Industrial customer outage cost analysis: a case study of Nepal

This report summarizes information reported to DOE by electric utilities that experienced major electric-power-system outages or implemented measures to reduce their peak-load levels during the July to September period of 1978. The specific reporting requirements are delineated in paragraph 141.58 of Title 18, Code of Federal Regulations. Summary tables by category, along with a separate data compilation for each reported event, are included in this report. Outages reported as affecting more than 100 MW of customer load or one half of a system's peak load and summary information regarding load-reduction measures implemented by electric utilities are tabulated. The reporting criteria require reporting of all voluntary and mandatory load-reduction measures. Load-reduction measures include actions taken by electric utilities to reduce their customer load such that adequate generating resources are available. Other situations, including equipment failures considered at the time of occurrence a possible detriment to the reliability of the bulk electric energy supply system are summarized. Electric-utility systems reported 23 major electric energy-supply-system interruptions in July, August, and September of 1978. Three reported outages each affected over 250,000 customers. (ERA citation 04:044922)

Over the past years, the problem of electromagnetic compatibility is becoming more and more prevalent among electric utilities' managers and engineering stuff. The main cause is the growing applications of nonlinear, unbalanced and intermittent loads in residential and industrial sectors. The definitions for electromagnetic disturbances, sources of distortions including rectifiers, frequency converters, arc furnaces, welding installations and wind turbines as well as their impact on electrical equipment, protective relaying and automatics are reviewed. Comprehensive analysis of the levels of harmonics, interharmonics, voltage unbalance and flicker in the industrial electric power supply systems is presented. Generalized approach to estimating the levels of electromagnetic disturbances is proposed. Most important passive and active solutions for cleaning up the distortions are discussed.

Assessing energy supply security: Outage costs in private households

According to the electrical power supply system analysis, a system of prognostic and health management (PHM) for the electrical power supply system is presented. The PHM system can accomplish the condition assessment of the key characteristics and device in the electrical power supply system without additional test equipment. The condition of rotating rectifier, contact resistance and so on can be evaluated by the data-driven approach. The architecture of the PHM system is easy to modify and update on the base of traditional aircraft electrical power supply system.

Power quality and voltage stability are the main indicators of customer satisfaction because it influences business operations. Based on the results of the 2016 customer satisfaction survey by Markplus.inc, some industrial customers complain of voltage stability, especially related to dip voltage. Industrial customers complained about this dip voltage due to the loss of the company's operational tools. Dip voltage is a problem that must be resolved by industrial customers and electric utility companies. For electric utility companies, dip voltage greatly affects the sale of electricity that is not optimal because the dip voltage has an impact on the operation failure in industrial machinery. In addition, the dip voltage also has a negative effect on the service image of the electric utility company on the priority customer side. For this reason, the voltage dip needs to be handled seriously. According to IEEE 1159-1995, Dip voltage of 20 kV is a decrease in AC voltage of 2 kV up to 18 kV for 0.01 seconds until 60 seconds (for a frequency of 50 Hz). This dip voltage is caused by lightning, network interference, the effect of switching, motor operation, and sudden load changes. Dip voltage causes a huge financial impact on industrial consumers. In this paper, a dip voltage case study will be evaluated at The Food and Beverage Industry in East Java. The financial loss of industrial customers reaches 328,000 USD or 4.7 billion Rupiah in one dip voltage event. This is because customers have suffered a production failure so they have to restart their production process. They also have to dispose of large quantities of raw materials due to product failure due to the dip voltage. For this reason, it is necessary to formulate a proposed management model in solving this dip voltage problem. This paper also offers proposed steps that can be taken by electric utility companies in suppressing the amount of dip voltage so that the electricity supply becomes more qualified. In accordance with the evaluation of priority and risk management matrices, the results show that the steps are appropriate and can be implemented in reducing the number of dip voltages.

The purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize recent North American research into the demand for service reliability and to draw conclusions of general interest to the utility industry. The electric power industry has, over the past 15 years, experienced increasing pressures to become more efficient, that is to provide greater value to its customers for the same resource utilization. The industry's response to these pressures has given rise to the potential for major changes in the theory and practice of utility planning, operations and pricing. A common thread running through many of these changes is a recognition that the consumer's demand for service reliability plays a key role in designing prices and services. To date the demand for service reliability has been characterized almost exclusively in terms of `outage costs', which refer to loss in value to the customer resulting from a sudden interruption of power. In the case of industrial and commercial customers, these costs may take the form of lost sales, idle labor, or product and input spoilage. While residential outage costs may also include spoilage, the less tangible costs of inconvenience are likely to play a more dominant role. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

This paper presents a calculation method of customer outage costs using customer damage functions. In this study, two large power substations of the provincial electricity authority (PEA) of Thailand that supply a number of industrial customers are selected. Nhong-Pling (NPL) substation located in Siam Industrial Land (SIL) industrial real estate that supplies 6 distribution feeders, and Navanakorn III (NVC) substation located in Navanakorn Industrial real estate that supplies 8 feeders in the central region of Thailand are surveyed for the outage cost study. Subsequently, the customer damage functions are derived from survey data via on-site interview during years 2006-2007. They are piecewise linear functions, and each interval contains two parameters that represent outage cost per momentary interruption, and outage cost per duration. Therefore, such functions can be used for outage cost assessment of industrial customers, when power interruption records are available. As a result, the distribution feeders of the case study can be prioritized for maintenance planning and reliability improvement.

Priority service is the new direction that many North-American utilities are moving in to cope with the ever increasing competitive environment and increases in production costs. Priority service is also applicable to electric utilities in other countries. For Taiwan, priority service promises to be a useful demand-side management instrument. Taiwan is a small island with a high economic growth rate, which has averaged 8.9% over the last four decades resulting in a 54 fold increase in electricity demand, from 1,420 GWh in 1952 to 76,909 GWh in 1989. The increase in the supply of electricity, without a doubt, has been one of the most critical factors in Taiwan’s achieving such a remarkable level of economic development. However, since reaching a respectable level of per capita income ($6,942 in 1989), the people in Taiwan have been becoming more and more concerned with the quality of the environment, which has been significantly sacrificed in Taiwan’s quest for economic growth. Moreover, during the last few years, many power plant development programs have been postponed due to the opposition of the local population near the proposed plant sites. As a result, the reserve margin of Taiwan’s power system has significantly dropped; there are just not enough power plants on line. Being an island, also requires Taiwan to generate all of its own power needs. Therefore, Taiwan is not interconnected with other power systems allowing it to buy power in times of shortage. Over the last three years, several large scale black-outs have occurred in the peak summer period. Obviously, the implementation of a priority service rate program would be one feasible solution to the power shortage problem in Taiwan.

This paper discusses the Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Safety (RAMS) of an electrical power supply system in a large European hospital. The primary approach is based on fuzzy logic and Petri nets, using the CPNTools software to simulate and determine the most important modules of the system according to the Automatic Transfer Switch. Fuzzy Inference System is used to analyze and assess the reliability value. The stochastic versus fuzzy approach is also used to evaluate the reliability contribution of each system module. This case study aims to identify and analyze possible system failures and propose new solutions to improve the system reliability of the power supply system. The dynamic modeling is based on block diagrams and Petri nets and is evaluated via Markov chains, including a stochastic approach linked to the previous analysis. This holistic approach adds value to this type of research question. A new electrical power supply system design is proposed to increase the system’s reliability based on the results achieved.

Regulations concerning the supply of electricity in The Netherlands are discussed, and important issues are identified. Large-scale conventional generation, cogeneration, and wind energy are examined. The grid structures and characteristic materials used in the Dutch networks are described. Specific developments in The Netherlands are reviewed. >

A method for optimal pricing of electric supply including transmission system considerations

This paper deals with the reliability assessment of electrical power supply systems under redundancy. For doing so, three probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) methods are proposed and developed namely fault tree analysis (FTA), reliability block diagram (RBD), and Monte Carlo Simulation (MC) method. The FTA method is performed using RiskSpectrumPSA® software and the RBD and MC methods are coded using Matlab software. The electrical power supply system reliability is analyzed and enhanced considering various cases of redundancy. The FTA method is based on qualitative and quantitative reliability assessment. The quantitative assessment calculates the failure probability of the top event, and the qualitative approach determines the minimal cut sets (MCS). However, the RBD and MC methods are proposed to compute the system failure probability. The considered methods are applied on three case studies and the obtained results are compared to each other. The obtained results show that the three methods provide almost the same results. Furthermore, the reliability of the electrical power supply is clearly enhanced with the number of redundant components.

Study on Electricity Supply and Demand Adjustment that Utilized Building Equipment Part 4. Analysis of actual operation data of warm-bathing facility with electric hot water supply system and estimation of supply and demand adjustment effect

In exploring the prospects for the nuclear generation of electricity supplies in Australia, the order of discussion is as follows: in Part I the writer outlines and identifies the principal economic and technical characteristics of electricity supply systems in general and nuclear power plant in particular; Part II is an empirical study of the individual Australian public electricity supply systems, to determine those characteristics relevant to the problem; while Part III applies the findings of the previous Parts, embodies essential calculations and predictions, discusses the process of decision-making and reaches a firm general conclusion. The writer then proceeds to a summing-up and concludes with a glossary of terms and bibliography. The principal findings are: (l) An electricity supply system is an arrangement of transmission and distribution lines linking power generating sources and load centres, forming a grid which normally covers a wide area, operating under central management and control: (2) The cost of supplying a unit of electricity (kWh) to any point is a function of site, fuel, labour and capacity costs; the size and thermal efficiency of generating sets and power stations; the size of the system as a whole having regard to aggregate generating capacity, capacity of transmission and distribution lines, geography and reserve capacity; the pattern of demand together with resultant plant and system load factors; and social benefits and social costs: (3) The short-run marginal fuel cost of individual generating sets is horizontal over normal loads: (4) As systems tend to include plant of a variety of ages and efficiencies, and plant is brought on load in accordance with an order-of-merit, the short-run marginal costs within system capacity increase with increasing output: (5) Technological developments have ensured a declining long-run marginal cost curve: (6) Systems are centrally operated in such a way as to minimise the fuel costs of meeting the consumption of electricity whatever the time pattern of demand happens to be: (7) Pricing policies influence both growth in demand and the incidence of demand, particularly between peak and off-peak periods: (8) The pattern of demand as expressed in the system load factor is an important factor influencing the prospects of employing high capacity cost/low energy cost generating plant, such as nuclear power plant: (9) New plant is added to a system to meet actual or prospective demand which will maximise the present worth of net benefits: (10) As the social benefits or costs of any officially approved new plant are likely to be roughly similar, the maximisation of the present worth of net benefits is obtained through the minimisation of the total system costs in the selection of new plant: (11) For two or more alternative plants which will render equal service both in terms of aggregate output in a prescribed time period and in the pattern or timing of that supply, the system savings (or costs) will be identical and the problem becomes one of comparing the present worths of direct costs (direct in the sense that they are immediately associated with or internal to a plant and here imply both capacity and energy costs): (12) The ability of a system to employ nuclear power plant to economic advantage is a function of system size in terms of aggregate generating capacity and system load factor, as well as a function of plant capacity and energy costs per se: (13) There are no unique social benefits or social costs likely to arise in a limited use of nuclear power generation, either in terms of benefits to Australian industry generally or costs associated with the hazards of nuclear radiation: (14) A penalty must be imposed on the calculated costs of nuclear power generation to take account of the uncertainty arising from the world's lack of experience of the technical life span of nuclear plant generally and its likely flexibility (or inflexibility) in a mid-load role with marked swings in output: (15) It cannot be assumed ex ante that nuclear power plant will enjoy higher lifetime plant load factors than comparable conventional plant: (16) The prospects for nuclear power are gloomy; only New South Wales and Victoria have systems large enough to accept nuclear generating sets of minimum commercial size; the other State systems will not be large enough until the 1990s; the Jervis Bay proposal is revealed as inordinately costly; nuclear power plant is unlikely to become competitive with alternative coal-fired plant before the mid- 1980s and then only in power station sizes of 1,000 MW and above; Australia should avoid a commitment to nuclear power generation for at least 10 to 15 years, there being no case for a subsidised programme; towards the end of that period more advanced types of nuclear reactor may have become available.

The system comprises a Terminal at Cheriton near Folkestone in Kent and a Terminal at Coquelles near Calais in France that are connected by three tunnels. Two of the three tunnels are equipped with standard gauge rails and an overhead 25 kV catenary that facilitates the operation of Tourist Shuttles, HGV Shuttles, Eurostar passenger services, and rail freight. The author describes the traction electrical supply and the support services electrical supply. The overall system architecture consists of the two incoming supplies from the respective supply authorities to the main intake substations at Folkestone and Bessinque. The two main intake substations then transform the incoming supply voltage to the two primary distribution voltages for traction and auxiliary services. The supply systems on both the English and French sides of the Channel Tunnel are discussed.