Injection and Evaluation of New Attacks on Ad hoc Proactive Routing Algorithms

Background and Objective: Random Black Hole (BH) attack significantly degrades MANET’s performance. For strategic applications, the performance parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio, Routing Overheads, etc. are important. The objectives are: (a) To model random BH attack, (b) To propose a routing strategy for the protocol to mitigate random BH attack, (c) To evaluate and compare the network performance of modified protocol with the standard protocol. Methods: The random BH attack is modelled probabilistically. The analysis is carried out by varying Black Hole Attack (BHA) time as Early, Median, Late occurrences and mix of these three categories. The blocking performance is also analysed by varying the percentages of malicious presence in the network. Normal Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol is used to simulate the MANET performance using a typical medium size network. The protocol has then been modified using Trust- Confidence aware routing strategy, named as TCAOLSR, with a view to combat the degradations due to the random BH attack. Results: The random behavior of Black Hole attack is analyzed with all the possible random parameters, like deployment of mobile nodes, number of malicious nodes and timing instances at which these nodes change their state. From the results of individual type- Early, Median and Late, it is observed that the TCAOLSR protocol gives stable performance for Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Routing Overheads (RO), whereas for OLSR protocol PDR gradually reduces and RO increases. For individual and mix type, Average Energy Consumption (AEC) per node increases marginally for TCAOLSR protocol. For the mix type, PDR for TCAOLSR is 40-60% better whereas RO for TCAOLSR is very less compared to OLSR protocol. The efficacy of the TCAOLSR protocol remains stable for different categories of BH attack with various percentages of malicious nodes compared to OLSR with the same environment. Conclusion: Simulations reveal that the modified protocol TCAOLSR, effectively mitigates the network degradation for Packet Delivery Ratio and Routing Overheads considerably, at the cost of a slight increase in Average Energy Consumption per node of the network. Efficacy of the OLSR and TCAOLSR protocols has also been defined and compared to prove robustness of the TCAOLSR protocol.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) allow mobile hosts to initiate communications with each other over a network without an established infrastructure or a central network authority. Because of this, MANETs have dynamic topologies because nodes can easily join or leave the network at any time. From a security design perspective, MANETs are vulnerable to various types of malicious attacks. As are result, Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), which is one of the standard MANET protocols, can be attacked by malicious nodes. A black hole attack is one type of malicious attack that can be easily employed against data routing in MANETs. A black hole node replies to route requests rapidly with the shortest path and the highest destination sequence number. The black hole node does not have an active route to a specified destination associated with it and it drops all of the data packets that it receives. This paper proposes a mechanism that provides Secure Route Discovery for the AODV protocol (SRD-AODV) in order to prevent black hole attacks. This mechanism requires the source node and the destination node to verify the sequence numbers in the Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP) messages, respectively, based on defined thresholds before establishing a connection with a destination node for sending the data. The simulation results using the Network Simulator 2 (NS2) demonstrate an improvement in the ratio of packet delivery for three different environments using our mechanism as compared to the standard AODV protocol.

This study principally addresses the challenges associated with streaming videos in wireless Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), primarily constrained by wireless channels and node mobility. This study proposes a novel routing protocol incorporating a feedback mechanism and cross-layer architecture, supported by three key enhancements. First, it incorporates a route recovery strategy for detecting link failures and re-establishing connections based on predefined Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. Second, a novel algorithm estimates the available bandwidth, enabling dynamic adaptation of bitrate at the application layer concerning the source video. This novel rate-adaptive approach utilizes a scalable layered structure of the video coding, thereby removing layers that the network cannot efficiently support due to bandwidth limitations. Third, a gateway discovery procedure enhances the connectivity among MANETs and other infrastructure networks. This method employs available bandwidth as a parameter while selecting appropriate gateways and dynamically adjusts operational parameters like proactive area size and advertisement message frequency. The performances of the proposed Enhanced OLSR (E-OLSR) protocol are compared with the state-of-the-art routing procedures such as Adhoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), and optimized link state routing (OLSR), in terms of metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end (E2E) delay, throughput, as well as energy consumption. The simulation results demonstrated notable improvements, including reduced packet delay, fewer dropped packets, and decreased link failures, indicating effective utilization of available bandwidth. The overall performance of the proposed E-OLSR protocol exceeds other traditional protocols and its security is enhanced through the integration of Blockchain Technology.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a wireless network without any fixed infrastructure or centralised control of homogeneous mobile nodes which are battery powered. In this research paper, we proposed new routing algorithm named energy saver path routing algorithm using optimised link state routing (ESPR-OLSR) protocol for energy efficient routing in MANET. This ESPR-OLSR algorithm takes minimum energy to find the path between source to destination using high potential score edge node selections. This potential score calculation is based on the distance calculation, direction of motion identification and link stability. The same procedure execute until it reaches the destination and also hop1, hop2 and so on. Finally, adjusting the parameter after using ESPR-OLSR algorithm provides better performance compared to ordinary OLSR protocol and also increased throughput with number of node and transmission range also increased, reduced end-to-end delay, reduced transmission power to finding path between source to destination, ESPR-OLSR is reduced overhead with number of node is increased compare to ordinary OLSR and ESPR-OLSR has increased mobility than OLSR.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) features such as open medium, dynamic topology, lack of centralised management and lack of infrastructure expose them to a number of security attacks. Black hole attack is one type of attack that is more common in MANET reactive routing protocols such as Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). Black hole attack takes advantage of route discovery process in reactive routing protocols. In this type of attack, a malicious node misleads other nodes in the network by pretending to have the shortest and updated route to a target node whose packets it wants to interrupt. It then redirects all packets destined to a target node to itself and discards them instead of forwarding. This paper analyses the performance of AODV and DSR when attacked by black hole, by varying the mobility of the nodes in the network. The analysis is carried out by simulating scenarios of AODV based MANET and DSR based MANET using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and introducing the black hole attack in each of the scenarios. The different scenarios are generated by changing the mobility of the nodes. The performance metrics that are used to do the analysis are throughput, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay. The simulation results show that the performance of both AODV and DSR degrades in the presence of black hole attack. Throughput and packet delivery ratio decrease when the network is attacked by black hole because the malicious node absorbs or discards some of the packets. End-to-end delay is also reduced in the presence of a black hole attack because a malicious node pretends to have a valid route to destination without checking the routing table, and therefore shortens the route discovery process. The results also show that throughput decreases slightly when mobility of the nodes is increased in the network. The increase in the speed of the nodes decreases both end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) operate without infrastructure where nodes can move randomly. Therefore, routing in MANETs is a challenging task. In this paper we evaluate the performance of three important MANET routing protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) when employed to forward scalable video contents. AODV and DSR are reactive protocols in that routing paths are established once needed. On the other hand, OLSR is a proactive routing protocol where routing information is exchanged and maintained continuously. The goal of the performance evaluation in this study is to assess the performance of AODV, DSR and OLSR in communicating scalable video contents. In the simulation part of this paper, a real video sequence is communicated where the characteristics and quality of the video decoded at receiver nodes are evaluated. NS2 along with extensions and other evaluation frameworks have been used to assess the performance of the MANET routing protocols when used for scalable video communication. The framework allows starting from a raw video that is encoded, packetized, transmitted through a network topology and collected at receiver to be decoded, played, and evaluated. Delay and timing constraints are taken into consideration when decoding the received video packets.

Multi-point relay selection strategies to reduce topology control traffic for OLSR protocol in MANETs

In Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) each node has the possibility to move freely in the space and communicate with each other over wireless link without any centralized controller or base station. These characteristics makes MANET useful and practical in several fields like military scenarios, sensor networks, Rescue operations, students on campus, etc. but this kind of network still suffers from a number of problems, power consumption is one of the most crucial design concerns in Mobile Ad-hoc networks as the nodes in MANET have battery limited. In this paper, we will discuss about the aspect of energy consumption in MANET's routing protocols. A performance comparison of four routing protocols Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) with respect to average energy consumption are explained thoroughly. Then, an evaluation of how the varying parameters of network in diverse scenarios affect the power consumption in these four protocols is discussed. A detailed simulation model using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) with different mobility and traffic models is used to study their energy consumption.

Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is known for its potential features for leveraging the communication requirement in mobile ad-hoc network. However, there is less number of investigations to confirm its sustainability as well as resiliency against potential threats in mobile ad-hoc network. Hence, this paper presents a modeling of misbehaved nodes to compliment intrusion detection system for mobile nodes using OLSR using the strategic construction of secure routing decision in OLSR protocol. The technique allows each communicating mobile nodes to monitor reputation, suspicion factor, and contingency of threat to compute the degree of its vulnerability. The modeling is quite capable of truly exploring the latent adversaries within the network in the form of normal nodes. The study outcome shows proposed algorithm on OLSR to possess reduced delay, reduced algorithm processing time and maximized throughput in contrast to conventional OLSR.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is formed with the autonomous nodes (i.e. nodes are mobile in nature, no central co-ordination). MANET is infrastructure-less, that is, there are no routers or access points in the network, nodes itself acts as a router in MANET. Although there are too many features of MANET but due to its characteristics, certain issues arises which results into performance degradation of the network. Due to mobility, limited residual energy of the node, selection of stable and durable path for the communication is the challenge. Also remaining queuing capacity is also affected on the packet loss. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is a proactive routing protocol for MANET. The key concept in OLSR is multi-point relay's (MPR) to find path for each node in the network with reducing broadcasting numbers. To improve the performance of the network, new approach is proposed with new version of original OLSR based new three criterions for MPR selection as link stability, residual energy and queuing capacity of the node. Based on these criterions, selected path is more stable, durable for the communication in the network. Performance evaluation is done with the help of NS2 simulator.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is dynamic in nature and vulnerable for several attacks to be arising in it. Mobile nodes frequently disconnect and join the network; they can arbitrarily moves from one place to another. In present-day wireless communication scenario, Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) plays a very important role, as it consists of many autonomous nodes which communicate together to form a proper communication network. Each node in a network will move in random path, so that nodes direction will change frequently. This paper describes the features, application, flooding attack and black hole attack in the MANET implemented on AODV protocol. The simulation work is carried out in Network Simulator (NS2.34). The performance analysis is done Nodes with 20 to 60 nodes were used in the AODV routing protocol simulation to produce energy-efficient outcomes, with the flooding attacks and the interruption of blackhole attacks. The average delay, routing overhead, packet drop rate and packet delivery rate are calculated. By the simulation it has been evaluated that in flooding attack the routing overhead is more as compared to the black hole attack. A comparative study is also done on these parameters for all three scenarios. Also we simulated the attack in various wireless ad-hoc network scenarios and have tried to find a response system in simulations.

Macromobility support for mobile ad hoc networks using IPv6 and the OLSR routing protocol

Background/Objectives: Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETS) are prone to different types of attacks due to lack of central monitoring facility. The objective is to investigate the effect of black hole attack on the network layer of MANET for different network scenarios. Method: A black hole attack is a network layer attack which utilizes the destination sequence number to claim that it has a fresh and a shortest path to the destination and consumes all the packets forwarded by the source. The various network scenarios of MANETS with AODV routing protocol are simulated using Network Simulator Version 2 (NS- 2) to analyse the performance with and without the black hole attack. The scenarios are created by varying the number of nodes and nodes speed, varying position and number of the black hole nodes and number of flows. The performance parameters like PDR, delay, throughput, packet drop and control overhead are measured. Findings: The black hole attack degrades the network performance. The impact of attack is severe when the attacker is near to the source node, less severe when it is in midway between source and destination and has least effect when it is farther from the source. The overall throughput and PDR increases with the number of flows but reduces with the attack. With the increase in the black hole attackers, the PDR and throughput reduces and close to zero as the number of black hole nodes are maximum. The packet drop also increases with the attack. The overall delay factor varies based on the position of the attackers. Throughput, PDR and control overhead decreases with the network size due to congestion and average delay reduces with black hole attack as the black node sends the Route ERRor (RREP) without performing any route checking. As the mobility varies, the delay and packet drop increases but PDR and throughput decreases as the nodes moves randomly in all directions. Conclusion: The simulation results gives a very good comparison of performance of MANETS with and with out black hole attack for different network scenarios.

The system in which wireless device self configure, establish and communicate from one end to the other using wireless channel with no existing fixed network is known as Mobile ad hoc network (MANET). The MANET is another varient of Ad-hoc network, which creates short-lived network using wirelss mobile devices. In ddition to MANET, the behaviour of this kind of temporary networks depends on routing protocols. The large number of routing techniques has been presented in the literature, but it is also been stated that routing is one of the key research issue even till today. This research article examines the performance of nature inspired algorithm such as Petal Ant Routing (PAR) with classical based routing such as Dynamic source routing in MANET. The simulation of both routing is carried using Network Simulator (NS2 version 2.35) and evaluted for different network parameters.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Road Infrastructure (V2R) and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) communications are paramount for paving the way for smarter, cleaner and safer cities and roads. We investigate on how three state-of-the-art Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols behave over the IEEE 802.11p/WAVE stack, which has been recently been specified for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs): Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV). Based on ns-3 and BonnMotion simulations, we evaluate Packet Delivery Rate, Goodput, Routing Overhead and End-to-End Delay for different trajectories, average speeds, and network densities. Our results show that the DSDV and OLSR protocols have a better performance than AODV, for low-density and low-speed scenarios. Additionally, we have observed that when the number of Nodes (network density) or Nodes’ velocity increases, the OLSR protocol performs better than the other two.