Information Theoretic Approach for Waveform Design in Coexisting MIMO Radar and MIMO Communications

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radars have been intensively studied for their superior performance merits compared to conventional radars including improved spatial resolution and parameter estimation. To achieve these merits, the transmitted waveforms from the MIMO transmitting antennas should be mutually orthogonal. Herein, the orthogonality is attained in the Doppler domain, namely Doppler division multiple access (DDMA), as it enjoys the simplest structure among other orthogonality schemes. Heretofore, the research in MIMO radars has focused on optimizing MIMO radar performance from different aspects including efficient waveform design, antenna beam-forming, and adaptive processing techniques. However, MIMO radars have been also a target of deliberate jamming scenarios. In this paper, the focus is turned to the evaluation of the detection performance of DDMA MIMO radars in jamming environments by creating a two-sided engagement scenario. On the jammer side, a jamming technique is proposed, Doppler-range block jamming (DRBJ), to deny the detection of a DDMA MIMO radar equipped with a moving target detector (MTD). On the radar side, a comparative detection performance analysis of two different MIMO radar detectors, normalized adaptive matched filter (NAMF) and fast 3D constant false alarm rate (CFAR), is conducted using Monte Carlo simulations. This analysis unveils divergent design philosophies of the two detectors, with each prioritizing distinct performance objectives.

Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) radar is the recent emergence of a new radar technology. This radar system is a new concept advanced for the inadequacy of the traditional system, it use spatial diversity and angel diversity to avoid multipath fading. In this paper, we mainly analyze the detection performance of MIMO radar, and at the same time compared its detection performance with phased array radar under the same conditions. This paper first established MIMO radar’s signal model based on the distribution of sources, and then analyzes the affect of radar’s detection performance through changing the number of antenna. The simulation result showed that the MIMO radar has a good detection performance compared with phased array radar in low signal-noise-ratio(SNR).

기존의 위상 배열 레이더는 인접한 안테나 단일 파형의 위상차를 이용하여 특정 방향으로 신호를 집중시키는 방식이다. 반면, MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) 레이더는 다수 파형을 넓게 분포한 안테나를 통해 전송하는 방식이다. 이때, 다수의 파형과 넓게 분포한 안테나로부터 발생한 공간 다이버시티를 높은 SNR (Signal-Noise Ratio) 영역에서는 위상 배열 레이더보다 우수한 타켓 검출 성능을 보인다. 하지만, 낮은 SNR 영역에서는 신호를 집중시켜 어레이 이득을 얻는 위상 배열 레이더가 더 좋은 성능을 나타낸다. 본 논문에서는 MIMO 레이더에 위상 배열 안테나를 결합하여 다이버시티 이득과 어레이 이득을 모두 얻을 수 있는 지향성 MIMO 레이더의 검출 성능을 비교해 본다. 이와 더불어 실제 시스템에서 발생할 수 있는 지향각 오차에 대한 민감도가 성능에 미치는 영향을 분석허여, RF 장비의 수가 제한적이고 타켓 검출 성능이 제한적인 상황에서 각 레이더 성능을 비교하였다. In a traditional phased array radar, closely spaced antenna elements transmit a scaled version of single waveform to maximize the signal energy. On the contrary, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar consists of widely separated antennas and transmits an arbitrary waveform from each antenna element. These waveforms and spatial diversity enable superior capabilities compared with phased array radar. At high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the detection performance of the MIMO radar is better than the phased array radar due to the diversity gains. However, the phased array radar outperforms the MIMO radar at low SNR, due to the energy maximization. In this paper, we investigate the compromised scheme between the MIMO radar and the phased array radar. Employing the MIMO radar equipped with phased array elements, the compromised scheme achieves both array gain and diversity gain. Also, we compare the performance degradation when the steering direction is incorrect.

A multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar is an emerging field which has attracted many researchers recently. In this type of radar, unlike an standard phased array radar, one can choose transmitted probing signals freely to maximize the power around the locations of the targets of interest, or more generally to approximate a given transmit beam-pattern, or to minimize the cross-correlation of the signals reflected back to the radar by the targets of interest. These signals can be correlated to each other or noncorrelated. Many papers have investigated beampattern design and waveforming in MIMO radars. One of the most famous approaches for beampattern design is named covariance based method which design cross-correlation matrix of transmitted signals instead of the signals. On the other hand, many papers have investigated beamforming of an standard phased array radar in different ways. In this paper it is desirable to design beampattern of a phased array radar by means of the MIMO radar covariance based beampattern design method, as a special case of general MIMO radar. Although many approaches are available for beamforming of phased array radar this approach would have less complexity compare to them. MATLAB software is being employed for simulations. (6 pages)

A multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar system is an emerging research field which has attracted many studies in recent years. This type of radar, unlike conventional phased array radar, can transmit different probing signals via its antennas, that may be correlated or uncorrelated with each other. This waveform diversity offered by MIMO radar systems enable superior capabilities compared to conventional phased array radar. Many papers have introduced different ways for beamforming of MIMO radar. In this paper it is desirable to analysis some methods for beamforming of MIMO radars with planar arrays constellation and examine their 3D result beam-pattern of such constellations for covariance based MIMO radar waveforming method. MATLAB software is being employed for simulations.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars have attracted much attention for their superior ability to enhance a system's performance. In this study, the authors' goal was the study of the spatial multiplexing gain of MIMO radars with widely separated antennas (WS-MIMO), which the authors showed that is equal to the number of unambiguously detectable targets. They obtained this number from two different aspects: first, by defining the ambiguity function of a WS-MIMO radar in the case of multiple targets, suitable for such purpose; Second, by modelling the MIMO radar system with a MIMO wireless channel. They showed that a MIMO radar is indeed a MIMO wireless system communicating the information about the existence of the targets. By such modelling, they could easily make the relation between dual concepts of MIMO radar and MIMO communication, one of which is the multiplexing gain.

For airborne radar systems, space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is the approach that is normally adopted to detect ground moving targets in ground clutter, but the technique becomes less effective if the speed of ground moving targets is very low because of the proximity of the Doppler frequency of targets to that of ground clutter. Typical low-speed ground target detection scenarios include detecting ground troops and slowly-moving ground vehicles. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar possesses multiple transmitting and receiving channels providing additional diversified reflections for fusion processing in target detection and measurements. MIMO radar has been extensively investigated [1, 2]; but the exact structure of MIMO radar is defined widely different. In this work, an innovative multi-level MIMO radar signal processing architecture is proposed for airborne systems to effectively detect low-speed ground moving targets. The new MIMO-based approach is demonstrated to be effective for detecting such low-speed ground targets in this work, and some simulation results are presented subsequently.

The moving target detection based on compressed sending (CS) multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) radar with widely separated antennas is studied. The centralized processing is considered. The traditional centralized MIMO radar requires an exhaustive search on every possible two dimensional target velocity, resulting in huge computational complexity. In this paper, we adopt the CS technique to drastically reduce the computational burden and evaluate the reduction of the required complexity. We derive the moving target detector for the CS MIMO radar. The performance of the proposed detector is analyzed, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are provided.

The problem of tracking the direction of arrivals (DOA) and the direction of departure (DOD) of multiple moving targets is considered in bistatic multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar. A low complexity angle tracking algorithm in bistatic MIMO radar is proposed. The proposed algorithm derived the difference between previous and current covariance matrices. And the relationship between the different of covariance matrices and the different of target angle is derived. The performance of the proposed algorithm is improved by averaging the covariance matrix elements. Last DOD and DOA are got by least square method. This algorithm avoids the decomposition of the covariance matrix and reduces the computational complexity, which realizes DOA and DOD of the adjacent moment automatic association. The simulation results demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm provides the technical support for the practical application of MIMO radar.

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar is a new radar technique. It has many advantages over conventional phased radar in many ways such as anti-intercept of radar signal, low velocity target detection, and resolution. The signal transmit matrix of MIMO radar has much information such as target angle. In this paper, we analyze the signal model for MIMO radar. And then we present a new method to estimate the target angle from the matrix. At last, we show the efficiency by some simulations.

Utilizing digital beam forming (DBF) on transmit and receive, the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar can be applied to ground moving target indication (GMTI) and can provide an efficient way to improve the GMTI performance. The operating pattern is very significant for the MIMO radar GMTI. For the traditional GMTI pattern, there is a conflict of the wider swath and narrower clutter bandwidth. The observation area can be broadened with MIMO techniques by scanning. This paper designs an effective pattern with the simultaneous transmission of multi-phase-centre multi-sub-band signals as well as beam scanning in each pulse, which provide an efficient way to settle the conflict. By beam scanning in pulse, the new pattern has wider azimuth swath, shorter revisiting period, larger coherent processing interval (CPI) number and higher SCNR. By MIMO technology, more equivalent phase centres and longer efficient baselines can be formed, so the performance of GMTI can be improved. The principle of space-time-frequency adaptive processing (STFAP) is analysed, simulation results are presented to prove the superiority of MIMO radar in clutter suppression and GMTI. Analysis of the results indicates improved detection performance with the new pattern compared to the conventional approach.

MIMO radar can provide enhanced spatial resolution and achieve better target detection performance. Hence the parameter identifiability of the system can be significantly improved. In this paper, the issue of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is discussed, and several algorithms for DOA tracking based on monostatic MIMO radar in impulsive noise background are proposed and studied. These tracking algorithms are based on the concept of robust covariation (ROC), fractional lower order moment (FLOM), fractional lower order cyclic (FLOC) and similar normalization. The transmit and receive arrays of a monostatic narrowband MIMO radar are assumed to be close to each other and eigenstructure based MUSIC algorithm at the receiver is used to identify the DOA's of the targets of interest. Simulation results verify the usefulness of the proposed algorithms. The comparison of these four tracking algorithms show that the algorithm based on the concept of similar normalization has better performance than the others.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar requires orthogonal waveforms to be transmitted on each transmit element or subarray. One practical problem that arises is the complexity and expense of the hardware needed to implement MIMO radar. Slow-time MIMO waveforms, often referred to as SLO-MO waveforms, allow the implementation of MIMO radar without any hardware modifications to the receiver. However, generation of the SLO-MO MIMO waveforms on the transmitter typically requires a multichannel arbitrary waveform generator, variable RF phase shifters, or using multiple carrier frequencies. All of these options can be expensive, especially at microwave frequencies. This paper describes a technique to generate SLO-MO MIMO waveforms using low-cost passive frequency mixers with existing (non-MIMO) radar architectures. Passive frequency mixers are inexpensive and easy to add inline to existing radar transmitters. This paper presents the concept of double-sideband and quadrature MIMO slow-time radar, along with experimental results from the Duke S-band radar testbed.

Controlling peak side-lobe level (PSL) is of great importance in\nhigh-resolution applications of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars.\nIn this paper, designing sequences with good autocorrelation properties are\nstudied. The PSL of the autocorrelation is regarded as the main merit and is\noptimized through newly introduced cyclic algorithms, namely; PSL Minimization\nQuadratic Approach (PMQA), PSL Minimization Algorithm, the smallest Rectangular\n(PMAR), and PSL Optimization Cyclic Algorithm (POCA). It is revealed that\nminimizing PSL results in better sequences in terms of autocorrelation\nside-lobes when compared with traditional integrated side-lobe level (ISL)\nminimization. In order to improve the performance of these algorithms,\nfast-randomized Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is utilized. To achieve\nwaveform design for MIMO radars, this algorithm is applied to the waveform\ngenerated from a modified Bernoulli chaotic system. The numerical experiments\nconfirm the superiority of the newly developed algorithms compared to\nhigh-performance algorithms in mono-static and MIMO radars.\n

In multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, the efficiency of target detection in clutter that is distributed over a certain range bin-Doppler frequency region depends on the sidelobe level of the waveformspsila auto- and cross-ambiguity functions within this region. We introduce the MIMO ambiguity function as the sum of all auto- and cross-ambiguity functions of the K MIMO radar waveforms, with the integral of this function over some range-Doppler region serving as a measure of the orthogonality (separability) of the waveforms within this region of interest. We derive an upper bound on the attainable ldquoclear areardquo for the MIMO ambiguity function, and show that, with respect to the conventional single-waveform ambiguity function, the maximum clear area is K times smaller for the MIMO system.