Infant Oral Candidiasis and Bottle Cleaning Methods: A Descriptive Study.

Oral candidiasis is an infection that occurs in the oral cavity due to invasion of Candida sp. in the superficial mucosal tissue. Oral candidiasis tends to occur in individuals with underlying predisposing diseases. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of demographic characteristics and underlying disease in oral candidiasis patients at Prof. Ngoerah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 53 participants with oral candidiasis that were selected through total sampling. Data for this study were collected retrospectively from medical records. Univariate analysis was performed to determine the prevalence of each variable. The average age of the samples was 41.15 ± 12.89 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.65:1; were from Denpasar (45.3%); the educational status of most patients was high school (71.7%); and most samples were self-employed (64.2%). Based on the distribution of predisposing diseases, most patients had HIV (52.8%) and only one predisposing disease (75.5%). Among patients with HIV, the majority were at HIV stage IV (35.8%). Most patients in this study had a normal nutritional status (47,2%). This study showed that oral candidiasis is often found in individuals with predisposing diseases, such as HIV, especially in stage IV. We also found oral candidiasis in the patients with no predisposing factor identified. The presence of oral candidiasis in healthy patients with no predisposing factor identified needs direct vigilance on other factors.

Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay is a commonly used susceptibility test for measuring insect response to insecticide exposure. However, inconsistencies and high variability in insect response when conducting CDC bottle bioassays has been reported in previous publications. We hypothesized that the CDC bottle bioassay results may be compromised when expected and actual insecticide concentrations in the bottles are not equivalent, and that inadequate bottle cleaning and/or loss during insecticide introduction and bottle storage steps could be responsible. We explored this hypothesis by quantifying insecticides using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in bottles that had been cleaned, prepared, and stored according to the CDC guidelines.Methods We investigated the bottle cleaning, preparation, and storage methods outlined in the CDC bottle bioassay procedure to identify sources of irreproducibility. We also investigated the cleaning effectiveness of autoclaving bottles because this method is commonly used in insecticide assessment labs. The two insecticides used in this study were chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-cyhalothrin). Insecticide was removed from glass bioassay bottles by rinsing with ethyl-acetate and n-hexane and quantified using GC-MS/MS.Results The CDC bottle bioassay cleaning methods did not sufficiently remove insecticide from the glass bottles. The cleaning methods removed chlorpyrifos, which has higher water solubility, more effectively than λ-cyhalothrin, which is less water soluble. Chlorpyrifos experienced significant loss during the bottle coating process whereas λ-cyhalothrin did not. As for bottle storage, no significant decreases in insecticide concentrations were observed during six hours following the initial drying period for either insecticide.Conclusions The CDC bottle bioassay protocol is susceptible to producing inaccurate results since its recommended bottle cleaning method is not sufficient and semi-volatile insecticides can volatilize from glass during the bottle coating process. This can lead to the CDC bottle bioassay producing erroneous LC50 values. High levels of random variation were also observed in our experiments, as others have previously reported. We have outlined several steps that CDC bottle bioassay users could consider that would lead to improved accuracy and reproducibility when acquiring toxicity data.

Introduction. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that infects and attacks the human immune system. The high morbidity and mortality rates in HIV patients can be attributed to various factors, one of which is the presence of opportunistic infections due to the weakened immune response, making HIV patients highly susceptible to other infections. This study aims to provide an overview of opportunistic infections in HIV patients hospitalized at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in Bandung within the period of 2019-2022. Methods. This descriptive observational study was conducted on 255 HIV patients with opportunistic infections who were hospitalized at dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital (RSHS), Bandung. The study utilized secondary data from medical records from 2019 to 2022. The sampling method employed in this research was total sampling. Data processing and analysis of the relationship between two variables, namely the number of opportunistic infections and length of hospital stay, with HIV stage, were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software version 26. The statistical methods used in this analysis included the Chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney test. Results. The research findings indicated that the most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients was oral candidiasis (60,0%), followed by pulmonary tuberculosis (453,1%) and toxoplasmosis (45,136,5%). The prevalence of opportunistic infections was higher in males (79,2%) compared to females. The age group most affected was patients aged 24-44 years. There was also a significant association between the HIV stage and the number of opportunistic infections, with a higher number of opportunistic infections occurring in patients with stage 4 HIV. Conclusions. Oral candidiasis and tuberculosis are opportunistic infections with the highest prevalence among HIV patients who were hospitalized at dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital during the period of 2019-2022.

Oral candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infection in patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy (RT). The present study is aimed at provide the best treatment for patients undergoing RT by determining the characteristics of the Candida species in these patients and investigating the antifungal sensitivity patterns against eight available drugs according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 30 patients underwent head and neck RT. All patients were examined in three stages using oral and pharyngeal mucus swabs, and nystatin was prescribed for patients with symptoms of candidiasis infection. Subsequently, clinical fungal specimens were investigated by direct microscopy and culture and tested for sensitivity to antifungal drugs. MIC50, MIC90, and geometric mean MIC were calculated for each drug. Evidence of fungal colonization was observed in 17 specimens at various stages, with Candida albicans being the most frequently identified species. All tested Candida isolates were sensitive to nystatin and amphotericin B, whereas Trichosporon asahii showed intrinsic resistance to echinocandins (caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin), and C. krusei exhibited the expected intrinsic resistance to fluconazole. The observed sensitivity of C. tropicalis to the tested antifungal drugs is based on a single isolate and should be considered descriptive rather than generalizable. Cases of C. albicans strains showed moderate or dose-dependent susceptibility to itraconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin. The isolate of T. asahii was only sensitive to nystatin and amphotericin B. According to the laboratory and clinical results, nystatin is recommended for most patients. Finally, it is better to prescribe the antifungal drugs in each center according to their reported sensitivity.

HIV-TB co-infection still becomes a health problem in Indonesia, including in Nabire district, Papua province, which has the highest number of cases. HIV and TB infections are closely related and affect the epidemiology of one another. This study aims to determine the profile description of HIV-TB co-infected patients in Nabire. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design on 90 people with HIV/AIDS selected consecutively. Data were analyzed univariately and presented in the form of a frequency distribution table. The results showed that of 55 HIV/AIDS co-infected TB patients, almost all (90.9%) were Papuan ethnic, 70.9% were female and aged 30 to 49 years (50.9%) with a mean of 31.309.36 years. The majority of HIV-TB co-infected patients were married (63.6%), holding secondary education (58.2%), working (67.3%), engaging in sexual activity after 17 years of age, only having one sexual partner, and did not use drugs or obtain blood transfusions. The clinical profile of HIV-TB patients showed that 67.3% of the patients were with baseline CD4 count ≤350 cells/mm3, 64.8% had CD4 count at the time of study >350 cells/mm3, and viral load values fewer than 5000 copies/ml (87.3%). The therapy most widely received for patients with HIV-TB coinfection was the combination of ARV 3TC+EFV+TDF (76.4%). The most common clinical symptoms of HIV/AIDS patients were weight loss (56.4%), cough (40%), recurrent oral thrush (36.4%), chickenpox (32.7%), and tuberculosis lymph nodes (18.2%).

Introduction: Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) is the most commonly found in HIV patients who have no cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, especially when the CD count is <100 / µL. Therapy is often based on a presumptive diagnosis because definitive diagnosis is difficult, and TE can be life threatening. Aim of this study is to provide a characteristic description of TE in HIV patients who admitted at Sanglah Hospital. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study of 43 adult patients admitted with diagnosis TE at the Sanglah Hospital, Indonesia between January 1st 2018 to December 31th 2018. Results: Most patients were male (69.8%), with the predominant age ranged 31-40 years old (39.5%). Among all patients; 14% on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, and 23.3% on antiretroviral therapy. The most common clinical manifestation was headache (58.1%). Oral candidiasis was found in 67.4% of patients. CD4 levels <100 cells / µL were found in 62.8% of patients, absolute lymphocytes <500 / µL in 32.6% of patients. Anemia was found in 37.2% of patients. Multiple ring enhancement was the most common feature found on head CT scan, with the profound location was parietal lobe (46.5%). Pyrimethamine + clindamycin is used in 72.1% of cases. The TE mortality rate in HIV patients in this study was 11.6%. Conclusion: TE in HIV patients was more common on male, younger age and who are not receiving appropriate prophylaxis and/or without antiretroviral therapy. Laboratory study predominantly showed severe immunodeficiency. The most patients making a full recovery with pyrimethamine and clindamycin treatment.

A descriptive study entitled to identify the prevalence of minor ailments and treatment seeking behavior among the mother of under five children in the selected immunization clinic of Kolkata, West Bengal. Objective of the study was to find out the occurrence of selected minor ailments of under five children and treatment seeking behavior among mother. The investigator adopted descriptive survey research approach with descriptive survey research design. She selected 100 mothers of under five children by convenient sampling technique. Data were collected with valid and reliable semi-structure interview schedule. The findings of the study revealed that Occurrence of the minor ailments within the study population was 96%, suffering were ranging from one to five problems found in the same children. The most common minor ailments of under five children are common cold & cough (87%), (43%) diarrhea, (36%) minor injury, (29%) skin rash & minor injury, conjunctivitis (18%), constipation (12%), dental caries (11%), oral thrush (9%). For these minor ailments related problems most of the mothers in case of common cold & cough, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, skin rash were seeking treatment from doctor advice as they thought they can discuss freely. In case of worm infestation, constipation and minor injury majority mothers taken sought treatment used the different home remedies. Maximum mothers for dental caries did not seek treatment as they thought no need of any treatment for their children. In this study there is significant association between treatment seeking behavior of diarrhea with age of the child and educational status of the mother. This study can be implicated in different field of nursing such as nursing education, practice, research and administration. This study may be replicated with the large randomization sample in another setting, or comparative study can be done between urban and rural areas.

Nutritional status and clinical disease of HIV children patients when diagnosed for the first timeBackground: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children can cause nutritional problems. Currently, HIV-infected children are still diagnosed when the disease stage is advanced. Nutritional status is a marker of advanced stage conditions in HIV infection.Objective: To determine the clinical findings of disease and nutritional status of HIV children patients when diagnosed for the first time.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study. The data were taken from the medical record documents of child patients aged 0-18 years with the ICD 10 code B20, who was treated at the Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta Hospital from 1 January 2004-31 December 2019. Results: There were 191 children diagnosed with HIV, 56% of them were boys. The median age was 34 months (IQR 25: 13 months, IQR 75: 69 months), and 95.5% among those were infected perinatally. There were 77 (40,3%) children who suffered from severe malnutrition and 55 (28.8%) children were moderate acute malnutrition. At the age of 0-60 months among them, there were 49 children (36.3%) suffered from severely underweight, 35 children (25.9%) underweight, 53 (39.3%) severely stunted, 38 (28.1%) stunted, 28 severely wasted (20.7%), and wasted as many as 24 (17.8%). At the age of 5-18 years old, there were 19 (33.9%) and 5 (8.9%) children who suffered from severely wasted and wasted respectively. World Health Organization (WHO) stages 3 and 4 were experienced by 62 (32.5%) and 68 (35.6%) children. As many as 41.3% of children had enlarged lymph nodes, thrush (40.8%), pneumonia (40.8%), and persistent or chronic diarrhea (21.5%). Conclusions: The nutritional status of HIV-infected children at baseline was dominated by underweight and stunted. The most clinical findings of the disease when the child was diagnosed with HIV infection were lymphadenopathy, oral thrush, pneumonia, and persistent or chronic diarrhea.