INERTON FIELDS: VERY NEW IDEAS ON FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS

We perform a dynamical symmetry analysis (DSA) of the high-order harmonic generation (HHG) spectrum of an atom interacting with a bichromatic laser field. Within the framework of the conventional Hermitian quantum mechanics (QM), the HHG spectrum calculated using a single Floquet state, or any finite number of Floquet states, is invariant under the inversion of the relative phase of the two-frequency components, $\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\phi}$. The asymmetry with respect to the phase inversion seen in the simulated HHG spectra is obtained in the conventional QM only when the Floquet spectrum is continuous and ionization is taken into consideration. However, when the Hamiltonian is complex scaled the description is different. Even a single eigenstate of the complex scaled Floquet operator is enough to describe the breaking of the $\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\phi}$ symmetry in the HHG spectra. We find that there is a direct correlation between the strength of the asymmetry with respect to the relative phase inversion and the magnitude of the ionization rate. For illustration purposes, the DSA is accompanied by the results obtained for a one-dimensional effective single-electron model Hamiltonian mimicking xenon atom interacting with strong laser field.

In conventional quantum mechanics, quantum no-deleting and no-cloning theorems indicate that two different and nonorthogonal states cannot be perfectly and deterministically deleted and cloned, respectively. Here, we investigate the quantum deleting and cloning in a pseudo-unitary system. We first present a pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonian with real eigenvalues in a two-qubit system. By using the pseudo-unitary operators generated from this pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonian, we show that it is possible to delete and clone a class of two different and nonorthogonal states, and it can be generalized to arbitrary two different and nonorthogonal pure qubit states. Furthermore, state discrimination, which is strongly related to quantum no-cloning theorem, is also discussed. Last but not least, we simulate the pseudo-unitary operators in conventional quantum mechanics with post-selection, and obtain the success probability of simulations. Pseudo-unitary operators are implemented with a limited efficiency due to the post-selections. Thus, the success probabilities of deleting and cloning in the simulation by conventional quantum mechanics are less than unity, which maintain the quantum no-deleting and no-cloning theorems.

For multi-objective optimization problems, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm generally needs a large number of fitness evaluations to obtain the Pareto optimal solutions. However, it will become substantially time-consuming when handling computationally expensive fitness functions. In order to save the computational cost, a surrogate-assisted PSO with Pareto active learning is proposed. In real physical space (the objective functions are computationally expensive), PSO is used as an optimizer, and its optimization results are used to construct the surrogate models. In virtual space, objective functions are replaced by the cheaper surrogate models, PSO is viewed as a sampler to produce the candidate solutions. To enhance the quality of candidate solutions, a hybrid mutation sampling method based on the simulated evolution is proposed, which combines the advantage of fast convergence of PSO and implements mutation to increase diversity. Furthermore, ε-Pareto active learning (ε-PAL) method is employed to pre-select candidate solutions to guide PSO in the real physical space. However, little work has considered the method of determining parameter ε. Therefore, a greedy search method is presented to determine the value of ε where the number of active sampling is employed as the evaluation criteria of classification cost. Experimental studies involving application on a number of benchmark test problems and parameter determination for multi-input multi-output least squares support vector machines (MLSSVM) are given, in which the results demonstrate promising performance of the proposed algorithm compared with other representative multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithms.

Reinterpretation of the Fermat principle governing the propagation of light in media within the Ramsey theory is suggested. Complete bi-colored graphs corresponding to light propagation in media are considered. The vertices of the graphs correspond to the points in real physical space in which the light sources or sensors are placed. Red links in the graphs correspond to the actual optical paths, emerging from the Fermat principle. A variety of optical events, such as refraction and reflection, may be involved in light propagation. Green links, in turn, denote the trial/virtual optical paths, which actually do not occur. The Ramsey theorem states that within the graph containing six points, inevitably, the actual or virtual optical cycle will be present. The implementation of the Ramsey theorem with regard to light propagation in metamaterials is discussed. The Fermat principle states that in metamaterials, a light ray, in going from point S to point P, must traverse an optical path length L that is stationary with respect to variations of this path. Thus, bi-colored graphs consisting of links corresponding to maxima or minima of the optical paths become possible. The graphs, comprising six vertices, will inevitably demonstrate optical cycles consisting of the mono-colored links corresponding to the maxima or minima of the optical path. The notion of the "inverse graph" is introduced and discussed. The total number of triangles in the "direct" (source) and "inverse" Ramsey optical graphs is the same. The applications of "Ramsey optics" are discussed, and an optical interpretation of the infinite Ramsey theorem is suggested.

Cyber-physical-system for representing a robot end effector

With AR's dynamic and immersive qualities, the Pickrick AR project aims to serve two purposes: to support the civil rights movement in remembrance of the African Americans who fought for equality and to educate students about this special moment in history via a pedagogical tool. With considerations of the Covid-19 pandemic, this tool aims to create an immersive and enlightening experience within the real physical space without the presence of a tour guide. In this paper, is an introduction to our design concepts, specifically in how to integrate multimedia information and create a user-friendly interface by using Human Computer Interaction (HCI) principles and the Sense of Place (SOP) Theory.

The paper presents the study of the educational context and its characteristics to achieve the most effective learning process.The aim of the research is to examine the perception of physical space in the traditional classroom and virtual space in online learning. The study of this issue is based on the psychological approach to the perception of virtual space as a model of physical space and on understanding the importance of this research area due to the development of distant forms of learning: though, the problems of virtual space functioning in the perception of students and its impact on learning efficiency still remain unexplored. Meanwhile, understanding the mechanism of space perception can help to adapt the learning process to the form of learning in choice: learning in a traditional classroom, where students work in a real physical space, learning in a virtual environment or in a hybrid form.Materials and methods. The theoretical basis for comparing the characteristics of physical and virtual space is the studies that focus on the importance of spatial organization in the process of learning. The psychological approach to the perception of space makes it possible to rely on the mechanism of transferring the physical characteristics of space into a virtual environment and to determine the possibility of comparison, primarily in an axiological sense. The study was carried out in the context of university education. Students of a higher educational institution were offered a questionnaire, the results of which were processed using a statistical method. Quantitative trends were then interpreted in the application to the learning process. The experiment was carried out in three stages (questionnaire, statistical processing, interpretation of the results), each of which revealed new aspects of the problem under study.Results. The study shows that there is a metaphorization mechanism that allows the learner to perceive the space of the virtual classroom in the same terms as the physical space of the traditional classroom. At the same time, the comparison of statistical data indicates the obvious differences in the perception of the student's space in the traditional and virtual classrooms. This is especially true for such parameters as openness, freedom of movement and the ratio of participants in the educational space, which indicates different learning conditions that determine the choice of teaching methods and techniques in the traditional context and in the virtual educational environment. Discussion of the results of statistical analysis allows us to draw conclusions about the difference of educational potential of the virtual and physical classroom spaces, the importance of socialization and various methods of its creation in the educational process.Conclusion. The conducted research shows the need for further study of space in the educational context, the need to take into account its parameters for developing virtual courses. Also, the results of the study show the importance of spatial characteristics for the success of learning, for creating a comfortable educational environment. The data obtained can be used in the development and improvement of online courses; it will help to avoid mistakes when in planning.

In this paper we present a Mixed Reality (MR) teleconferencing application based on Second Life (SL) and the OpenSim virtual world. Augmented Reality (AR) techniques are used for displaying virtual avatars of remote meeting participants in real physical spaces, while Augmented Virtuality (AV), in form of video based gesture detection, enables capturing of human expressions to control avatars and to manipulate virtual objects in virtual worlds. The use of Second Life for creating a shared augmented space to represent different physical locations allows us to incorporate the application into existing infrastructure. The application is implemented using open source Second Life viewer, ARToolKit and OpenCV libraries.

Redirection techniques enable users to explore a virtual environment larger than the real physical space by manipulating the mapping between the virtual and real trajectories without breaking immersion. These techniques can be applied continuously over time (using translational, rotational and curvature gains) or discretely (utilizing change blindness, visual suppression etc.). While most attention has been devoted to continuous techniques, not much has been done on discrete techniques, particularly those utilizing visual suppression.

Augmented reality development continues to speed up these days, however, in video games, the use of augmented reality is supportive only and it does not achieve an immersive experience. In this paper, we develop a game for mobile devices called ARSOCCER. This is a soccer game that uses augmented reality to show the entire game in real physical spaces like tables or floors. ARSOCCER works online, giving players the ability to play remotely in real time. It also has algorithms based on knowledge agents to control the game bots. Multiple users tested the game, divided into two groups, playing against artificial intelligence and with other users. These user groups have shown compliance (85% satisfaction) with the immersive experience that ARSOCCER can offer.

Although its practical efficiency is unquestionable, the thermodynamic tool presents a slight inconsistency from the theoretical point of view. After exposing arguments which explain this opinion, a suggestion is put forward to solve the problem. It consists of linking the mass-energy relation ±∆mc 2 to the laws of thermodynamics. This combination results in a clarification of the theory and opens a bridge between thermodynamics and gravitation. It is shown that the submicroscopic consideration, which is based on the cellular concept of the real physical space when the space is treated as the tessellation lattice, indeed strongly supports the idea of a variation in mass in thermodynamic processes. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Krasnoholovets, V. and Tane, J-L. (2006) 'An extended interpretation of the thermodynamic theory, including an additional energy associated with a decrease in mass', Int. J. Simulation and Process Modelling, Vol. 2, Nos. 1/2, pp.67-79.

The paper in [1] provides a history of Gottfried Leibniz’s ideas about space. Contrary to standard readings, Leibniz did not develop a relational theory of space until 1688 when he read Isaac Newton’s Principia and realised that he had to respond to the theory of absolute space with a new, powerful and rich alternative theory. The paper details Leibniz’s theories of space prior to the relational theory and their philosophical sources. It discusses Leibniz’s theory in relation to his theories of time, motion and geometry. Finally, it shows the role of Newton in the genesis of Leibniz’s relational theory.

Quantum computing rests upon two theoretical pillars: entanglement and superposition. But some physicists say that this is a very shaky foundation and quantum computing success will have to be based on a different theoretical foundation. The g-qubit theory supports this point of view. Current article is the second one of the two and about the entanglement. It gives different, more physically feasible, not mysterious, explanation of what the entanglement is. The suggested formalism demonstrates that the core of future quantum computing should not be in entanglement which only formally follows in conventional quantum mechanics from representation of the many particle states as tensor products of individual states. The core of quantum computing scheme should be in manipulation and transferring of wave functions on as operators acting on observables and formulated in terms of geometrical algebra. In this way quantum computer will be a kind of analog computer keeping and processing information by sets of objects possessing infinite number of degrees of freedom, contrary to the two value bits or two-dimensional Hilbert space elements, qubits.

Milburn has recently proposed [Phys. Rev. A 44, 5401 (1991)] a variation of the Schr\"odinger equation which models decoherence as the system evolves through intrinsic mechanisms beyond conventional quantum mechanics rather than dissipative interaction with an environment. In this paper we give an exact solution of this equation and apply it to the Jaynes-Cummings model of atom-field interaction with nontrivial dynamics. We show that the intrinsic decoherence is responsible for deterioration of quantum coherence effects in this model, such as revivals of the atomic inversion. We discuss the applicability of the Milburn equation.

In this paper, we investigate the categorical description of the boson oscillator. Based on the categories constructed by Khovanov, we introduce a categorification of the Fock states and the corresponding inner product of these states. We find that there are two different categorical definitions of the inner product of the Fock states. These two definitions are consistent with each other, and the decategorification results also coincide with those in conventional quantum mechanics. We also find that there are some interesting properties of the 2-morphisms which relate to the inner product of the states.