity. The massive antennas connection and multiple radio frequency (RF) chains in wireless communication system cause excessive power consumption. In MIMO system, spatial modulation (SM) technique enables less complexity and low power consumption by reducing RF chain counts. This chapter elaborates simulation and analyses the result of SM technique that can be effectively implemented in mm-wave MIMO system to reduce power consumption.

This study addresses the development of lecturers’ performance evaluation system specifically designed for applied universities. It analyzes the existing lecturer’s performance evaluation system in applied universities in Shaanxi Province and highlights several problems based on facts. The current lecturer performance evaluation system in applied universities is very similar to the system used in research universities, and it is found not suitable for the special requirements of applied universities. The indicators used in the performance evaluation system suffer from problems such as excessive quantification, imperfection, rigidity, and dogmas that lack scientific rigor in practical application. Through the literature, the study found that there are not many researches on applied universities. However, the existing research lacks the following three parts. First, there is a lack of performance evaluation policies for applied university lecturers. Second, the performance evaluation indicators are not in line with the talent training goal of applied university. Third, as a feature of application-oriented undergraduate social service research is also very few. Based on this, the main objective of this study is to develop a performance evaluation system for applied university lecturers, taking into account the educational objectives and characteristics of applied university. In this study, semi-structured interviews are used to collect data from research participants to understand the existing performance evaluation system of applied university lecturers from different perspectives and how they think it can be improved. Then form an applied university lecturer performance evaluation system.

In the first part of this review [62] we described the characteristics of semiconductor manufacturing environments and reviewed research on system performance evaluation and production planning. In this paper we focus on shop-floor control problems. We classify research to date by the solution techniques used, and discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches. We discuss the relationship between shop-floor control and production planning and suggest future research directions.

The study investigated the moderating effect of business environmental uncertainty and relationship between management accounting practices and financial performance of commercial banks-Kenya. It assessed direct relationship between costing, budgeting and performance evaluation system and financial performance. Secondly, study examined moderating effect of business environmental uncertainty on relationship between management accounting practices and financial performance of commercial in Kenya. Population comprised of 1290 employees in finance and accounting departments in 42 commercial banks. Questionnaire was utilized on 305 respondents. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses were preferred. The study found a positive and significant relationship between costing systems (β=3.012, p=.003), performance evaluation systems (β=4.089, p=.000) and financial performance. On the contrary, there was a positive (β = .480) but insignificant (p=.632) relationship between budgeting system and performance. Furthermore, business environmental uncertainty had a positive significant moderating effect on the nexus between costing system (β=4.000, p=.000), budgeting system (β=2.667, p=.019) and performance evaluation system (β=6.250, p=.000) and financial performance. On costing system, the study concluded that banks had measures for efficient cost control, maintained standard costing, and adhered to activities focused costings. Concerning budgeting systems, it concluded that banks insisted on final budget authorization, adherence to budget procedures and regular budget evaluation and monitoring. Regarding performance evaluation system, the research concluded that banks had benchmarks for financial performance evaluation and insisted on provision of quality work. The study recommends that banks should ensure that costing systems are regularly reviewed and updated to reflect evolving market conditions. The study recommended that banks should implement performance-based budgeting to promote fund distributions according to products’ performance. The study recommended that banks ought to connect training and skill-building initiatives to performance evaluation indicators to improve bank's performance. Key words: Costing systems, Performance Evaluation Systems, Financial Performance, Budgeting System and Management Accounting Practices

The contention-based bandwidth request and power management mechanisms aim to improve the spectral efficiency and power consumption in Fifth Generation (5G) wireless networks to support massive Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, when these mechanisms as combined together, they exhibit increased access delay with contention bandwidth request and response delay during power management. This tradeoff is due to the improper selection of contention window during backoff mechanism, and the duration and position of listen interval during power management. Here, the suitability of message and code-based mechanism for single hop and two-hop 5G wireless relay networks has been investigated. In single hop network, the devices set their contention window either by message or code based base station assisted backoff along with combined cyclic binary exponent power saving mechanism. In two-hop wireless network, devices set their contention window by multi-layered bandwidth request with combined power saving class mechanism. Simulations are carried out under high mobility conditions to validate the proposed mechanisms.

This paper adopts the analysis method of big data to conduct an in-depth analysis and research on the sustainable development mechanism of enterprises, firstly, combing the content and methods of enterprise business performance evaluation, defining enterprise sustainable development, and exploring the integration of enterprise sustainable development and enterprise business performance evaluation by specifically analyzing from different perspectives. Then, we analyze the industry in which the enterprise is located, its business situation, and strategy, and after analyzing the current business performance evaluation system of the enterprise, we point out its problems. The current performance evaluation system is incomplete, focuses only on economic benefits, is not long term, and does not consider the company’s strategy and stakeholders’ needs, which affects its importance and feasibility. Then, the above analysis is integrated to build a performance evaluation system consisting of four dimensions, namely, economic dimension, scientific research and innovation dimension, social dimension, and ecological dimension, from the perspective of sustainable development, and a total of 29 indicators are selected. Then, the two research tools of first value method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were combined, based on the panel data of enterprises from 2016 to 2020; the first value method was used to get the weights of each indicator in the business performance evaluation system. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to get a comprehensive evaluation score of enterprise’s business performance in 2019, and then the evaluation results were analyzed in detail and suggestions were made, which confirms that enterprises are based on the sustainable development perspective. The evaluation of business performance is necessary and important. Finally, we propose supporting safeguards, such as establishing a performance evaluation team and a monitoring mechanism, dynamically improving the enterprise performance evaluation system, establishing a sustainable corporate culture, preparing and publishing a sustainable development report, and accelerating the information construction of performance evaluation.

In the current era of new economy, the competition between enterprises is becoming increasingly fierce. In many performance evaluation tools, EVA’s balance sheet scorecard has gradually become a more convenient management tool for organizations to implement strategies. The introduction of a balanced scorecard (if used properly) in the company’s performance evaluation will greatly improve the management efficiency of the organization and play a better role in promoting the enterprise to achieve the best resource allocation. This article aims to analyze the status quo of the EVA balanced scorecard in the performance appraisal system and its implementation in the enterprise through an overview of the relevant concepts and basic theories such as the balanced scorecard, combined with the theory of enterprise performance evaluation, such as the balanced scorecard. And strategic performance evaluation theory and other related theories established a series of effective management methods that match the EVA balanced scorecard. Use performance management system model calculation and performance evaluation system design to study the role of EVA-based balanced scorecard in building the performance evaluation system. Exploring the EVA balanced scorecard through experimental research can not only really improve the shortcomings and problems of the single performance appraisal system used by enterprises but also make it more in line with the company’s strategic development requirements and promote the realization of the strategy. The goal of the company: the experimental results of this paper show that 80% of the company’s operating conditions in the EVA-based balanced points performance evaluation have increased year by year and also confirmed that the EVA performance management system is a future-oriented performance management system.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) working group has been instrumental in developing a successful wireless broadband technology in the form of the fourth generation long term evolution (4G LTE). The technology has been a major success with its penetration rate reaching over 75% in all developed countries. The working group is determined to release their fifth generation (5G) wireless standard by 2018, and with this target in mind, researchers have been working towards developing new ideas for the next standard. For improving the success and penetration rate of 5G, it is important to identify the shortcomings of the fourth generation (4G) technologies, particularly from industry perspectives. In this paper, we present some practical results derived from a B3 4G LTE-A system for wireless communications at vehicular speeds. These results were collected from an experiment conducted in collaboration with a telecommunication industry partner. The results are both interesting and significant in the sense that while signal fading, doppler shift, and multipath have attracted significant attention from researchers for their contributions to the low data rate problems at high vehicular speeds in 4G; practical tests suggest that pilot pollution causes frequent service disruption in 4G LTE-A systems at high vehicular speeds, and hence, deserves more attention.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing Human Resource (HR) management by enhancing talent acquisition, employee engagement, performance evaluation, and workforce planning. This study explores AI-powered talent management strategies, analysing their effectiveness, advantages, and challenges. By examining AI applications in HR, this paper highlights how organizations leverage AI-driven insights to improve efficiency, reduce biases, and enhance decision-making processes. Furthermore, the study delves into ethical concerns and the future of AI in talent management. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Talent Management, Human Resource Management, AI-Driven Recruitment, Employee Engagement, Performance Evaluation, Workforce Planning, Ethical AI

In this paper, a novel unified performance analysis of wireless communications over generalized fading channels in terms of the Average Bit Error Rate (ABER) is presented. We derive simple and accurate, exact and approximate, closed-form expressions for ABER, encapsulating all coherent modulations, for the α-η-μ, the α-λ-μ and the α-λ-μ-η, generalized fading distribution, which accurately characterize the nonlinear and at the same time the non-homogeneous nature of the propagation medium, and include the α-μ, the λ-μ, the η-μ, the Weibull, the Hoyt, the Rice, the Nakagami-m, the Rayleigh, the Exponential, the Lognormal, the Gamma and the One-sided Gaussian models as special cases. We extend the generality of the derived ABER expressions by assuming Additive White Generalized Gaussian Noise (AWGGN) environment which includes the Gaussian, the Laplacian, the Gamma and the impulsive noise as special cases. The derived expressions are very generic and convenient to handle both numerically and analytically, allowing simple unconstrained performance evaluation and accurate system planning. Numerical testing and existing results for the special cases of these generalized distributions have been used to validate the derived expressions showing an excellent match.

With the development of the third party logistics in China, a kind of effective and practical performance evaluation method is in a great need, which can show the operational situation of the third party logistics service providers scientifically and objectively. This paper analyzes the necessity and principles of establishing the third party logistics service providers' performance evaluation system, constructs a performance evaluation system and puts forward the comprehensive evaluation model of weighted entropy and method of analysis process of grey relation, GRAP to solve this problem. Weights of all the quotas evaluated are derived from the information entropy and the system information is settled and compared quantitatively by analysis process of grey relation in this model to reduce the subjective influence and improve the evaluation precision, which offers a new method for performance evaluation.

In this article we propose methods to estimate the parameters of arrival processes to G/ D/1 queueing systems only based on observed departures from the system. The derived estimates can be used for performance evaluation and capacity planning in cases where the arrival process is not observable directly. Instead, only the departure process modified at the (last) server needs to be observed. Concerning the arrival process we begin by focusing on the normally distributed number of arrivals per interval and on autoregressive processes. Both classes can be used to model traffic in communication networks on links with a high degree of aggregation. In the case of autoregressive processes we apply the Tobit regression model in order to derive accurate estimates of all parameters of the arrival process. We then continue by generalizing the estimation procedures to correlated arrival processes by using the Buckley–James Estimator. The results are presented for the single G/ D/1 queue but are then generalized to the more realistic scenario of sequences of queues with possibly varying bottleneck capacity. The latter especially permits the modeling of effects due to interfering cross traffic. We show how the derived estimates can be used for performance evaluation or capacity planning based on effective bandwidth theory. Finally, we demonstrate that the estimation procedures can be utilized within wireless networks by means of a detailed simulation model.

Vehicle-roadside communication (VRC) systems are expected to be an important element of a future integrated road transport environment (IRTE), which aims to enhance the safety and efficiency of road traffic. For the standardization of suitable communication protocols, choices between several options are made on the basis of performance evaluations. The results of a performance evaluation of VRC systems using different medium access control (MAC) schemes proposed for standardization are presented. The asynchronous protocol proposed within the European standardization group CEN TC 278 WG 9 is compared with a synchronous protocol being proposed for the IVHS communication architecture. After introducing the basic requirements for vehicle-roadside communications, the characteristics of both protocol options are presented. Next, reference scenarios are introduced, which take into account different system configurations (SDMA/TDMA vs. a pure TDMA solution), application profiles (AFC-like interactive dialogue combined with broadcast-oriented route guidance), traffic and channel characteristics. The results of simulations, which have been carried out based on these reference scenarios, are discussed in detail. It is shown, that, in the analysed scenarios, the asynchronous protocol achieves better results than the synchronous option, because it produces less overhead and is able to cope better with transmission errors.

This paper presents the results of a field study concerning indoor conditions in an office space in Grieskirchen, Upper Austria. The office is equipped with a displacement ventilation (DV) as well as personal ventilation (PV) systems. The space can also be naturally ventilated through the manual operation of windows (NV). The main objective of the study was to assess the functionality of the mentioned ventilation systems with regard to indoor air quality and thermal comfort. The configuration of the indoor climate control system in this office allows for the performance evaluation of the ventilation systems through different methods. In fact, the monitored data and short-term user surveys provide a basis to document the indoor conditions and their implications for the occupants. Our study also illustrated the utility of calibrated CFD models toward a better understanding of the airflow phenomena and estimation of the airflow velocity as an input data for calculation of predicted mean vote (PMV) values. The results suggest that the combined operation of the above mentioned systems provides in general acceptable indoor environmental conditions. However, optimal operation of the systems installed requires the continuous and comprehensive monitoring of indoor conditions, systems states, and occupants’ feed-back.