Indoor position estimation using image sensor based on VLC

Visible light communications (VLC) use modern solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to broadcast information. Emerging white-light LEDs allow the combination of lighting and optical wireless communication in one optical source. In this paper, a new LED lighting design using one-chip-type white LEDs is proposed for efficient illumination and optical wireless communications under the existence of several obstacles. Lighting and communication performance are analyzed to show the effectiveness of the proposed LED lighting. Specifically, the signal-to-noise ratio considering intersymbol interference and the bit-error rate of variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) with dimming control are considered.

Nowadays, with the incursion of solid state lighting technology in our daily life, visible light communication (VLC) systems are becoming more important. This fact has generated a lot of attention on VLC to provide solutions on multiple applications where this technology can be exploited. At the same time, the growing of automation processes has created the necessity of knowing the localization of different objects and devices. Indoor localization based on radio frequency signals is one of the most used techniques (Wi‐Fi, Bluetooth, UWB, RFID, etc); however, VLC is a new and interesting method, which is gaining enormous research attention. Moreover, there are environments where the use of RF technologies is restricted or even prohibited. In such cases, VLC technology becomes an interesting alternative to solve this problem. In this paper, we design and implement a novel VLC‐based indoor localization system that combines the application of a VLC scheme for downlink and an ultrasonic communication for the uplink. Practical localization experiments are carried out in an actual office room environment, and results show a localization accuracy of 4 cm on average for direct links and 10 cm for indirect links.

Visible light communication technology is a wireless optical communication technology based on LED lighting. [1] Making use of the high speed response characteristic of LED, visible light communication technology can realize the dual functions of lighting and communication. As a new way of data access and a supplement to radio frequency communication, visible light communication has been widely concerned. This paper is based on the development of application-oriented visible light communication system based on intelligent terminal, in order to accelerate the practical process of visible light communication. By changing the traditional visible light receiving scheme and using smart phone as the receiving device of the visible light system, a visible light communication system based on intelligent terminal is built [2]. Through the research on the existing receiving algorithm, a new receiving algorithm is proposed to improve the adaptability and BER performance of the system.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) are being proposed, examined, and applied to enhance road safety and traffic efficiency. However, the automotive industry has stringent criteria for safety applications that demand connections that are dependable and have low latency, and high data rates. In this paper, it is widely agreed that both Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Free Space Optics (FSO) represent promising solutions, because of their complementary advantages compared to Radio Frequency (RF). VLC technology is chosen in ITS overall other optical wireless systems primarily due to its low cost and lack of licensing or new infrastructure requirements. Hence, a comparative study is applied between standalone VLC system, and a hybrid FSO/VLC system in term of Bit Error Rate (BER), coverage distance, and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The VLC/FSO system provides a reliable communication link over a long distance (900 m) compared to VLC standalone system with 10−6 BER and acceptable SNR of ∼\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim$$\\end{document} 25 dB.

Indoor visible light positioning becomes attractive due to the increasing demands of location-based services. In this paper, we presented a model of an indoor positioning system based on visible light communication technology firstly. The system uses white light emitting diodes (LED) as light sources, so it has the dual role of communication and lighting. Then, the transmitter and receiver of visible light communication in the system have been designed and realized. Next, a coding protocol was designed and implemented, which can be used to transmit ID of each light source. Finally, the error performance in experiments of the proposed system is analyzed and several suggestions on future research of indoor positioning based on visible light communication were given.

White-light phosphor-based light-emitting diode (LED) can be used to provide lighting and visible light communication (VLC) simultaneously. However, the long relaxation time of phosphor can reduce the modulation bandwidth and limit the VLC data rate. Recent VLC works focus on improving the LED modulation bandwidths. Here, we propose and demonstrate the use of adaptive Volterra filtering (AVF) to increase the data rate of a white-light LED VLC system. The detailed algorithm and implementation of the AVF for the VLC system have been discussed. Using our proposed electrical frontend circuit and the proposed AVF, a significant data rate enhancement to 700.68 Mbit/s is achieved after 1-m free-space transmission using a single white-light phosphor-based LED.

가시광 통신은 반도체 LED를 이용하여 정보를 브로드캐스트 하며, 백색광 LED는 조명과 광무선 통신을 하나의 광원을 사용하여 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 단일칩 백색광 LED를 활용하여 조명과 통신에 적합한 조명기구를 제안한다. 백생광 LED 조명기구의 구조에 따른 수평 조도특성, 무선채널 대역특성, 심볼간 간섭현상, 신호대 잡음비 및 비트 에러율을 분석함으로써 장애물이 있는 경우 제안한 LED 조명이 기존의 조명보다 우수한 조명 및 통신 채널을 제공함을 보이고자 한다. Visible light communications (VLC) uses modern solid-state LEDs to broadcast information. Emerging white-light LEDs allows the combination of lighting and optical wireless communication in one optical source. In this paper, a new LED lighting using one-chip-type white LED is proposed for efficient illumination and optical wireless communications. Performance analysis such as horizontal illuminance, 3-dB cut-off frequency, inter-symbol interference, signal-to-noise ratio and bit-error rate shows the effects of the shapes of LED lighting. Performance of the proposed LED lighting under the existence of obstacles is superior to that of the existing LED lighting in illumination and optical wireless communication.

Visible Light Communications (VLC) technology is restricted by the transmission coverage, which is short by nature. This is imposed by the lighting range which barely reaches a couple of hundred meters. The number of applications of VLC technology is therefore limited by this specific characteristic of the light propagation. As a result, VLC cannot be used in long and medium distance communication systems. The technology is suitable for exploitation in optical wireless personal area networks (OWPAN) in which the mobile terminal (MT) and the VLC access point (VLC AP) are placed in the same room. It is then essential that the access point is fed by a backhaul network. In this paper, we propose an access network in which the backhaul or backbone network exploits fibre optic (FO) technology to feed the VLC access point with data to be retransmitted. The channel is analyzed for a few parameters of the entire system including the FO attenuation factor, α, the transmission range, L, and the indoor VLC wall, ceiling and floor reflection coefficient, ρ.

Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. This technology is very new and was proposed by the German physicist Harald Haas in 2011. Light based communication system is the backbone of the future of the communication system. Li-Fi is a wireless technology that uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) for transmission of data. The development of the wireless communication leads to advance research in LiFi technology. The term Li-Fi states to visible light communication (VLC) technology that uses as medium to deliver high-speed communication in a fashion similar to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi comprises a wide range of frequencies and wavelengths, from the Infrared through visible and down to the Ultraviolet spectrum. The immense use of Li-Fi may solve some bottleneck of data transmission in Wi-Fi technology. With the innovation in technology and the number of users, the existing radio-wave spectrum fails to accommodate this need. To resolve the issues of scalability, availability and security, we have come up with the concept of transmitting data wirelessly through light using visible light communication (VLC) technology. This paper objective is to study and describe the LiFi technology. The improvement of the wireless communication leads to advance research in LiFi technology through Visible Light Communications (VLC) Technology.

Visible-light wireless communication is an optical communication technology rising with the development of white LED lighting technology. Based on the analysis of current visible light communication technology, the paper aims at the application requirement of m-ary modulation communication system, and designs the component of APD receiving circuit. Firstly, this article specifies the operating principle of APD detection circuit, secondly, the paper designs and analyzes circuit structure and function of each part of the system of high voltage circuit, lastly, the detection module of m-ary visible light communication (VLC) receiving circuit's relevant test is carried out. The results show that the design is valid and feasible and the APD receiving circuit has the advantages of high gain, wide bandwidth, good stability, which has good application value on m-ary visible light communication and provide the basis for the further studies of m-ary VLC.

Visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a viable complement to traditional radio frequency (RF) based systems and as an enabler for high data rate communications for beyond-5G (B5G) indoor communication systems. In particular, the emergence of new B5G-based applications with quality of service (QoS) requirements and massive connectivity has recently led to research on the required service-levels and the development of improved physical (PHY) layer methods. As part of recent VLC standards development activities, the IEEE has formed the 802.11bb “Light Communications (LC) for Wireless Local Area Networking” standardization group. This paper investigates the network requirements of 5G indoor services such as virtual reality (VR) and high-definition (HD) video for residential environments using VLC. In this paper, we consider such typical VLC scenarios with additional impairments such as light-emitting diode (LED) nonlinearity and imperfect channel feedback, and propose hyperparameter-free mitigation techniques using Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) methods. In this context, we also propose using a direct current biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM)-based adaptive VLC transmission method that uses precomputed bit error rate (BER) expressions for these RKHS-based detection methods and performs adaptive BER-based modulation-order switching. Simulations of channel impulse responses (CIRs) show that the adaptive transmission method provides significantly improved error rate performance, which makes it promising for high data rate VLC-based 5G indoor services.

This article reviews the visible light communications (VLC), a technology in which the visible spectrum is modulated to transmit data. It presents the VLC communication system: the transmitter, the channel, and the receiver. The single and multichannel transceivers are presented. The channel for a system that uses a single light‐emitting diodes (LED) and the matrix representing the multicolor channel are discussed. Various modulation schemes, basic techniques used to implement a VLC system, and different causes of dimming are discussed. In addition, standardization of the VLC technology, applications, as well as challenges for VLC practical implementation and commercialization are reviewed.

We demonstrate the possibility of using 3D‐printed, see‐through planar elements built with commercially available materials as fluorescent Optical Antennas (OAs) for fast Optical Wireless Communication (OWC). OWC represents a key technology in the forthcoming next‐generation communication services (6G), given its intrinsic combination of bandwidth (BW), security, and pervasiveness. In the Visible Light Communication (VLC) approach, ubiquitous white or colored LED sources can also be used as optical transmitters besides providing indoor/outdoor illumination and signaling, strongly fostering the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Here, the intrinsic optical properties (such as BW, field of View (FoV), and collection efficiency) of four different fluorescent slabs grown with commercial, non‐optical resins typically employed to realize transparent objects are fully characterized, unveiling for the first time their large potential as receivers in VLC applications. Complete VLC communication tests are reported, demonstrating attainable bit rates larger than 70 Mb s −1 with On‐Off Keying (OOK) modulation, which could be largely increased toward the Gb s −1 target exploiting high‐order modulation schemes. This work can have a profound impact toward the full‐fledged implementation of the IoT paradigm, showing that transparent 3D‐printed objects can be exploited as optical front ends in a new class of VLC and OWC receivers.

Optical wireless communications have been widely studied during the past decade in short⁃range applications, such as indoor high⁃ speed wireless networks and interconnects in data centers and high⁃performance computing. In this paper, recent developments in high⁃speed short⁃range optical wireless communications are reviewed, including visible light communications (VLCs), infrared in-door communication systems, and reconfigurable optical interconnects. The general architecture of indoor high⁃speed optical wire⁃ less communications is described, and the advantages and limitations of both visible and infrared based solutions are discussed. The concept of reconfigurable optical interconnects is presented, and key results are summarized. In addition, the challenges and potential future directions of short⁃range optical wireless communications are discussed.

We investigate the applicability of an intuitive advertising system for large indoor environments using visible light communication (VLC). This VLC-based positioning system includes the use of the visible light signals to light the space and to transmit information for traveler positioning and for advertising campaigns in the surroundings. As transmitters, white RGB-LEDs were used. Although their original function is to provide illumination, due to the ability of each individual chip to switch quickly enough to transfer data, they were used to broadcast information. This functionality is used for communication where multiplexed data can be encoded in the emitting light. The light signals emitted by the LEDs, positioned in the area of an advertising campaign are interpreted directly by the customers’ receivers. A silicon carbide optical sensor with light filtering and demultiplexing properties receives the modulated signals containing the ID, the geographical position of the LED, and other information, and then it demultiplexes and decodes the data and locates the mobile device within the environment. Different layouts are analyzed; square and hexagonal meshes are tested, and a two-dimensional localization design, demonstrated by a prototype implementation, is presented. The key differences between both topologies are discussed. For both, the transmitted information, indoor position, and motion direction of the customer are determined. The results show that the LED-aided VLC navigation system enables to determine the position of a mobile target inside the network, to infer the travel direction as a function of time, and to interact with the received information.