Inhomogeneous Heisenberg spin chain and quantum vortex filament as non-holonomically deformed NLS systems

Very recent experimental work has demonstrated the existence of Kelvin waves along quantized vortex filaments in superfluid helium. The possible configurations and motions of such filaments is of great physical interest, and Svistunov previously obtained a Hamiltonian formulation for the dynamics of quantum vortex filaments in the low-temperature limit under the assumption that the vortex filament is essentially aligned along one axis, resulting in a two-dimensional (2D) problem. It is standard to approximate the dynamics of thin filaments by employing the local induction approximation (LIA), and we show that by putting the two-dimensional LIA into correspondence with the first equation in the integrable Wadati-Konno-Ichikawa-Schimizu (WKIS) hierarchy, we immediately obtain solutions to the two-dimensional LIA, such as helix, planar, and self-similar solutions. These solutions are obtained in a rather direct manner from the WKIS equation and then mapped into the 2D-LIA framework. Furthermore, the approach can be coupled to existing inverse scattering transform results from the literature in order to obtain solitary wave solutions including the analog of the Hasimoto one-soliton for the 2D-LIA. One large benefit of the approach is that the correspondence between the 2D-LIA and the WKIS allows us to systematically obtain vortex filament solutions directly in the Cartesian coordinate frame without the need to solve back from curvature and torsion. Implications of the results for the physics of experimentally studied solitary waves, Kelvin waves, and postvortex reconnection events are mentioned.

The turbulent flow of helium II is complicated by the fact that one must actually consider two different, but interacting, turbulent velocity fields: that of the normal fluid component and that of the superfluid component. Aside from the forcing due to the interaction with the superfluid, the normal fluid obeys a Navier-Stokes equation, and the turbulence of this component is expected to be classical. The superfluid, however, is an Eulerian fluid with the additional restriction that the vorticity in the superfluid is confined to quantized vortex filaments. These superfluid vortex filaments have an extremely small core radius (approximately one Angstrom) and are thus true vortex filaments. The circulation of these filaments is quantized, and due to energy considerations only vortices with one quantum of circulation need to be considered. At high flow rates these quantized vortex filaments can form dense tangles which are referred to as quantum turbulence.

Reconnections between quantum vortex filaments in presence of trapped particles are investigated using numerical simulations of the Gross--Pitaevskii equation. Particles are described with classical degrees of freedom and modeled as highly repulsive potentials which deplete the superfluid. First, the case of a vortex dipole with a single particle trapped inside one of the vortices is studied. It is shown that the reconnection takes place at the position of the particle as a consequence of the symmetry breaking induced by it. The separation rate between the reconnecting points is compatible with the known dynamics of quantum vortex reconnections and it is independent of the particle mass and size. After the reconnection, the particle is pushed away with a constant velocity and its trajectory is deflected because of the transverse momentum exchange with the vortex filaments. The momentum exchanges between the particle, the vortex, and a density pulse are characterized. Finally, the reconnection of two linked rings, each of them with several initially randomly distributed particles is studied. It is observed that generically, reconnections take place at the location of trapped particles. It is shown that reconnection dynamics is unaffected for light particles.

We present a closed inhomogeneous quantum XX spin chain on the periodic integer lattice $$\mathbb {Z}_m$$ which is diagonalized by means of Slater determinants built from Rogers’ q-ultraspherical polynomials with $$q^m=1$$ . The hermiticity of our periodic quantum spin Hamiltonian encodes a discrete orthogonality relation for these q-ultraspherical polynomials that is of a type studied previously by Spiridonov and Zhedanov.

We present simulation studies of the formation and dynamics of dark solitons and vortices, and of nonlinear interactions between intense circularly polarized electromagnetic (CPEM) waves and electron plasma oscillations (EPOs) dense in quantum electron plasmas. The electron dynamics in the latter is governed by a pair of equations comprising the nonlinear Schrodinger and Poisson system of equations, which conserves electrons and their momentum and energy. Nonlinear fluid simulations are carried out to investigate the properties of fully developed two-dimensional (2D) electron fluid turbulence in a dense Fermi (quantum) plasma. We report several distinguished features that have resulted from our 2D computer simulations of the nonlinear equations which govern the dynamics of nonlinearly interacting electron plasma oscillations (EPOs) in the Fermi plasma. We find that a 2D quantum electron plasma exhibits dual cascades, in which the electron number density cascades towards smaller turbulent scales, while the electrostatic potential forms larger scale eddies. The characteristic turbulent spectrum associated with the nonlinear electron plasma oscillations determined critically by quantum tunneling effect. The turbulent transport corresponding to the large-scale potential distribution is predominant in comparison with the small-scale electron number density variation, a result that is consistent with the classical diffusion theory. The dynamics of the CPEM waves is also governed by a nonlinear schrodinger equation, which is nonlinearly coupled with the nonlinear Schrodinger equation of the EPOs via the relativistic ponderomotive force, the relativistic electron mass increase in the CPEM field, and the electron density fluctuations. The present governing equations in one spatial dimension admit stationary solutions in the form a dark envelope soliton. The dynamics of the latter reveals its robustness. Furthermore, we numerically demonstrate the existence of cylindrically symmetric two-dimensional quantum electron vortices, which survive during collisions. The nonlinear equations admit the modulational instability of an intense CPEM pump wave against EPOs, leading to the formation and trapping of localized CPEM wave pipes in the electron density hole that is associated with a positive potential distribution in our dense plasma.

The motion of a vortex filament in superfluid 4He is considered by using the Hall-Vinen-Bekarevich-Khalatnikov (HVBK) [H.E. Hall, W.F. Vinen, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 238, 204 (1956); H.E. Hall, W.F. Vinen, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 238, 215 (1956); I.L. Bekarevich, I.M. Khalatnikov, Sov. Phys. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 13, 643 (1961)] phenomenological model for the scattering process between the vortex and thermal excitations in liquid 4He. The HVBK equations are analytically formulated first in the intrinsic geometric parameter space to obtain insights into the physical implications of the friction terms, associated with the friction coefficients α and α′ (in the Hall-Vinen notation) as well as the previous neglect of the friction term associated with the friction coefficient α′. The normal fluid velocity components both along and transverse to the vortex filament are included. This analytical development also serves to highlight the difficulties arising in making further progress on this route. A reformulation of the HVBK equation in the extrinsic vortex filament coordinate space is then given which is known [B.K. Shivamoggi, Phys. Rev. B 84, 012506 (2011)] to provide a useful alternative analytical approach in this regard. A nonlinear Schrodinger equation for the propagation of nonlinear Kelvin waves on a vortex filament in a superfluid is given taking into account the generalized normal fluid flow. The friction term associated with α′, even in the presence of the normal fluid velocity components transverse to the vortex filament, is shown to produce merely an algebraic growth of the Kelvin waves hence providing further justification for the neglect of this term. On the other hand, the instability produced by the friction term associated with α via the normal fluid velocity component along the vortex filament is shown to manifest itself as a parametric amplification on considering the problem of a rotating planar vortex filament in a superfluid.

In recent years, a connection between conservation law singularity, or more generally zero characteristics arising within the linear Whitham equations, and the emergence of reduced nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) from systems generated by a Lagrangian density has been made in conservative systems. Remarkably, the conservation laws form part of the reduced nonlinear system. Within this paper, the case of double degeneracy is investigated in multiphase wavetrains, characterized by a double zero characteristic of the linearized Whitham system, with the resulting modulation of relative equilibrium (which are a generalization of the modulation of wavetrains) leading to a vector two‐way Boussinesq equation. The derived PDE adheres to the previous results (such as [1]) in the sense that all but one of its coefficients is related to the conservation laws along the relative equilibrium solution, which are then projected to form a corresponding scalar system. The theory is applied to two examples to highlight how both the criticality can be assessed and the two‐way Boussinesq equation's coefficients are obtained. The first is the coupled Nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) system and is the first time the two‐way Boussinesq equation has been shown to arise in such a context, and the second is a stratified shallow water model which validates the theory against existing results.

The surface-embeddability approach of Lund and Regge is applied to the classical, inhomogeneous Heisenberg spin chain to study the class of inhomogeneity functions f for which the spin evolution equation and its gauge-equivalent generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GNLSE) are exactly solvable. Writing the spin vector S(x,t) as ∂xr and identifying r(x,t) with a position vector generating a surface, we show that the kinematic equation satisfied by r implies certain constraints on the admissible geometries of this surface. These constraints, together with the Gauss–Mainardi–Codazzi equations, enable us to express the coefficient of the second fundamental form as well as f in terms of the metric coefficients G and its derivatives, for arbitrary time-independent G. Explicit solutions for the GNLSE can also be found in terms of the same quantities. Of the admissible surfaces generated by r, a special class that emerges naturally is that of surfaces of revolution: Explicit solutions for r and S are found and discussed for this class of surfaces.

The quantum turbulence is a collection of the interacting quantum vortex loops and filaments. The main goal of this work is to systematize the information on the current state of the research on the reconnecting quantized vortex loops in the superfluid helium: the geometry, the dynamics, the properties of the vortex loops, the energy spectrum before and after the reconnections. The paper discusses the possible role of the reconnections in the formation of the turbulent spectrum. In addition, in this paper the main methods and approaches to the study of the reconnecting vortex loops and quantum turbulence are discussed.

We use a statistical approach to investigate the modulational instability (Benjamin-Feir instability) in several nonlinear discrete systems: the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation, the Ablowitz-Ladik equation, and the discrete deformable NLS equation. We derive a kinetic equation for the two-point correlation function and use a Wigner-Moyal transformation to write it in a mixed space-wave-number representation. We perform a linear stability analysis of the resulting equation and discuss the obtained integral stability condition using several forms of the initial unperturbed spectrum (Lorentzian and δ-spectrum). We compare the results with the continuum limit (the NLS equation) and with previous results.

Periodic weak solutions for a classical one-dimensional isotropic biquadratic Heisenberg spin chain

This paper presents recent developments in the study of inhomogeneous XX spin chains, highlighting results on perfect state transfer, out-of-equilibrium stationary dynamics in open systems, and entanglement and correlations in ground states. We discuss the conditions on couplings that enable perfect state transfer, examine how heat currents scale when the chains are coupled to thermal baths, explore the role of tridiagonal matrices in approximating the entanglement Hamiltonian and investigate bulk and boundary entanglement negativity and correlation decay. These findings underscore some of the distinctive physical behavior of inhomogeneous spin chains and their potential applications in quantum information and thermal transport.

In R. A. Van Gorder, “General rotating quantum vortex filaments in the low-temperature Svistunov model of the local induction approximation,” Phys. Fluids 26, 065105 (2014) I discussed properties of generalized vortex filaments exhibiting purely rotational motion under the low-temperature Svistunov model of the local induction approximation. Such solutions are stationary in terms of translational motion. In the Comment [N. Hietala, “Comment on ‘General rotating quantum vortex filaments in the low-temperature Svistunov model of the local induction approximation’ [Phys. Fluids 26, 065105 (2014)],” Phys. Fluids 26, 119101 (2014)], the author criticizes my paper for not including translational motion (although it was clearly stated that the filament motion was assumed rotational). As it turns out, if one is interested in studying the geometric structure of solutions (which was the point of my paper), one obtains the needed qualitative results on the structure of such solutions by studying the purely rotational case. Nevertheless, in this Response I shall discuss the vortex filaments that have both rotational and translational motions. I then briefly discuss why one might want to study such generalized rotating filament solutions, in contrast to simple the standard helical or planar examples (which are really special cases). I also discuss how one can study the time evolution of filaments which exhibit more complicated dynamics than pure translation and rotation. Doing this, one can study non-stationary solutions which initially appear purely rotational and gradually display other dynamics as the filaments evolve.

The interaction of nonlinear excitations with extended inhomogeneities in an on-site anisotropic Heisenberg spin chain is studied numerically. The inhomogeneous segment is modeled by the change in the anisotropy constant of a set of consecutive spins. The modified anisotropy leads to linear and nonlinear additional terms in the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation for the spin amplitude derived for classical spin vectors and wide excitations. For a homogeneous chain with easy axis anisotropy the NLS equation possesses a bright type soliton solution. When the modification of the anisotropy constant is negative the spin set acts as a complex linear and nonlinear potential with a dominant linear well character and for a given range of initial velocities of the incoming soliton and the mismatch anisotropy the scattering pattern exhibits periodically repeating regions of trapping and transmission as a function of the length of the inhomogeneity. It is shown that the runaway of the soliton is due to a resonance between the period of the shape oscillations of the soliton inside the inhomogeneity and the length of the latter.

Motivated by the idea of entanglement loss along Renormalization Group flows, analytical majorization relations are proven for the ground state of (1+1)-dimensional conformal field theories. For any of these theories, majorization is proven to hold in the spectrum of the reduced density matrices in a bipartite system when changing the size L of one of the subsystems. Continuous majorization along uniparametric flows is also proven as long as part of the conformal structure is preserved under the deformation and some monotonicity conditions hold as well. As particular examples of our derivations, we study the cases of the XX, Heisenberg and XY quantum spin chains. Our results provide in a rigorous way explicit proves for all the majorization conjectures raised by Latorre, Lutken, Rico, Vidal and Kitaev in previous papers on quantum spin chains.