Integrated sustainability policy assessment – an agent-based ecological-economic model

We present a pricing kernel that summarizes well the main features of the dynamics of interest rates and risk in postwar U.S. data and use it to uncover how the pricing kernel has moved with the short rate in this data. Our findings imply that standard monetary models miss an essential link between the central bank instrument and the economic activity that monetary policy is intended to affect, and thus we call for a new approach to monetary policy analysis. We sketch a new approach using an economic model based on our pricing kernel. The model incorporates the key relationships between policy and risk movements in an unconventional way: the central bank's policy changes are viewed as primarily intended to compensate for exogenous business cycle fluctuations in risk that threaten to push inflation off target. This model, while an improvement on standard models, is considered just a starting point for their revision. It leads to critical questions that researchers need to answer as they continue to revise their approach to monetary policy analysis. Copyright © 2009 by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Solar neutrinos: Where we are, what we need

The development of a content standard model referred to in this research study is developing content standards for PAI subjects whose material content is still general in nature and still needs to be specified so that it can be further developed and compiled into teaching materials and/or textbooks for PAI subjects. What is meant by PAI subject content standards at the school level here refers to the Minister of Education and Culture, Research and Technology Regulation No. 8 of 2024 (Attachment Copy). These content standards can be used as a reference for the development and preparation of teaching materials and/or textbooks for PAI subjects at the elementary, middle school, high school/vocational school or equivalent levels. The aim of the study here is to develop a standard model for the content of PAI subjects at the school level is to develop a standard model for the content of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) subjects in elementary, middle school, high school/vocational school or equivalent with the target; First; Develop and formulate learning objectives, learning outcomes, and formulate competencies for PAI subject graduates, Second; develop content standard models into teaching materials and/or textbooks for PAI subjects and develop PAI material components. The approach used in this study is the development of a standard model of PAI subject content at the school level with a descriptive narrative explanation type. Data collection in this research was carried out by compiling the standard content of PAI subject content for elementary, middle school, high school/vocational school or equivalent levels, the content of which is still general in nature, so it is necessary to develop and prepare more detailed and in-depth material into teaching materials and/or textbooks for PAI subjects. The form of developing a content standard model is through assessing and reviewing PAI material into teaching materials and/or textbooks for PAI subjects that can be used at the school level. The results of research studies on the development of standard content models here include developing and compiling the content of teaching materials and/or textbooks for PAI subjects for elementary, middle school, high school/vocational school or equivalent levels, which need to include the content of learning objectives, material descriptions/scripts, and assessment/evaluation tools, as well as learning outcomes and graduate competencies. PAI subject content standards at the school level can be developed and compiled into PAI teaching materials and/or textbooks which include material components that include discussion of Aqidah Akhlak, Al-Quran-Hadith, Jurisprudence/Practice of Worship, History of Islamic Culture, and an introduction to the basics of Arabic and reading and writing the Al-Quran. Developers, compilers and teachers of PAI subjects can further develop content standards into teaching materials and/or textbooks for PAI subjects at school level. In this research study, the content of teaching materials for elementary, middle school, high school/vocational school or equivalent levels has been described which can be used as an example of developing a standard model of content at the school level.

An effective customization procedure with configurable standard models

The aim of this study is to develop a signal intensity (S(t)) form of the standard Tofts pharmacokinetic model that avoids the need to calculate tissue contrast agent concentration (C(t)) as function of time (t). We refer to this as ‘SI-Tofts’ model. Physiological parameters (K trans and v e) calculated using the SI-Tofts and standard Tofts models were compared by using simulations and human prostate dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI data. This approach was also applied to the Patlak model to compare K trans values calculated from C(t) and S(t). Simulations were performed on DCE-MRI data from the quantitative imaging biomarkers alliance to validate SI-Tofts model. In addition, ultrafast DCE-MRI data were acquired from 18 prostate cancer patients on a Philips Achieva 3T-TX scanner. Regions-of-interest (ROIs) for prostate cancer, normal tissue, gluteal muscle, and iliac artery were manually traced. The C(t) was calculated for each ROI using the standard model with measured pre-contrast tissue T 1 values. Both the simulation and clinical results showed strong correlation (r = 0.87–0.99, p < 0.001) for K trans and v e calculated from the SI-Tofts and standard Tofts models. The SI-Tofts model with a correction factor using the T 1 ratio of blood to tissue significantly improved the K trans estimates. The correlation of K trans obtained from the Patlak model with C(t) vs S(t) was also strong (r = 0.95–0.99, p < 0.001). These preliminary results suggest that physiological parameters from DCE-MRI can be reliably estimated from the SI-Tofts model without contrast agent concentration calculation.

An enhancement of the space mapping (SM) surrogate model through support vector regression is presented. This technique uses a standard SM model (trend function) and support vector regression to model the residuals between the fine model and the standard model. The latter is implemented as a additive output SM term. The proposed methodology offers efficient utilization of the available fine model data (not possible in the standard SM modeling) and accuracy comparable or better than the recently published modeling techniques combining SM with radial basis functions and fuzzy systems. Examples demonstrate the robustness of our approach.

This study revisits a central assumption of standard trade models: constant marginal cost technology. The presence of increasing marginal costs for exporters introduces significant market interdependence across borders missing from traditional models of international trade that rely on constant marginal cost technology. Such market interdependence represents an additional channel through which local shocks are transmitted globally. To identify increasing marginal cost at the level of the firm, we build in flexible production assumptions that nest increasing, decreasing, and constant marginal cost technology to an otherwise standard international trade model. We derive an estimating equation that can be taken directly to the data. Our structural equation explicitly guides our inference on the shape of the marginal cost curve from estimated coefficients. The results suggest that increasing marginal cost is predominant at the firm level. Moreover, utilizing plant‐level information on physical and financial capacity constraints, we find that the degree of increasing marginal cost is significantly exacerbated by both types of constraints. The evidence suggests that access to larger markets through greater international integration may not have the expected welfare gains typically predicted in standard models. (JEL F12, F14)

In the modern world a large amount of resources is devoted to producing, collecting and transmitting information. The volume of information passing through various channels seems to be expanding exponentially. Yet, in standard economic models, the amount of information required to achieve an efficient allocation of resources is minimal. The resources in the world economy have certainly not been growing at the rate of the information available. How then should one explain this apparent paradox ? In standard models, information is only transmitted through prices to anonymous and passive agents. In reality, agents communicate with each other and pass information in a number of ways. They trade with each other, they influence each others’ expectations, they infer information from each others’ actions and they set and modify prices individually. Without taking into account this direct interaction between agents one has a very incomplete picture of the role of information and prices in the economy. This chapter takes a look at how we can capture the nature and importance of this direct interaction between agents. However, first let me briefly analyse the role of information in most economic models.

In order to improve the security and performance of authentication protocol in manufacturing grid, identity-based authentication protocol under standard model is constructed. Combining with the environment of manufacturing grid, this protocol can work under escrow and non-escrow models and different trust domains model. By introducing pseudo random function set, new authentication protocol realizes explicit double authentication under standard model. Compared to identity-based authentication protocol under other standard models, this protocol has lower computation complexity, so it is fit for application in resources-constrained environment of manufacturing grid. At last, based on hypothesis of difficulty, the safety of new authentication protocol is proved under standard model.

Background:Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer amongst women throughout the world. Currently, there are various follow-up strategies implemented in Iran, which are usually dependent on clinic policies and agreement among the resident oncologists.Purpose:A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to assess the cost-effectiveness of intensive follow-up versus standard models for early breast cancer patients in Iran.Materials and methods:This cross sectional study was performed with 382 patients each in the intensive and standard groups. Costs were identified and measured from a payer perspective, including direct medical outlay. To assess the effectiveness of the two follow-up models we used a decision tree along with indicators of detection of recurrence and metastasis, calculating expected costs and effectiveness for both cases; in addition, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were determined.Results:The results of decision tree showed expected case detection rates of 0.137 and 0.018 and expected costs of US$24,494.62 and US$6,859.27, respectively, for the intensive and standard follow-up models. Tornado diagrams revealed the highest sensitivity to cost increases using the intensive follow-up model with an ICER=US$148,196.2.Conclusion:Overall, the results showed that the intensive follow-up method is not cost-effective when compared to the standard model.

Detailed studies of the genetics of speciation have focused on a few model systems, particularly Drosophila. The copepod Tigriopus californicus offers an alternative that differs from standard animal models in that it lacks heteromorphic chromosomes (instead, sex determination is polygenic) and has reduced opportunities for sexual conflict, because females mate only once. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was conducted on reciprocal F2 hybrids between two strongly differentiated populations, using a saturated linkage map spanning all 12 autosomes and the mitochondrion. By comparing sexes, a possible sex ratio distorter was found but no sex chromosomes. Although studies of standard models often find an excess of hybrid male sterility factors, we found no QTL for sterility and multiple QTL for hybrid viability (indicated by non-Mendelian adult ratios) and other characters. Viability problems were found to be stronger in males, but the usual explanations for weaker hybrid males (sex chromosomes, sensitivity of spermatogenesis, sexual selection) cannot fully account for these male viability problems. Instead, higher metabolic rates may amplify deleterious effects in males. Although many studies of standard speciation models find the strongest genetic incompatibilities to be nuclear-nuclear (specifically X chromosome-autosome), we found the strongest deleterious interaction in this system was mito-nuclear. Consistent with the snowball theory of incompatibility accumulation, we found that trigenic interactions in this highly divergent cross were substantially more frequent (>6×) than digenic interactions. This alternative system thus allows important comparisons to studies of the genetics of reproductive isolation in more standard model systems.

The article examines the formation and development of standard models (SM) in elementary particle physics and cosmology (SM-1 and SM-2). SM-1 encompasses quantum chromodynamics and electroweak theory. It is the theoretical foundation of microphysics. Based on the theory of the expanding universe, SM-2 is the theoretical basis of relativistic cosmology. The combination of these models provides a fairly complete and empirically reasonable description of the physical world. Particular attention is paid to Russian researchers’ contribution to their creation. A chronology of the most important events in the formation and evolution of SM-1 and SM-2 was compiled: from 1954 to the mid-1970s in relation to the first one and from 1917 to the mid-1970s regarding the second one. The author has identified five main periods in the history under consideration, as well as a number of turning points. It is shown that by the mid-1970s both models were fully formed and that by that time their quite modest designation as “standard models” was established. The author notes the outstanding contribution of Russian scientists to the development of the cosmological standard model (SM-2), associated with the names of A.A.Friedman, G.A.Gamov and Ya.B.Zeldovich and his school of thought. In comparison with this contribution, Russia’s achievements in the field of SM-1 were quite modest. To a large extent, they are associated with early anticipations of some important discoveries and the phenomenon of missed opportunities.

In this article, futures and commodity options are analyzed in the context of Merton's (1987) model of capital market equilibrium with incomplete information. First, following Dusak (1973) and Black (1976), the conditions under which Merton's model can be applied to the valuation of forward and futures contracts are proposed. Then an application to futures markets is given. We provide a partial differential equation and the formulas for European commodity options, futures contracts, and American options in the same context. The models are simulated and compared to standard models with no information costs. We find that model prices are not significantly different from standard model prices. However, our models correct for some pricing biases in standard models. In particular, they reduce the overvaluation bias for European and American commodity options. It seems that the costs of gathering and processing information regarding the option and its underlying asset play a role in explaining the biases observed in standard models. This work can be applied to other futures markets. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 19: 645–664, 1999

Development of SWG Standard Model by Location Type and Case Study of Inland

In connection with the adoption of the Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation with low greenhouse gas emissions until 2050, the agricultural sector requires a low-carbon transformation of production systems, which is a transitional dynamic process during which targeted changes occur in the structure of land use on agricultural lands, production structure and technological basis. The article proposes a standard economic and mathematical model of low-carbon transformation of regional agri-food systems as the basis for a methodology for designing efficient and sustainable systems. The study includes definitions of the basic concepts involved in model designs, the functional structure of a typical model and its mathematical description. The presented standard model has a block structure and consists of two interacting modules: a dynamic model of low-carbon transformation and a static model for optimizing the sectoral structure of crop production. The standard model allows solving various options for setting tasks for decarbonization of the functioning processes of the agri-food system: assessing the potential for maximum decarbonization; finding the maximum decarbonization subject to ensuring a minimum gross income; maximizing gross income while limiting greenhouse gas emissions at a given level; maximizing current gross revenue payback values for greenhouse gas emissions; finding the parameters of a strategy that realizes the possibility of an expert choice of a combination of different values of gross income and carbon emissions on a Pareto-optimal set when the condition of self-sufficiency of the region’s population with food is met. The article presents and analyzes interesting results from testing a standard model of low-carbon transformation using data from the Kostroma region, and also presents possible prospects for using such a model. The results of the conducted studies showed that model assessments of the various features of agri-food systems adapting to climate dynamics are an effective tool for strategic planning in this area, both for commodity producers and for agricultural management bodies.